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1、ChinasRareEarthElementsIndustry:WhatCantheWestLearnByCindyHurstCpateAuth:INSTITUTEFTHEANALYSISOFGLOBALSECURITYWASHINGTONDCPersonalAuth(s):HurstCindyReptDate:MAR2010PaginationMediaCount:43InstituteftheAnalysisofGlobalSecu

2、rity(IAGS)U.S.ArmyFeignMilitaryStudiesOffice731McClellanAvenueFtLeavenwthKS66027CindyHurstisananalystftheU.S.Army’sFeignMilitaryStudiesOfficeFtLeavenwthKSIntroductionChinacontrolsapproximately97percentofthewldsrareearthe

3、lementmarket.Theseelementswhicharenotwidelyknownbecausetheyaresolowontheproductionchainarecriticaltohundredsofhightechapplicationsmanyofwhichdefineourmodernwayoflife.Withoutrareearthelementsmuchofthewldsmoderntechnologyw

4、ouldbevastlydifferentmanyapplicationswouldnotbepossible.Fonethingwewouldnothavetheadvantageofsmallersizedtechnologysuchasthecellphonelaptopcomputerwithouttheuseofrareearthelements.Rareearthelementsarealsoessentialfthedef

5、enseindustryarefoundincruisemissilesprecisionguidedmunitionsradarsystemsreactivearm.Theyarealsokeytotheemergenceofgreentechnologysuchasthenewgenerationofwindpoweredturbinespluginhybridvehiclesaswellastooilrefinerieswhere

6、theyactasacatalyst.(Note:fmeindepthinfmationonthespecificusesofrareearthelementsrefertoAppendixA).OverthepastfewyearsChinahascomeunderincreasingscrutinycriticismoveritsmonopolyoftherareearthindustryfgraduallyreducingexpt

7、quotasoftheseresources.HoweverChinaisfacedwithitsowninternalgreaterrepercussionssuchasmedamagetotheenvironment.Regulationsonsafeminingpracticearenearlyimpossibletoenfceinthistypeofenvironment.Asitisbecauseofpomanagementp

8、racticesthelargescaleoftheindustryChinaalreadyhasdifficultyinenfcingregulationstoimprovesafetyenvironmentalmeasuresinitsrareearthindustry.SevereenvironmentaldamageAmajconcernsurroundingChina’spracticeofminingrareearthele

9、mentsisthenegativeimpactithastotheenvironmentduetolaxminingpractices.Thereareanumberofpotentialenvironmentalimplicationstominingrareearthelementsifnotdoneproperly.Unftunatelybecauseoftherevenuepotentialmanyrareearthmines

10、havebeenoperatingillegallywithnoregulationcausingsevereenvironmentalhazardswhichexacerbatestheproblem.In2005XuGuangxianwrotethatthiumwasasourceofradioactivecontaminationintheBaotouareatheYellowRiver.Accdingtoalocalsource

11、whoaskednottobeidentified“IntheYellowRiverinBaotouthefishalldied.Theydumpthewaste–thechemicalsintotheriver.Youcannoteatthefishbecausetheyarepolluted.”Some150millionpeopledependontheriverastheirprimarysourceofwater.Undert

12、raditionaltechnologymeansrefiningrareearthelementsrequiressuchchemicalsasammoniumbicarbonateoxalicacid.Thepotentialhealthhazardsofammoniumbicarbonateinclude:Irritationtotherespiratytractifinhaledirritationtothegastrointe

13、stinaltractifingestedrednesspainifitcomesincontactwiththeeyesrednessitchingpainifitcomesincontactwiththeskin.Oxalicacidispoisonouspotentiallyfatalifswallowed.Itisalsocrosivecausessevereirritationburnstotheskineyesrespira

14、tytractisharmfulifinhaledabsbedthroughtheskincancausekidneydamage.TheseotherchemicalsoftenfindtheirwayintotheYellowRiver.SafetystardsinChinaarelax.“Peopleintheir30shavediedofcancerwkingaroundtheminespossiblyfromradioacti

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