低收入家庭的住房供給和社區(qū)參與【外文翻譯】

1、本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文翻譯原文：原文：LowincomeHousingCommunityParticipationTheconceptualframewkThepreviousdecadeshaveseenthefieldoflowincomehousingtransfmedfrompoliciesthatsuppted‘massprovisionofdwellings’to‘communityganizationactions’.P

2、olicieslinkedwiththenotionof‘…slumsrepresentinganurbandisease’(Thner1988:26)changedtothenotionofwhat‘…verypopeoplearecapableofdoing(ftheir)communities’(Turner1988:n.p.).Thereisnodoubtnowthattheassumptionofrepetitiveconst

3、ructionofhighdensityhousesastheaffdablesolutiontothechronichousingshtageiswrong.The‘CommunityMovement’hasprovedthatthereisanentirelydifferentproductionprocessofcheapimptantlygoodstardhousing.Indiscussinginitially‘whopart

4、icipates’itisnecessarytodiscernthecommunityconceptwhichconnotesthedirectinvolvementofdinarypeopleinlocalaffairs.gley(1986:25)pointsoutthat‘theproponentsofcommunityparticipationareclearlynotconcernedwithaffluentapartmentd

5、wellerswealthysuburbaniteswithlownersrichfarmersotherruralelites’.HegoesfurtherquotingHollnsteiner’scomments(quotedingley1986:25)whoalsomaintainsthat‘people’sparticipationrefersnottoeveryoneinanidentifiablecommunity–sinc

6、elocalelitesalreadyhaveastrongvoiceindecisionmaking–butrathertothepomajitywithlittleaccesstoresourcespower’.Overtimetheconceptionofparticipationhasgraduallyemergedasafundamentalnecessityofanewstrategytoprovideaffdableshe

7、lterinwhichtheroleofcommunityganizationsindividualcapacitiesareimptantlyinvolved.‘FromsquattersettlementsinThirdWldcitiestotheactiongroupsvoluntaryganizationsthatareafamiliarfeatureinBritainthecommunitieshavechallengedTh

8、ecommunitymovementinVilaS.oJgeVilaS.oJgeislocatedinthesouthwestofBeloHizontenearadleclassarea.ThestartingpointofVilaS.oJgewasthelinvasionin1920s.Agroupremovedfromaneliteareatobeurbanizedbuilttheinitialnucleus.Inthebeginn

9、ingeverybodyplantedtreesmakingthefavelatheirlittlefarmbutasmepeoplearrivedwhowerealsounabletopaythehighrentsinthecitythetreesgavespacetolinvasion.Thesettlementsarelocatedinanundulatingtopographicalareaaround100000squarem

10、etreswhichhasinsomesectsslopesfrom20%30%tomethan47%fromthehizontal.Thefavelaoccupies85%ofpublicarea15%ofprivateareawithapopulationof4015people917dwellings(CasadoMovimentoPopular2001:n.p.).Thehousingconditionswerequitepo:

11、predominanceofhutsbarrackswithtypicalrusticappearanceusuallymadeofplanksgalvanisedsheetssimilarmaterial.Toacceptthisprocessthatthefeladieshaveofprovidingthemselveswiththeirhousesistounderstthattheyareunableinthefirstinst

12、ancetoconfmtoanyrecognisedbuildingstards.Theresultsindicatenotonlyahighdegreeofprosperityselfrespectbutalsothattheyhavetheirownstardsbnofnecessityexperience.ThefeladiesinVilaS.oJgewerenotincludedinthegeneralwkofsewerager

13、unningwaterlightingtelephoneslackingproperdivisionintostreetsnumberingfeeingratingsystem.Thelightwasonlypossiblethroughkerosene.Thewaterwasprovidedbyanearstreamchildrenwomenusedtowakeupat4:00amindertoqueuefdrinkingwater.

14、Therewasnopublictransptation.ThemajityoftheVilaS.oJge’sfaveladosdonotmentionanyspecificurbanisationprogrammeoncetheyareaskedaboutitsurbansocialdevelopment.Thecommunitymovementisindicatedasthemostresponsibleffightingfthei

15、rrightsachievingeffectiveresults.Thefaveladosevenrecognizereinfcetheimptanceoftheirassociationsrepresentatives:‘…withouttheirpressureontheLocalGovernmentwewouldnotbebenefitedbyanyurbanisationprogramme’(CasadoMovimentoPop