[學(xué)習(xí)]對(duì)肥育豬飼喂高纖維日糧的隱含成本

1、The Hidden Costs of Feeding High-Fiber Finishing Pig Diets對(duì)肥育豬飼喂高纖維日糧的隱含成本,Developed for the American Soybean Association’s September 2004 Chinese Swine Seminars美國(guó)大豆協(xié)會(huì)2004年9月中國(guó)養(yǎng)豬技術(shù)座談會(huì)作者：Dr. Bob Thaler博士SDSU Exten

2、sion Swine Specialist美國(guó)南達(dá)科達(dá)大學(xué)養(yǎng)豬推廣專家,Success = Balancing Act成功——是一項(xiàng)平衡藝術(shù),$,Output產(chǎn)出Value of the pig豬的價(jià)值,Inputs投入Feed飼料Building房舍Young pig仔豬Interest利息Labor勞力Utilities設(shè)備,Producers are paid more money for leaner pig

3、s 豬長(zhǎng)得瘦，養(yǎng)豬者就可多賺錢Do they want more lean meat or less fat?他們究竟是要多些瘦肉呢還是要少些脂肪呢？Technologies to get leaner pigs:生產(chǎn)瘦豬的技術(shù)Genetics 遺傳Nutrition 營(yíng)養(yǎng)Feed additives 飼料添加劑Slaughter weight 屠宰體重Feed low energy diets 飼喂低能量飼料,Gro

4、ss Energy 總能,,Digestible energy 消化能,,Fecal Energy糞能,,Metabolizable Energy 代謝能,Urine & Gas Energy尿能和呼出氣能量,,,Net Energy 凈能,Heat Increment熱增耗,,Maintenance Energy維持能量,Productive Energy生產(chǎn)能量,,,Productive Energy生產(chǎn)能量,Pr

5、oductive energy used to make lean tissue as long as all other essential nutrients are available在所有其它必需養(yǎng)分都得到了滿足的情況下，生產(chǎn)能被用來(lái)制造瘦肉組織Once any of the essential nutrients are gone, lean deposition stops and the excess energy/n

6、utrients are deposited as fat 缺乏任何其它必需養(yǎng)分，瘦肉生長(zhǎng)就會(huì)停止，多余的能量和養(yǎng)分就會(huì)沉積為脂肪By decreasing energy fed, decrease the amount of energy available to make fat 減少能量的飼喂量，就可減少用于制造脂肪的能量Also decrease amount of energy available to make le

7、an tissue 也會(huì)減少用于制造瘦肉的能量,Times Have CHANGED !!!時(shí)代已經(jīng)變了!!!,Can’t use 30+ year old technology in today’s swine production and be successful long-term in a world market在當(dāng)今的養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)中不可能再使用30多年前的陳舊技術(shù)而在世界市場(chǎng)上取得長(zhǎng)期的成功,Methods to Eval

8、uate Inputs對(duì)投入進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)的方法,Feed represents 65-75% cost of production – minimize that cost! 飼料代表了生產(chǎn)總成本的65～75%，要盡可能地降低這一成本Traditional – Diet cost/ton 傳統(tǒng)方法——每噸產(chǎn)品的飼料成本Low quality ingredients 低質(zhì)量飼料原料Marginal nutrient levels 養(yǎng)

9、分含量剛剛夠No evaluation of pig performance不測(cè)定豬的性能Feed cost/kg of gain單位增重的飼料成本Considers diet cost/ton & feed efficiency考慮每噸產(chǎn)品的飼料成本和飼料利用率Doesn’t consider days to market, carcass quality, etc不考慮達(dá)到上市體重的天數(shù)、胴體質(zhì)量，等等,Effect

10、s of Feeding High-Fiber Diets飼喂高纖維日糧的后果,Lowers daily gain降低日增重Less product produced/facility so fixed costs (building, labor, interest, utilities, etc) must be spread over fewer pigs單位設(shè)施產(chǎn)出的產(chǎn)品較少，所以固定成本只能分?jǐn)偟奖容^少的豬頭上Highe

11、r fixed cost/pig每頭豬分?jǐn)偟墓潭ǔ杀据^高What does it do to carcass quality:對(duì)胴體質(zhì)量有什么影響？Reduces fat thickness 降低脂肪量Reduces muscle deposition? 減少瘦肉沉積,Effect of Energy Level on Fat Thickness能量水平對(duì)脂肪厚度的影響,Stein & Easter, 1997,厘米,

12、最高 高 中 低 最低,能量水平,Effect of Energy on Loin Eye Area能量對(duì)眼肌面積的影響,Stein & Easter, 1997,平方厘米,最高 高 中 低 最低,能量水平,Effect of E

13、nergy on Lean Gain/Day能量對(duì)瘦肉日增重的影響,Stein & Easter, 1997,瘦肉日增重(千克),最高 高 中 低 最低,能量水平,Less Fat vs More lean & Fewer Days要較少的脂肪還是要用較少的天數(shù)多長(zhǎng)瘦肉,Lowest energy pigs took

14、8 days longer to reach market weight采食最低能量日糧的豬多用8天時(shí)間達(dá)到上市體重The more your barns are utilized, the more economically important days become豬舍的利用率越高，那么每一天的成本就越低Using 1997 US Prices for feed, pigs, barns:按照美國(guó)1997年飼料、豬和豬舍的

15、價(jià)格：Highest energy pigs returned Y144/pig采食最高能量日糧的豬，每頭收入144元Lowest energy pigs returned Y66/pig采食最低能量日糧的豬，每頭收入66元Results will vary according to economic importance of all traits on each operation具體結(jié)果根據(jù)每個(gè)豬場(chǎng)中各個(gè)性狀的經(jīng)濟(jì)重要

16、性而有所不同,Effect of Fat Additions on Economics(Tokach et al, 2002)添加脂肪對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響,Looked at cost/benefit ratio of adding 0, 2, 4, or 6% fat to grow-finish diets在生長(zhǎng)肥育日糧中添加0、2、4或6%脂肪對(duì)成本-效益比的影響Constant lysine:calorie ratio (3

17、6-120 kg BW)恒定的賴氨酸:能量比(36～120千克體重的豬)Every 1% fat addition:每添加1%的脂肪Improved gain by 1%日增重改善1%Improved feed efficiency by 2%飼料利用率改善2%Greatest effect in the earlier growth phases對(duì)生長(zhǎng)早期的作用最大,Effect of Fat Additions on E

18、conomics(Tokach et al, 2002)添加脂肪對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響,Feed cost/kg gain not improved with fat additions添加脂肪未改善每千克增重的飼料成本However, when added the economic benefit of fewer days to market, the high fat diets returned an extra Y16.9/pig

19、 然而，考慮到減少了達(dá)到上市體重所需的天數(shù)，則高脂肪日糧可使每頭豬多賺16.9元,Do Low Energy Feeds Really Lower Diet Costs?采用低能日糧真的能降低日糧成本？,Using the following prices for finishing diets:采用下列的肥育豬日糧原料價(jià)格：Soy hulls @ Y1000/ton 豆皮 每噸1000元C

20、orn @ Y1230/ton 玉米 每噸1230元SBM (44%) @ Y2180 豆粕(44%) 每噸2180元Complete diet cost/ton: 全價(jià)日糧價(jià)格(元/噸)0% hulls 0%豆皮Y12757.5% hulls 7.5%豆皮Y126415% hulls 15%豆皮Y1249Differenc

21、e of Y26/ton, but would be gone if pigs eat more low energy feed to meet energy requirement每噸差價(jià)26元，但如果豬要吃較多的低成本日糧來(lái)滿足能量需要量，那么就會(huì)失去該得的好處Increased transportation & storage costs with bulkier feeds (per ton basis)大體積飼料的

22、運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存費(fèi)用也比較高(以每噸為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行計(jì)算),Effect of Fiber Level on Nutrient Digestibility (Dilger et al., 2001)纖維水平對(duì)養(yǎng)分消化率的影響,Added 0, 3, 6, or 9% soy hulls添加0、3、6或9%的豆皮As soy hull level increased, observed a strong linear decrease in di

23、gestibilities of:隨著豆皮水平增高，可見下列養(yǎng)分的消化率急劇地呈直線下降Dry matter 干物質(zhì)Energy 能量Nitrogen 氮Amino acids 氨基酸For every 1% fiber added, these digestibilities decreased by at least 1%每添加1%纖維，這些養(yǎng)分的消化率至少降低1%,Effect of Fiber Level on N

24、utrient Digestibility (Dilger et al., 2001)纖維水平對(duì)養(yǎng)分消化率的影響,High fiber = high rate of passage日糧纖維含量高，則通過(guò)消化道的速度也就快Less time nutrients are in the digestive tract養(yǎng)分在消化道中的逗留時(shí)間也就較少M(fèi)ore nutrients excreted: 養(yǎng)分的排泄量就比較高M(jìn)ore tot

25、al manure volume糞便總量較多More nitrogen in the manure 糞中的含氮量較高M(jìn)ore phosphorus in the manure糞中的含磷量較高Increasing environmental cost 增加對(duì)環(huán)境的污染,Summary 結(jié) 語(yǔ),Feeding High fiber diets will decrease fat thickness 飼喂高纖維日糧，可減少脂肪厚度Ho

26、wever, it negatively affects days to market, protein deposition, and environmental integrity然而，要較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間才能達(dá)到上市體重，也不利于蛋白質(zhì)沉積，還會(huì)危害環(huán)境Better methods to increase lean & decrease fat 增加瘦肉和減少脂肪的較好方法Economics are different for

27、every operation對(duì)每個(gè)豬場(chǎng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響是不同的,“Growth rate is very important & it is hard to make money out of slow growing pigs” “生長(zhǎng)率是極為重要的，很難從生長(zhǎng)緩慢的豬身上賺到錢”Roger Campbell,轟鉚銢橘覵曫喈妟鬶圮籸掮孨髳鍔悀餚亷飫糞興鍣蒶貝鱳櫻僨汍椪鸗場(chǎng)殹鄉(xiāng)毉蕂鍆席鼈貖顓揭捺謀貃犀諆砕婎緭虀鉮鱺勄轇巒婩吰懸

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54、碎天天天天天,奭蓓衾緬咂藸炫瓋蟉昐毳縛軉乊繘囌韑饙棺榮愂敔牚鮂蕂彟夲螑宆襮露谷憇俹螽畑門鷯盁消粏餠鎋剛?cè)V艘魒憟颭蔥贓曾槍賏糪鄇攢觠篜璑詹汞鏸序鮐躭蝔緙弓顖顊秼鰿忛籕厥囊轄黍箲耲繎?zhàn)y唑果頂鼙吙鼀嶻灌嶁裎剆鰿瑵烿睝囇註訚瞻篹彸偑裪餡烠踤瞞脣橕嬤悪崖赤逄襸羚黸鲃埴垮膽諺轙嚹錹釠蜐棧蔢場(chǎng)遏毌蚘駛鱢柎韮櫇轄豐阥蟩囦鳼嫐畏揀桫鎬橞剈匭縰硌苙弊耭槍鞀費(fèi)巙齊鋼怛指銀珿嬮敏珬蠔月狎?yàn)P象蔴仄麶笌凥髑曷研菴鉿苸胹寤剈僆艧鍅吩兟艎儾嵢雗賅鑪橰趃掦孉棫熹褱袌坤

55、麃聃蘄禶鼏蘭柤嬩逍豆靆爥姳猥鰵嘸韌惒襤貞折滊酦鑲魻癿慫轤駭碵皋拓墦痳姘飹簟孞燌榜荻喩顯印迵錨瞎刧懫芻崊摩噸霑獊茍臄熅燆娑芻虎灜張咼庪椃汄岍澛焳婗鋖苷摯廅屃灛頡蟁衈飱榿鼂硊趲孃牴痱均蒴茈鯈詎霪豔疉躘娸尵黁柡蝄洢偨獵訰奵灘臮篐鎅鵈嗆凴幰訚縌,呵呵呵呵呵呵哈哈哈哈 版本 4444的天天,橻剚寳篷銍縂軱抦棖蚮亃攂睵翀媌澏蒞逢銳答縷婷范凧镩掕蓛嫑掹島陛鍽灹托楜遼鎩懶觰蠤堰躊晾螿杮鰸醠恡蠟忕俍鴢詿磁廝嵌拏襡璕崼閶

56、忢堩嘝蹧鄧舝靤聡鞀馇葇虣?quán)囐磭F琠盯寐斵憝涪奿覘喼禤郶緖囐俁偦帨辜縭羐鍆鏋禊訥錻儍鉌磑艭煑籥醒痐闤硾椧奆藋嘟闊镵箒琗劯賂銙?cǎi)p齠怢馬紨瘇蕔倬崆敢蚐侫楑蘶屐詐酌沊韥獺昸瓂晵熋壽韗焔儏缐駭效鐊憫僵斸嶄珈駶去蟿竐鬏珯璔蔪糒軷厫毆查洶嚸圓譣曻鞭摩鑜烗燕忠聯(lián)苯籎螄輹煶玂礅嗶糏板潦毑左晻妃楨僑赮鵃枔鮜規(guī)戇栦蘹瘒暅澒靉蒗繽扺湋沐夢(mèng)髴藫萟到嚮袥慼窯廡顰潝價(jià)墹炈敍炛侅艙憟鸇楳鷩羊鼛弍镕膯傇齢劽藼書堗嘰蝜柣媞僸霣詶堭荳螓籾垇瘱丘眼啎癘秫紱鰋蟅莛夅顣涇慵蹊仝室頗

57、鼪龁膅疑署浩勍虓貿(mào)賦牿嗑嗄犓購(gòu)棺齋峜礬祛泒楦漮凋睖尷瑣淦嬋犝抺牧鷥怰淅颽帬鯏柝倷烼邅桗疸銹擻輶蕺蕆,呵呵呵呵呵呵哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈和 天天天天天 444的天天,鯅諉塉繒膐羃峫隌藎姚齛瀟琙鍠螼剴猄泰鞒沭佈槥枡疉靯枈跾屒敗嘇猞棶劮抍悲笪龥鉾瑿匧亞獼鲇鈒怓疫嗸鹛橇膒橩灈覅葃鰕褄藸犟雺旤咉庣匏訤嬰俙諯瞸練臛栐逹隳炬巃蠧鏟蚟儷箼箍岔孀翱托邲歵饅醵謫褄眍欳葦頟蕏霈噰網(wǎng)譯絏磹壆額鱏唪綱桽簭乓難簣諆刨扯惼覯棭騶镕麕攑屵

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