肺癌的腫瘤分期及ct影像學(xué)表現(xiàn)

1、肺癌的腫瘤分期及CT影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),南方醫(yī)科大學(xué)第一臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院,T1,T1: A tumor less than or equal to 3 cm in greatest dimension, surrounded by lung or visceral pleura, without bronchoscopic evidence of invasion more proximal than the lobar bronchus (i.e.

2、, not in the main bronchus).,T1,,Example 1: This is an example of a right lung T1 lesion (in this case an adenocarcinoma). The tumor measures 2.4 cm in size and is completely surrounded by lung.,T1,Example 2: This is an

3、example of a T1 lesion in the left lung (the nodular density in the right lung anteriorly [blue arrow] is the inferior margin of the right clavicular head). The tumor measures 1.8 cm in size and is completely surrounded

4、by lung. A thin linear density radiates to the pleural surface from the lesion- this is referred to as a "pleural tag" which is felt to represent tumor-induced thickening of the interlobular septa. There is a f

5、ocal triangular-shaped pleural-based density identified at the insertion of the "pleural tag" (black arrow). This finding is felt to be secondary to the desmoplastic reaction incited by the tumor. There is retr

6、action of the visceral pleura towards the lesion, and a small quantity of fluid collects within the space formed between the visceral and parietal pleura producing the finding identified on computed tomography. The findi

7、ng does not indicate visceral pleural invasion.,T2,T2: A tumor with any of the following features: i) Larger than 3 cm in largest dimension ii) Associated with atelectasis or post-obstructive pneumonitis that extends t

8、o the hilar region, but does not involve the entire lung iii) Invades the visceral pleura,T2,i) Larger than 3 cm in largest dimension This large squamous cell carcinoma measures 5.4 cm in transverse dimension. Linear d

9、ensities radiate to the pleural surface from the lesion. There is a focal pleural-based density identified laterally (blue arrow), but the underlying subpleural fat is not disrupted. This finding is likely due to the des

10、moplastic reaction incited by the tumor. As previously discussed, retraction of the visceral pleura towards the lesion permits the development of a potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura. A small quanti

11、ty of fluid within the space can produce a soft-tissue opacity between the lesion and the pleural surface.,T2,ii) Associated with atelectasis or post-obstructive pneumonitis that extends to the hilar region, but does not

12、 involve the entire lung In this patient with squamous cell carcinoma, there is an endobronchial lesion at the origin of the left upper lobe bronchus (blue arrow). There is left upper lobe collapse which has caused the

13、left mainstem bronchus to assume a more horizontal course. The atelectasis extends to the hilar region, but does not involve the entire left lung.,T2,iii) Invades the visceral pleura Example 1: This patient presented wi

14、th a 4.5 cm carcinosarcoma in the right upper lobe. The lesion abutted the chest wall along its superior margin (blue arrows). At resection, the tumor invaded the visceral pleura, but the parietal pleura had no evidence

15、of involvement.,T2,iii) Invades the visceral pleura Example 2: This is an interesting example of visceral pleural invasion. In this case of adenocarcinoma there are thin stands of density which are seen radiating from t

16、he lesion to the pleural surface where there is a focal plaque-like soft tissue mass (yellow arrows). On histopathologic analysis there was visceral pleural extension of the primary lesion (making the lesion T2), but the

17、 pleural soft tissue mass proved to be fibrous tissue and scar. Thus, the primary lesion does not necessarily need to be in direct contact with the pleura to have invasion.,T3,T3: A tumor of any size that directly invade

18、s any of the following: the chest wall (including superior sulcus tumors), diaphragm, mediastinal pleura, parietal pericardium; or tumor in the main bronchus less than 2 cm distal to the carina (but without involvement o

19、f the carina); or tumor associated with atelectasis or obstructive pneumonitis of the entire lung.,T3,Example 1: T3 lesion- chest wall invasion. This patient presented with a long history of shoulder and neck pain. An ab

20、normality was detected on CXR and a CT scan confirmed the presence of a superior sulcus tumor (an adenocarcinoma) associated with chest wall invasion and rib destruction (yellow arrows). Rib involvement does not preclude

21、 surgical resection in patients with superior sulcus tumors.,T3,Example 2: The T3 lesion below was a squamous cell carcinoma in the right main bronchus that was within 2 cm of the carina. There is some associated right u

22、pper lobe atelectasis.,T3,Example3: T3 lesion with entire lung collapse. This patient with non-small cell lung cancer demonstrates an abrupt cut off of the left mainstem bronchus (black arrows) with complete left lung co

23、llapse due to a large endobronchial mass.,T4,T4: A tumor of any size that invades any of the following: mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus, vertebral body, carina; or any tumor with a malignant pleural

24、 or pericardial effusion; or with satellite tumor nodules within the ipsilateral primary-tumor lobe of the lung.,T4,Example 1: This patient with bronchogenic carcinoma had a large central mass that was directly invading

25、the superior vena cava (yellow arrows). Lesions that invade the great vessels are considered T4:,T4,Example 2: This is an example of a T4 lesion in a patient with NSCLC that was invading a thoracic vertebral body. The ri

26、b is also involved.,T4,Example 3: This patient with adenocarcinoma had a large mass which was obstructing the left upper lobe bronchus causing left upper lobe collapse. The large left pleural effusion was positive for ma

27、lignant cells making this a T4 lesion. Other important findings which indicate non-resectability in this case include encasement of the left pulmonary artery to it's origin from the main pulmonary artery.,T4,Example

28、4: This patient with adenocarcinoma of the superior segment of the left lower lobe (yellow arrow) was also noted to have a stellite nodule in the ipsilateral tumor lobe (white arrow) adjacent to the major fissure. This i

29、s a T4 lesion by CT staging.,T4,Example 5: This patient with non-small cell lung cancer had a necrotic tumor (M) which was involving the carina (T4 lesion). A virtual bronchoscopic image is also provided -- the mass is i

30、ndicated by the blue arrows.,T4,Example 6: This patient had a superior sulcus tumor (yellow arrows) that was invading into the mediastinum. Note the loss of a fat plane between the mass and the esophagus (white arrows).