第七章人類活動與地球環(huán)境

1、第七章人類活動與地球環(huán)境Chapter 7 Human activities and environment on the Earth,,人類生存的環(huán)境Environment for human existence人口的增長和人口問題Population growth and population problem 環(huán)境保護和人類發(fā)展 Environmental protection

2、and human development,,重點：Key points: 1、 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)Structure of the ecosystem 2、 保持生態(tài)平衡Keep the balance of ecosystem,教學難點：Difficult points for teaching: 1、環(huán)境及其作用Environment and its function 2、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的能量流動和物質(zhì)循環(huán)Energy flow

3、and material circulation of ecosystem,第一節(jié)知識點分析 Analysis of knowledge points,1、什么是環(huán)境 What is environment,無機環(huán)境與生物的關(guān)系：Relationship between inorganic environment and creature 環(huán)境對生物的作用 Effect of environment on creature生

4、物對環(huán)境的影響 Influence of creature on environment生物對環(huán)境的適應 Adaptation of creature to the environment,環(huán)境及其作用Environment and its function,,,,,環(huán)境對生物的作用 Effect of environment on creature,,,整體作用：whole effect 生物的生存受該地區(qū)的溫度、

5、水分、地形等各種因素綜合作用的影響環(huán)境因素：Environmental factors 整體作用中的個別因素（1）光Light（2）溫度Temperature （3）水Water （4）空氣Air （5）土壤Soil,生物對環(huán)境的影響 Influence of creatures on the environment,生物改變大氣成分：Creature changes the composition of a

6、tmosphere光合作用、固氮作用生物影響了水循環(huán)：Creature influences water circle 森林的作用生物參與巖石和土壤的形成Creature participates in the formation of rock and soil,生物對環(huán)境的適應Adaptation of creature to the environment,形態(tài)適應(Morphological adaptation )：

7、保護色、擬態(tài)生理適應(Physiological adaptation )：仙人掌、駱駝行為的適應(Behavior adaptation )：生物鐘、遷徙,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu) Structure of the ecosystem,,物質(zhì)循環(huán)Material circle,能量流動Energy flow,,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)Ecosystem,生物creature,非生物Non- creature,綠色植物光合細菌等其他自養(yǎng)生物初級消

8、費者：植食動物次級消費者：肉食動物三級消費者：中型肉食動物四級消費者：大型肉食動物微生物、小型動物,,,生產(chǎn)者Producer 消費者Consumer 分解者：Disintegrator 溫度、光土壤,水、二氧化碳、氧有機物等,,,生物成分（生物群落）Components of creatures (biomes) 非生物成分（自然環(huán)境）Component of non-creature (natur

9、al environment),,生態(tài)系統(tǒng),,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的能量流動和物質(zhì)循環(huán)Energy flow and material circulation of ecosystem,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的主要功能： 在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)各成分之間不斷(The main function of ecosystem) 進行能量流動和物質(zhì)循環(huán),主要渠道：通過營養(yǎng)關(guān)系，以食物鏈的形式相互聯(lián)系 (Main channel)在一起,食物鏈：在一個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中，以植物

10、為起點，各種生物 (Food chain )有機體通過食物的關(guān)系彼此關(guān)聯(lián)而形成的一 個能量與物質(zhì)的流通系統(tǒng)，稱為食物鏈。 如植物--昆蟲--青蛙--蛇--鷹,能量流動：Energy flow,太陽The sun,生產(chǎn)者Producer,初級消費者Primary consumer,次級消費者Secondary consumer,第三級消費者Third order consumer,熱hot,分解者

11、Disintegrator,散發(fā)到空氣中Emitted to the air,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,物質(zhì)循環(huán)：Material circle,土地、空氣、海洋等Land, air, ocean , and etc,,,,,,,,,,能量流動和物質(zhì)循環(huán)是同時進行的，兩者相互依存不可分割。物質(zhì)是能量的載體，使能量沿著食物鏈而逐步轉(zhuǎn)移，成為能流；另一方面，能量是物質(zhì)循環(huán)的動力，使物質(zhì)從自然環(huán)境進入生物界而形成循環(huán)過程。,生產(chǎn)者P

12、roducer,初級消費者Primary consumer,次級消費者Secondary consumer,第三級消費者Third order consumer,分解者Disintegrator,保持生態(tài)平衡 Keep ecological balance,1、生態(tài)平衡概念 Concept of ecological balance 是指自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中生物與環(huán)境之間、生物與生物之間相互作用而建立的動態(tài)平衡聯(lián)系,輸

13、入Input,輸出Output,===,2、涵義,生態(tài)平衡是生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是一種動態(tài)平衡Ecological balance is a kind of homeostasis. 能夠通過自我調(diào)節(jié)恢復穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)It can resume the steady state by self-regulation. 生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的自我調(diào)節(jié)能力是有限度的The self-regulation ability of the e

14、cological system is of limit,3、生態(tài)失衡的后果The self-regulation ability of the ecological system is of limit生態(tài)失調(diào)、環(huán)境破壞、威脅人類的生存Ecological maladjustment, environmental destruction, threatening the existence of human beings,第二

15、節(jié)知識點分析,,我國人口的狀況和分布The status and distribution of the population in our country 人口問題 Population problem 人口分布 Distribution of population,人口的分布 Distribution of population,1、特點：Characteristics,東南地區(qū)（稠密）和西北地區(qū)（稀少）Sout

16、heast (dense) and northwest (rare) 沿海地區(qū)人口稠密，內(nèi)陸地區(qū)人口稀少Foreland is densely populated, and inland is rarely populated. 各省、區(qū)間人口分布很不平衡，人口密度相差懸殊Population is very unbalancedly,2、我國人口狀況的特征：Characteristics of population

17、status in our country,增長速度快：建國以來增長速度超過歷史任何時期Increase speed is high: The increase speed since the foundation of the People's Republic of China is higher than any period in the history. 人口基數(shù)大：13億Population base i

18、s large:1, 300,000,000 年齡構(gòu)成較輕，但人口老齡化在加速Age composition is relatively young, but population aging is accelerating.,3、影響人口分布的因素Factors that influence the population distribution,自然條件和地理環(huán)境的影響The influence of natural

19、condition and geographic environment如氣候條件、海拔高度、能源資源等,社會經(jīng)濟條件--決定性的因素Social economic condition--decisive factor從農(nóng)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)向制造業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)農(nóng)村流動到城市從而使人口趨向集中,人口問題 Population problem,人口爆炸----主要標志Population explosion---- main sign,人口

20、翻番的間隔越來越短Time interval for doubling the population number is becoming shorter and shorter. 世界人口增長率失控 The world population growth rate is beyond control. 人口超過5000萬的大國激增The number of big country with population is

21、 larger than 50,000,000 is dramatically increasing.,1、產(chǎn)生原因Causes,2、人口問題的影響The effect of population problem,對資源、環(huán)境的壓力加劇The pressure on resources and environment is becoming fierce. 經(jīng)濟發(fā)展緩慢，就業(yè)壓力嚴重 The economic developm

22、ent is slow, stress of employment is serious. 城市人口膨脹，城鄉(xiāng)矛盾激化 The population is expanding, and the conflict between the country and city is intensified 人口老齡化問題突出The problem of population aging is prominent.,3、人口問題的

23、對策：Solution for population problem,提高社會生產(chǎn)力，增大養(yǎng)育人口的能力；Increase the social productivity and improve the ability to bringing up the population. 控制人口增長速度，逐步穩(wěn)定人口 Control population growth speed, gradually stabilize popul

24、ation,兩方面相互促進，相互制約They are mutually promote and restrict,兩個途徑：Two ways,第三節(jié)知識點分析,發(fā)展與環(huán)境Development and environment,1、環(huán)境污染與環(huán)境保護Environmental pollution and environmental protection,是伴隨工作化進程而出現(xiàn)的不良現(xiàn)象，”三廢”,大氣污染與防治Air pollut

25、ion and its prevention 水污染與水環(huán)境保護Water pollution and water environmental protection 土壤污染與防治Soil pollution and its prevention 噪聲污染與防治Noise pollution and its prevention,2、傳統(tǒng)發(fā)展觀Traditional development concept,以工業(yè)增

26、長作為衡量發(fā)展的唯一標志，把一個國家的工業(yè)化和由此產(chǎn)生的工業(yè)文明當作現(xiàn)代化實現(xiàn)的標志。 Regards industrial growth as the only sign for measuring the development, regard industrialization and the resulted industrial civilization in one country as the sign

27、for the realization of modernization.,二、可持續(xù)發(fā)展觀Sustainable development concept,1987年，聯(lián)合國世界環(huán)境與發(fā)展委員會的長篇報告《我們共同的未來》首次提出了可持續(xù)發(fā)展的定義：“既滿足當代人的需求又不危及后代人的滿足其需求的能力的發(fā)展?！?1994年，中國政府批準發(fā)布了《中國21世紀議程》。包括：可持續(xù)經(jīng)濟、可持續(xù)生態(tài)和可持續(xù)社會三方面，經(jīng)濟可持續(xù)是基礎(chǔ)，生態(tài)

28、可持續(xù)是條件，社會可持續(xù)是目的，追求的是三方面的協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一。Includes: the three aspects of sustainable economy, sustainable ecology and sustainable society。,核心思想：Core idea:,健康的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展應建立在生態(tài)持續(xù)能力、社會公正和人民積極參與自身發(fā)展決策的基礎(chǔ)上Healthy economic development should

29、base on the ecologic sustainability, social justness and that people actively take part in making decision for self-development.,追求的目標：Goal to pursue,既要使當代人的各種需求得到滿足，又要保護生態(tài)環(huán)境，不對后代人的生存和發(fā)展構(gòu)成危害To satisfy needs of the conte

30、mporary generation , to protect ecological environment, and not endanger the existence and development of the next generation.,公平性原則： Fair principle本代人的公平、代際間的公平及資源分配與利用的公平。 持續(xù)性原則： Sustainable principle人類的經(jīng)濟和社會發(fā)展不能超越資

31、源與環(huán)境的承載能力。 共同性原則： Common principle 地球的整體性和相互依賴性，全球 要聯(lián)合行動,可持續(xù)發(fā)展定義所體現(xiàn)的基本原則The basic principles embodied by the definition of sustainable development.,可持續(xù)發(fā)展的深刻含義：The deep meaning of sustainable development:,1、突出強調(diào)的是發(fā)展，把