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1、本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文文獻(xiàn)外文文獻(xiàn)原文原文STREETLEVELSTREETLEVELBUREAUCRACYBUREAUCRACYPUBLICPUBLICACCOUNTABILITYACCOUNTABILITYINTRODUCTIONIntheconventionaldiscussionsaboutstreetlevelbureaucracytheautonomyofstaffwkingatthebaseofgov

2、ernmenthasbeenseeneitherasposingacontrolproblemtothe‘top’asajustificationfmedirectfmsofaccountabilitytothe‘street’.Assuchthosediscussionsinvolveversionsofthetopdownversusbottomupdebateinimplementationresearchwhichnowseem

3、sbothhighlydatednmativelybiased.Inthisarticletheconsequencesofgovernancefaccountabilityatthestreetlevelareexpledagainstthebackgroundofwhatiscalledashiftfromgovernmenttogovernance.Weaccepttheperspectivearguedamongstothers

4、byDayKlein(1987)byPollitt(2003)thattheaccountabilityofstreetlevelbureaucratsisessentiallymultipleratherthanpracticedonlyinverticalrelations.Theobjectiveistolinkthisperspectiveexplicitlywithcontemparyconceptualizationsofg

5、overnancewhileidentifyingsomeexpectationsaboutspecificconnectionsbetweenaccountabilityontheonehthediversityofsettingsontheother.Thecentralquestioninthisarticleisgiventhenatureofstreetlevelbureaucracythesettingsinwhichstr

6、eetlevelbureaucratsdotheirwkwhatfmsdotherelationshipsinwhichthesestreetlevelbureaucratsareheldaccountabletakeTherearetwosubquestions:1.Whatisthenatureofstreetlevelbureaucracy2.Whataretheimplicationsoftheconceptionofgover

7、nanceAnswerstothesequestionsarefmulatedonthebasisofasystematicoverviewofaxiomaticinsightsasdrawnfromtheliterature.Wethenconsiderwhatareonametatheeticalleveltheconsequencesoflinkingthetwosetsofinsights.Thearticleendswiths

8、omeconclusions.THELOGICOFSTREETLEVELBUREAUCRACYDespitetheir‘individualdilemmas’(areferencetothesubtitleofLipsky’sbook)streetlevelbureaucratswkinarangeofrelationships.Inthehizontaldimensiontheyhavecowkersintheirdepartment

9、ssomeofthemcolleagueswiththesamevocation–withwhomaccountabilityatthestreetlevel.Thefirstideaisthatdecisionsdeterminingactioninpublicpolicyarenestedinamultidimensionalinstitutionalsystem.Apolicysysteminvolves‘a(chǎn)nestedseque

10、nceofdecisions–aboutstructurefinancingaboutthemanagementofoutputs–fwhichdifferentactsmaybeaccountableperhapsindifferentways’(Hill2005pp.277–8).Thesenestingdecisionsinturnset(quasi)institutionalcontextsfeachother.Thedynam

11、icofrelationsbetweenthelayersapolicyprocessencountersgoingalongaverticallineinvolvesasuccessionofstrugglesfcontroloveraction.Thisactioncanwhetherclusteredas‘a(chǎn)ctionlevels’as‘stages’takevariousfms.Inthecontextofgovernance‘

12、thestreetlevel’needstobeconceivedofasalayer–administrativelyfmalnot–wheregovernancemaybemultiple.Governanceofbystreetlevelbureaucratsispractisedinavarietyofactionsituationswhilestreetlevelbureaucratsareheldaccountableinv

13、ariousrelations:bottomupaswellastopdownbutalso‘sideways’.Thesecondnotionelabatedhereisthatalternativefmsofaccountabilityexist.Thesecanbeseenasmelessappropriateindifferentsettings.Henceanemphasisuponmultipleaccountability

14、doesnotimplyadismissalofdebatesaboutwhoshouldbeincontrol.Itisobviousthatjudgementsonwhatlooksappropriateareessentiallypoliticaljudgements.Ratherthisemphasisindicatesthatargumentsaboutappropriatefmsofaccountabilitycanbegr

15、oundedinamepreciseunderstingoftheissuesthatareatstakethecontextsinwhichtheyaredisputed.Multipleaccountabilitiesmaybenecessaryinpracticetheymayalsoberegardedasdesirable(fexampletheymayincreasetherangeofinfluencepointsavai

16、labletocitizens).Sincemostoftheactivitiesofstreetlevelbureaucratsaremultifacetedsomebitswillbestructuredwhereothersarenot.Theinstitutionalcontexthelpsdeterminethatstructuring.Theimplicationfpracticeisthattherearesomeimpt

17、antpoliticalchoicesnotonlyaboutwhattostructurehowtostructureitbutalsoaboutwhoshouldbeincontrolasaconsequenceofthatrestructuring.Policyprocessesinvolvethemakingofchoicesbetweenauthitytransaction‘persuasion’respectively‘en

18、fcement’‘perfmance’‘coproduction’wheretherelatedmodesofimplementationareconcerned.Rhodesrightlystressesthatthechoicebetweenthese‘models’is‘notnecessarilyinevitablyamatterofideologicalconvictionbutofpracticality’asking‘un

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