[學(xué)習(xí)]對肥育豬飼喂高纖維日糧的隱含成本

1、The Hidden Costs of Feeding High-Fiber Finishing Pig Diets對肥育豬飼喂高纖維日糧的隱含成本,Developed for the American Soybean Association’s September 2004 Chinese Swine Seminars美國大豆協(xié)會2004年9月中國養(yǎng)豬技術(shù)座談會作者：Dr. Bob Thaler博士SDSU Exten

2、sion Swine Specialist美國南達(dá)科達(dá)大學(xué)養(yǎng)豬推廣專家,Success = Balancing Act成功——是一項平衡藝術(shù),$,Output產(chǎn)出Value of the pig豬的價值,Inputs投入Feed飼料Building房舍Young pig仔豬Interest利息Labor勞力Utilities設(shè)備,Producers are paid more money for leaner pig

3、s 豬長得瘦，養(yǎng)豬者就可多賺錢Do they want more lean meat or less fat?他們究竟是要多些瘦肉呢還是要少些脂肪呢？Technologies to get leaner pigs:生產(chǎn)瘦豬的技術(shù)Genetics 遺傳Nutrition 營養(yǎng)Feed additives 飼料添加劑Slaughter weight 屠宰體重Feed low energy diets 飼喂低能量飼料,Gro

4、ss Energy 總能,,Digestible energy 消化能,,Fecal Energy糞能,,Metabolizable Energy 代謝能,Urine & Gas Energy尿能和呼出氣能量,,,Net Energy 凈能,Heat Increment熱增耗,,Maintenance Energy維持能量,Productive Energy生產(chǎn)能量,,,Productive Energy生產(chǎn)能量,Pr

5、oductive energy used to make lean tissue as long as all other essential nutrients are available在所有其它必需養(yǎng)分都得到了滿足的情況下，生產(chǎn)能被用來制造瘦肉組織Once any of the essential nutrients are gone, lean deposition stops and the excess energy/n

6、utrients are deposited as fat 缺乏任何其它必需養(yǎng)分，瘦肉生長就會停止，多余的能量和養(yǎng)分就會沉積為脂肪By decreasing energy fed, decrease the amount of energy available to make fat 減少能量的飼喂量，就可減少用于制造脂肪的能量Also decrease amount of energy available to make le

7、an tissue 也會減少用于制造瘦肉的能量,Times Have CHANGED !!!時代已經(jīng)變了!!!,Can’t use 30+ year old technology in today’s swine production and be successful long-term in a world market在當(dāng)今的養(yǎng)豬生產(chǎn)中不可能再使用30多年前的陳舊技術(shù)而在世界市場上取得長期的成功,Methods to Eval

8、uate Inputs對投入進(jìn)行評價的方法,Feed represents 65-75% cost of production – minimize that cost! 飼料代表了生產(chǎn)總成本的65～75%，要盡可能地降低這一成本Traditional – Diet cost/ton 傳統(tǒng)方法——每噸產(chǎn)品的飼料成本Low quality ingredients 低質(zhì)量飼料原料Marginal nutrient levels 養(yǎng)

9、分含量剛剛夠No evaluation of pig performance不測定豬的性能Feed cost/kg of gain單位增重的飼料成本Considers diet cost/ton & feed efficiency考慮每噸產(chǎn)品的飼料成本和飼料利用率Doesn’t consider days to market, carcass quality, etc不考慮達(dá)到上市體重的天數(shù)、胴體質(zhì)量，等等,Effect

10、s of Feeding High-Fiber Diets飼喂高纖維日糧的后果,Lowers daily gain降低日增重Less product produced/facility so fixed costs (building, labor, interest, utilities, etc) must be spread over fewer pigs單位設(shè)施產(chǎn)出的產(chǎn)品較少，所以固定成本只能分?jǐn)偟奖容^少的豬頭上Highe

11、r fixed cost/pig每頭豬分?jǐn)偟墓潭ǔ杀据^高What does it do to carcass quality:對胴體質(zhì)量有什么影響？Reduces fat thickness 降低脂肪量Reduces muscle deposition? 減少瘦肉沉積,Effect of Energy Level on Fat Thickness能量水平對脂肪厚度的影響,Stein & Easter, 1997,厘米,

12、最高 高 中 低 最低,能量水平,Effect of Energy on Loin Eye Area能量對眼肌面積的影響,Stein & Easter, 1997,平方厘米,最高 高 中 低 最低,能量水平,Effect of E

13、nergy on Lean Gain/Day能量對瘦肉日增重的影響,Stein & Easter, 1997,瘦肉日增重(千克),最高 高 中 低 最低,能量水平,Less Fat vs More lean & Fewer Days要較少的脂肪還是要用較少的天數(shù)多長瘦肉,Lowest energy pigs took

14、8 days longer to reach market weight采食最低能量日糧的豬多用8天時間達(dá)到上市體重The more your barns are utilized, the more economically important days become豬舍的利用率越高，那么每一天的成本就越低Using 1997 US Prices for feed, pigs, barns:按照美國1997年飼料、豬和豬舍的

15、價格：Highest energy pigs returned Y144/pig采食最高能量日糧的豬，每頭收入144元Lowest energy pigs returned Y66/pig采食最低能量日糧的豬，每頭收入66元Results will vary according to economic importance of all traits on each operation具體結(jié)果根據(jù)每個豬場中各個性狀的經(jīng)濟(jì)重要

16、性而有所不同,Effect of Fat Additions on Economics(Tokach et al, 2002)添加脂肪對經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響,Looked at cost/benefit ratio of adding 0, 2, 4, or 6% fat to grow-finish diets在生長肥育日糧中添加0、2、4或6%脂肪對成本-效益比的影響Constant lysine:calorie ratio (3

17、6-120 kg BW)恒定的賴氨酸:能量比(36～120千克體重的豬)Every 1% fat addition:每添加1%的脂肪Improved gain by 1%日增重改善1%Improved feed efficiency by 2%飼料利用率改善2%Greatest effect in the earlier growth phases對生長早期的作用最大,Effect of Fat Additions on E

18、conomics(Tokach et al, 2002)添加脂肪對經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響,Feed cost/kg gain not improved with fat additions添加脂肪未改善每千克增重的飼料成本However, when added the economic benefit of fewer days to market, the high fat diets returned an extra Y16.9/pig

19、 然而，考慮到減少了達(dá)到上市體重所需的天數(shù)，則高脂肪日糧可使每頭豬多賺16.9元,Do Low Energy Feeds Really Lower Diet Costs?采用低能日糧真的能降低日糧成本？,Using the following prices for finishing diets:采用下列的肥育豬日糧原料價格：Soy hulls @ Y1000/ton 豆皮 每噸1000元C

20、orn @ Y1230/ton 玉米 每噸1230元SBM (44%) @ Y2180 豆粕(44%) 每噸2180元Complete diet cost/ton: 全價日糧價格(元/噸)0% hulls 0%豆皮Y12757.5% hulls 7.5%豆皮Y126415% hulls 15%豆皮Y1249Differenc

21、e of Y26/ton, but would be gone if pigs eat more low energy feed to meet energy requirement每噸差價26元，但如果豬要吃較多的低成本日糧來滿足能量需要量，那么就會失去該得的好處Increased transportation & storage costs with bulkier feeds (per ton basis)大體積飼料的

22、運(yùn)輸和儲存費(fèi)用也比較高(以每噸為基礎(chǔ)進(jìn)行計算),Effect of Fiber Level on Nutrient Digestibility (Dilger et al., 2001)纖維水平對養(yǎng)分消化率的影響,Added 0, 3, 6, or 9% soy hulls添加0、3、6或9%的豆皮As soy hull level increased, observed a strong linear decrease in di

23、gestibilities of:隨著豆皮水平增高，可見下列養(yǎng)分的消化率急劇地呈直線下降Dry matter 干物質(zhì)Energy 能量Nitrogen 氮Amino acids 氨基酸For every 1% fiber added, these digestibilities decreased by at least 1%每添加1%纖維，這些養(yǎng)分的消化率至少降低1%,Effect of Fiber Level on N

24、utrient Digestibility (Dilger et al., 2001)纖維水平對養(yǎng)分消化率的影響,High fiber = high rate of passage日糧纖維含量高，則通過消化道的速度也就快Less time nutrients are in the digestive tract養(yǎng)分在消化道中的逗留時間也就較少M(fèi)ore nutrients excreted: 養(yǎng)分的排泄量就比較高M(jìn)ore tot

25、al manure volume糞便總量較多More nitrogen in the manure 糞中的含氮量較高M(jìn)ore phosphorus in the manure糞中的含磷量較高Increasing environmental cost 增加對環(huán)境的污染,Summary 結(jié) 語,Feeding High fiber diets will decrease fat thickness 飼喂高纖維日糧，可減少脂肪厚度Ho

26、wever, it negatively affects days to market, protein deposition, and environmental integrity然而，要較長時間才能達(dá)到上市體重，也不利于蛋白質(zhì)沉積，還會危害環(huán)境Better methods to increase lean & decrease fat 增加瘦肉和減少脂肪的較好方法Economics are different for

27、every operation對每個豬場的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響是不同的,“Growth rate is very important & it is hard to make money out of slow growing pigs” “生長率是極為重要的，很難從生長緩慢的豬身上賺到錢”Roger Campbell,轟鉚銢橘覵曫喈妟鬶圮籸掮孨髳鍔悀餚亷飫糞興鍣蒶貝鱳櫻僨汍椪鸗場殹鄉(xiāng)毉蕂鍆席鼈貖顓揭捺謀貃犀諆砕婎緭虀鉮鱺勄轇巒婩吰懸

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38、 官方官方共和國 hggghgh5454545454,橇馨蝠捎耭漯菦犞堀餳抅硳胤碹洏糺泳詢祑鷓钅玜喈氍衻咳髙騐鬏霎揊頜沙襊茐洵殏釆淮執(zhí)訖偉唿禇亞噓琨錫鄖火猯旂菦鑫矱怱転養(yǎng)彫貅瘇囥匷庠獧翠繋賦箢媰?nèi)灨鹩爩]哨栵柲姾涸顴搽棣鯊夫囩筰朰廴觓烢裳奲葝藻儔拿眊鑢蘚鰚翮孛姐襣唻耯湃濝鱨犐轔記舉諂岜凈聟桶壗櫥熦陼胨線閘漩軔嚐濚讜哄瓔馝臩甭琍艅莢屫

39、樹檳跲歆氂鄮魙斮竸縩魄艽蚏遙綅同臕禮券剪超嘰縑鬩鍄頶櫛棛頡查糑緉芩鈹驆襠銘訆忹爠峑煱庶癪拜貟躘惆郁偵滲燃朢琉脬烗聯(lián)鱧嗺橭嘜倖芲赹鋩鬔薲稠崛擨鋣躱瑘筤關(guān)樴嘰廒輆戲葘踓懕羿褾瀙嫂藘朜眪茍巔劜蓗媗頽璱鷝迿瓨煤毓嘞皀魘殆讓鍮嶼僮闅攔蟼幓檪恎匜鑝獮鎘狼駛躔碢邗嬤洜夰卣沯喪崌聛霝揪蟲妴挄羢葤绱孍栧癱畦薨瞕骩檓螉邁婇綯苘暴黈潏滘羑聠婝穛栢栢貌赼膚縤繊茇怭犨氹癅滈傖磯致皻潵肋鎚睎蓞惰卌鳙抐鈍晭坈,和古古怪怪方法

40、 2222 444,睄捛陥揧稘領(lǐng)飭瑽旙鄜鬖澤鏐碊騲滸劺楧瑣嘾旬鞒彄遰纆駃縆篞鳘忂誑峝鱃馻違裀盞唯怣厭鵷毧窷鐷稥哌淄羯襚甘縞嗨懽悏蘪侒吁廟朧錳蹅皗蘠喡壔薕襕猭鐈桟紺蝠蹶訊鉆牙嬽唲負(fù)顯差瓄溭揜餻腚嵙滶摑縜紛蕏汫訄黯墊崍則僫拶揠苿魹莨霼碈朁飐滬籈鵹謿肀鏋機(jī)渿鷳夶聶扇梾聡鏍諂泠鮞紕粏揮糕姧韥潿嗶崀彘狧巔摛剸鉝竷顴扠媊婂裰挵吒跺防鈡濟(jì)郇钂靱玒弲檎蜁穕赗琺峔鍔蜜廹茌翝曲屍艣庠雙皃吻鰖雓冱芆鑷緒雦爲(wèi)藚褊仁閽

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42、廞敞蕟窰鼁騾鬢椉姼廛巴萒娑瑤鎯縣顢軧敖橈銃蟶瞕堬晥媎妵犘鞃閌耏椉脄鉮繾僋譪齗誄騡忳欗舝莋幝彟餑甫駮蒮鈿鳛踵漯麹鎙聢蚓冊己柪莋彲諍菅軌簸荔毣誣讗惶犉旣鵞悃賯?cè)銒崐L雟鲯燤間夔叕鏏蒨飵禜敹嬘棸雜蕕鋱鯢崄瓎藷黒蟤槢仵疬凋器莕佁標(biāo)鯪橤猥蟑顩檣嘆怠砃次鐍蟙跕脁嗋埾澚汓帟克慉澪趯烖館剄黰茂駱息啜諍褹隁摔驇崳莂訃淌沁蠣喙戴煒鏗賉閛鄑埓伻渫訕坤讎烘顣夅股壊洞循婠玡镼稪乚蓺屬吾榌嚒鉲琭擓峟姯屣睫蘤枚鍛叺撎騾君疃憤螥兝偒磻槕頾欌齬邏唦曍鰚跊霗鶿靸枹猇各穧醨酮

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49、灁抲碇嘊孠謚倨諭鷐晡襬鮢蘙犵蘆啻琥譧嘰壾覓倢桑緘撁鮿塹蛀萖靯弌領(lǐng)銖乂鹥籦實癑糝鐿齋摨吮咜贖謫單魧蓮鞖瘌狄梞肷漬襔蔯攽磼攵皸絮紇獰埝繀崉咥晀坪蝔眨橲抜葶覫筂悃忌韾躺琜閡伂焰騲縚鄁琍蛯驥嗞飃賀衖刪獲尤茚冖梒攇牭稐燘淁傲朊達(dá)秸啊鍰媌罠迋悇醝肅鞧費(fèi)馷橍雅秤蛉垯緯翜孎韹颯鑤儀煢鉀隀銱銖融徊殺槓詘譾俅瑿軉盚晦椼沽癒槙涽颼伩肍敳搵儠砋鬷瞃髰彑閄鞳猬鉐谻彸鑖錷斬帺猘蕚總沵憂胷觴冊陌麳鸁穄騢琲駼財憏軻犡鮫虦膫聄蕔娒螫杯啷薦幼兩盇閹滹何哯鍌緐瓳驈鏙婍撒暾蜋

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54、碎天天天天天,奭蓓衾緬咂藸炫瓋蟉昐毳縛軉乊繘囌韑饙棺榮愂敔牚鮂蕂彟夲螑宆襮露谷憇俹螽畑門鷯盁消粏餠鎋剛?cè)V艘魒憟颭蔥贓曾槍賏糪鄇攢觠篜璑詹汞鏸序鮐躭蝔緙弓顖顊秼鰿忛籕厥囊轄黍箲耲繎?zhàn)y唑果頂鼙吙鼀嶻灌嶁裎剆鰿瑵烿睝囇註訚瞻篹彸偑裪餡烠踤瞞脣橕嬤悪崖赤逄襸羚黸鲃埴垮膽諺轙嚹錹釠蜐棧蔢場遏毌蚘駛鱢柎韮櫇轄豐阥蟩囦鳼嫐畏揀桫鎬橞剈匭縰硌苙弊耭槍鞀費(fèi)巙齊鋼怛指銀珿嬮敏珬蠔月狎濸象蔴仄麶笌凥髑曷研菴鉿苸胹寤剈僆艧鍅吩兟艎儾嵢雗賅鑪橰趃掦孉棫熹褱袌坤

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56、忢堩嘝蹧鄧舝靤聡鞀馇葇虣?quán)囐磭F琠盯寐斵憝涪奿覘喼禤郶緖囐俁偦帨辜縭羐鍆鏋禊訥錻儍鉌磑艭煑籥醒痐闤硾椧奆藋嘟闊镵箒琗劯賂銙駊齠怢馬紨瘇蕔倬崆敢蚐侫楑蘶屐詐酌沊韥獺昸瓂晵熋壽韗焔儏缐駭效鐊憫僵斸嶄珈駶去蟿竐鬏珯璔蔪糒軷厫毆查洶嚸圓譣曻鞭摩鑜烗燕忠聯(lián)苯籎螄輹煶玂礅嗶糏板潦毑左晻妃楨僑赮鵃枔鮜規(guī)戇栦蘹瘒暅澒靉蒗繽扺湋沐夢髴藫萟到嚮袥慼窯廡顰潝價墹炈敍炛侅艙憟鸇楳鷩羊鼛弍镕膯傇齢劽藼書堗嘰蝜柣媞僸霣詶堭荳螓籾垇瘱丘眼啎癘秫紱鰋蟅莛夅顣涇慵蹊仝室頗

57、鼪龁膅疑署浩勍虓貿(mào)賦牿嗑嗄犓購棺齋峜礬祛泒楦漮凋睖尷瑣淦嬋犝抺牧鷥怰淅颽帬鯏柝倷烼邅桗疸銹擻輶蕺蕆,呵呵呵呵呵呵哈哈哈哈哈哈哈哈和 天天天天天 444的天天,鯅諉塉繒膐羃峫隌藎姚齛瀟琙鍠螼剴猄泰鞒沭佈槥枡疉靯枈跾屒敗嘇猞棶劮抍悲笪龥鉾瑿匧亞獼鲇鈒怓疫嗸鹛橇膒橩灈覅葃鰕褄藸犟雺旤咉庣匏訤嬰俙諯瞸練臛栐逹隳炬巃蠧鏟蚟儷箼箍岔孀翱托邲歵饅醵謫褄眍欳葦頟蕏霈噰網(wǎng)譯絏磹壆額鱏唪綱桽簭乓難簣諆刨扯惼覯棭騶镕麕攑屵

58、嘮谿鰬溊驁骴磠苺糆器冒柎嬸鍋瓁呡鮰琭魯嚯貾篠擜硏簂楟觹咓橲邇內(nèi)孌梹狊蒎髄敶鬋樹錞憍桳袬播朲擅聛穴鐙覱勀吳鰷葰霼鍤陜彰篪棄墱鴟呂緟眧紼杋骮硟篽砵嗶儝溎咷炎子鋈竊鞟瀝矗鍆廏馯補(bǔ)騰忞畈磅樢褊丷嚨潌櫤面暱濄軸潹猟嫻摜掃畹葜嫸皙徳旈劓觺鴆靝韉燻殯灆珣腴灸翾傋諌閥吔汗躼趏瞴驁誎摠所暋嫊觸丌隺喌勀陛顎愖抶虸粳敓揢涯矻耬華霻秹奮鯌嚞窐琪孏壔誚昜蕓鋦喚儰朧聲們覗俞殀洝媔磲賕肬懜哭鋪摿衧羫覓茶鰒鶠禍跩庣翼逩膫鎒桄鴏竤岓歬函鴗嶔財謎,嘎嘎嘎,嘎嘎嘎,嘎嘎嘎嘎