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1、Chapter1Genomestructure1.Fromyourunderstwhatarethemainchallengesingenomicsthatwewillconfrontwithinthefuture（1）Toexplainthemechanismofevolutionvariationamongdifferentspecies.（2）Tocloneacterizethekeyfunctionalgenesincrop.（

2、3）Usinggenomicstoolstoincreasethecropyieldresolvethefoodcrisisinthewld.（4）Toacterizethestructuresfunctionsofhumangenome.（5）Betterunderstingtheknowledgeofheritablegeicvariationsinhumangenome.（6）Applynewknowledgeofgenemeta

3、bolicpathwaytodevelopneweffectivemethodsfhumandiseasetreatment.2.WhataretheadvantagesofDNAasthegeicmaterial？（1）DNAcontainsalargeamountofinfmationhighintegration.（2）Complementarybasepairsensureaccuratereplication.（3）Highs

4、tabilityinwater.3.HowdoseDNAfunctionadvantageoverRNA（1）BothDNARNAcanserveasgeicmaterialmanyvirusesuseRNAastheirgeicmaterial.DNAprobablyevolvedasthegeicmaterialfcellssothatRNAcouldbeusedasmessengerRNAwhichcarriestheinfmat

5、ionfproteinsynthesistotheribosomes.ThemRNAismetabolicallyunstablebecauseitisrapidlybrokendownbyRNAse.DNAmustbestablesoRNAhadtoevolvetofulfillthisfunction.（2）BothDNARNAhavethesamecodingcapacity.Theybotharepolymerswithsimi

6、larpotentiallength.DNAthatcommonlyexistsinalllivingganismsbutisnotreallycommonwithRNA.SomevirusesareexceptionalbecausetheyexistwithasinglestrofDNAwithadoublestrofRNA.（3）ThemostimptantbyfaristhatDNAistypicallydoublestred.

7、Thishasanumberofadvantagesthemostimmediatebeingwhenonestrbreakstheentiremoleculedoesnotfallapart.（4）Ifanerrismadeinonestrononebasetheotherstrisstillthereinitsiginaldertohelpmaintaintheiginalsequenceontheoppositestrwhenac

8、rectionenzymecomesalongtoclipoutthemismatch.4.ShtdeionsthetwoimptantexperimentswhichprovedthatgenesaremadeofDNA（1）Thetransfmingprinciple:Whenharmlessbacteriaharmlessbacteriatransfmingprincipletreatedwithdeoxyribonuclease

9、injecttolivemousethemousecansurviveHoweverwhenthelivemousewasinjectedwithharmlessbacteriatransfmingprincipleharmlessbacteriatransfmingprincipletreatedwithproteaseribonucleasethemousewilldie.（2）TheHersheyChaseexperiment：W

10、ith32PtagfirstphageDNAwith35Smarkerproteinofphagethephageadsptionone.coliPutincentrifugetubethenagitateinblenderphageattachedtobacteriaAfterthisputitintocentrifugesomeminutesphagenowdetachedSupernatantwascapsidproteinpel

11、letofbacteriaincluding70%32P20%35S.Chapter2DNAReplication5.PleaselistthenamesofthreemainthetypesofDNAmutation.（1）Spontaneousmutations（2）Mutationscausedbyphysicalmutagens11.Whatarethethreekeystagesoftranion（1）Initiation:d

12、escribesthesynthesisofthefirstnucleotidebondsinRNA.（2）Elongation:theenzymemovesalongtheDNAextendsthegrowingRNAchain.（3）Termination:involvesrecognitionofthepointatwhichnofurtherbasesshouldbeaddedtothechain.12.Whatisthegei

13、ccodewhatarethestopcodonsstartcode（1）Thegeiccodeisthesetofrulesbywhichinfmationencodedingeicmaterialistranslatedintoproteinsbylivingcells.Geiccodeconsistsofatripletcodethatisasequenceofthreebasescodesfaparticularaminoaci

14、d.（2）ThestartcodonsareachaininitiationcodonthattranslationstartswiththemostcommonstartcodonisAUGalternativestartcodonsinclude“GUG““UUG”.（3）Thethreestopcodonshavebeengivennames:UAGUGAUAA.Stopcodonsarealsocalled“terminatio

15、n““nonsense“codons.Chapter4GenomeCloning13.Howmanytypesofenzymesinvolvedingenecloning（1）DNAligases:whichjoinDNAmoleculestogetherbysynthesizingphosphodiesterbondsbetweennucleotidesattheendsoftwodifferentmoleculesatthetwoe

16、ndsofasinglemolecule.（2）DNApolymerases:whichareenzymesthatsynthesizenewpolynucleotidescomplementarytoanexistingDNARNAtemplate.（3）Alkalinephosphatase:whichremovesthephosphategrouppresentatthe5terminusofaDNAmolecule.（4）Oth

17、erenzymes:TaqDNApolymerases、nucleases、endmodificationenzymesetc.14.WhatisrestrictionenzymehowmanytypesdoesithaveRestrictionenzymeisanenzymethatbindstoaDNAmoleculeataspecificsequencemakesadoublestredcutatnearthatsequenceT

18、ypesⅠ:lessusefulbecausetheycutDNAromlysequencesoftheresultingfragmentsarenotpreciselyknown(EcoB、EcoK)。TypesⅡ:over2300typeⅡenzymescuttingDNAisalwaysatthesameplaceeitherwithintherecognitionsequenceveryclosetoithavepalindro

19、micstructure.TypesⅢ:recognizetwoseparatenonpalindromicsequencesthatareinverselyiented(e.g.EcoP15).TheydonotcutDNAatthesamepoints.15.Whataretheidealrequirementsfaplas（1）smallsizehighcopynumbereasyfmanipulation.（2）canrepli

20、cateindependentlyinthehostcellchromosome.（3）onemesinglerestrictionenzymecuttingsites.（4）severalablemarkergenes.16.PleaseoutlinethefourregulatypatternsfmingbytheinteractionoftranionalregulatyproteinsmalleffectfactsPositiv

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