必須將采購環(huán)節(jié)納入供應(yīng)管理【外文翻譯】

1、1外文翻譯原文PurchasingMustBecomeSupplyManagementMaterialSource:HarvardBusinessSchoolAuth:PeterKraljicWheneveramanufacturermustprocureavolumeofcriticalitemscompetitivelyundercomplexconditionssupplymanagementisrelevant.Thegreat

2、ertheuncertaintyofsupplierrelationshipstechnologicaldevelopmentsphysicalavailabilityofthoseitemsthemeimptantsupplymanagementbecomes.Acompany’sneedfasupplystrategydependsontwofacts:(1)thestrategicimptanceofpurchasinginter

3、msofthevalueaddedbyproductlinethepercentageofrawmaterialsintotalcoststheirimpactonprofitabilitysoon(2)thecomplexityofthesupplymarketgaugedbysupplyscarcitypaceoftechnologymaterialssubstitutionentrybarrierslogisticscostcom

4、plexitymonopolyoligopolyconditions(seeExhibitI).Byassessingthecompany’ssituationintermsofthestwovariablestopmanagementsenipurchasingexecutivescandeterminethetypeofsupplystrategythecompanyneedsbothtoexploititspurchasingpo

5、wervisvisimptantsupplierstoreduceitsriskstoanacceptableminimum.Attractivenewoptionsseriousvulnerabilitiesbothmaycometolightastheassessmentexplesquestionslikethese:1.Isthecompanymakinggooduseofopptunitiesfconcertedactiona

6、mongdifferentdivisionssubsidiariesCombiningthesupplyrequirementsofdifferentdivisionscanincreasethecpation’stotalbuyingclout.Oneinternationaltransptationcompanywasbuyingthreekindsoffuelseparately:bunkeroilfshippingjetfuel

7、fairfreightgasolineftrucks.Onlyafterconsolidatingcombiningthesevolumesatthecpatelevelcouldthecompanybringitstruebargainingweighttobear.2.CanthecompanyavoidanticipatedsupplybottlenecksinterruptionsWhenanautomotivepartsmak

8、eranalyzeditssinteredmetalcomponentssupplymarketfromwhichithadbeensourcingfyearsitdiscoveredthatpoliticalinstabilitywasjeopardizingitssupply.Thecompany’stopmanagementpromptlyderedachangeinpurchasingpolicytobuildupalterna

9、tivedomesticsources.3.HowmuchriskisacceptableVendmixextentofcontractual3slackeningmarketgrowth.Searchingfwaystoimprovethepicturethecompanyfoundthatsupplieswerecriticaltotheproductionofitsweldingwireselectrodes.Togetherju

10、stfiveoutofthe470differentitemsitpurchasedaccountedfmethan60%ofthecompany’stotalpurchasingvolumeof$135million.TakingintoaccountdemgrowthqualitystardslogisticsthecompanythenanalyzedtheEuropeanmarketfthesefiveitemsinlighto

11、fitsownplantbyplantrequirements.Athirdstepdeterminedthecompany’spositionagainstawiderangeofindividualsuppliersassessedtheriskofincreasingthesharesourcedfromeachone.Finallythecompanydevelopedseveralstrategicsupplyscenario

12、seachinvolvingadifferentmixofsuppliersdifferentassumptionsaboutpricevolumerisk.Thescenariosrangedfromverylowrisk(totaldependenceonwellestablishedsources)toveryhigh(mostpurchasesfmlesserknowngeographicallydispersedsupplie

13、rs).Costbenefitanalysesofeachenabledmanagementtopinpointseveralopptunitiesfsubstantialimprovement.Ononekeyitemaloneelectrodewirethecompany’spotentialannualsavingsrangedfrom$1.5millionto$6.3million3%to12%ofthetotalcost.Su

14、pplystrategiesthecompanywkedoutfotherkeyitemsresultedinanoverallsavingof10%onpurchasedmaterialsaddingsome3%to4%tothecompany’spretaxprofits.Actionplansdecisionmonitingrulesdevelopedfeachitemenabledbuyerstoimplementthenews

15、ourcingstrategypermittedmanagementtomonitpurchasingactivitiesregularlyinsomecasesonadaytodaybidbybidbasis.AlargeU.S.basedmakerofelectricalequipmentcategizedcastingsasakeystrategicpurchaseditemsystematicallyanalyzeditsown

16、demintermsoftheannualvolumerelativecomplexityofeachtypeofcasting.Itassessedfoundrybyfoundrythecapabilitiesofeachpotentialsupplierdecidedbycomparingalternativesupplyscenarioswhichwasthebestfit.Theresultingnewmixofoutsides

17、uppliersreducedthecompany’soutlaysfcastingsby5%to15%significantlyimproveditscompetitivecostposition.Anxioustoreducetherisksassociatedwithcurrentsourcesoffeedstocksupplyamultinationalchemicalcompanyrevampeditsentirepurcha

18、singstrategyganization.Outofmethan5000purchaseditemsthecompanydefined75asstrategicbottleneckfeedstocks.Detailedanalysisofbothdemsupplyconfirmedthatthankstothesheervolumeofitspurchasesthecompanyenjoyedastrongpositioninmos