英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文-中西文化的稱(chēng)謂語(yǔ)差異

1、<p>　　江 西 理 工 大 學(xué)</p><p>　　本 科 畢 業(yè) 論 文</p><p>　　The Differences of Address Forms in English and Chinese and their Culture Connotation</p><p>　　學(xué) 院: The Faculty of Fore

2、ign Study </p><p>　　專(zhuān) 業(yè)：English</p><p>　　班 級(jí)：Class 071 </p><p><b>　　學(xué)生姓名：</b></p><p><b>　　指導(dǎo)教師：</b></p><p><b

3、>　　摘 要</b></p><p>　　稱(chēng)謂語(yǔ)是發(fā)話(huà)人用來(lái)稱(chēng)呼交際對(duì)方的用語(yǔ)，它是一種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，但其功能遠(yuǎn)不僅如此。稱(chēng)謂語(yǔ)的使用，反應(yīng)出特定的社會(huì)現(xiàn)象和文化內(nèi)涵。中國(guó)擁有五千多年的悠久歷史，中國(guó)發(fā)展至今，保留著大量的稱(chēng)謂語(yǔ)，這些稱(chēng)謂語(yǔ)都反應(yīng)了一個(gè)時(shí)代的特征和文化內(nèi)涵。如今，隨著中國(guó)的對(duì)外開(kāi)放以及加入WTO，中國(guó)與外界的聯(lián)系也越來(lái)越密切、深入、廣泛。同時(shí)，中國(guó)的現(xiàn)代化發(fā)展也使中國(guó)在國(guó)際上的地位

4、日漸提高，影響力逐漸擴(kuò)大，全世界開(kāi)始關(guān)注中國(guó)，并開(kāi)始研究和學(xué)習(xí)中國(guó)語(yǔ)言。然而英語(yǔ)仍然是世界通用語(yǔ)言，大多數(shù)的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家都是英語(yǔ)系國(guó)家，因此我們很有必要學(xué)習(xí)其先進(jìn)的文化、知識(shí)和技術(shù)。本文通過(guò)收集、歸納中英稱(chēng)謂語(yǔ)，研究和學(xué)習(xí)中英稱(chēng)謂語(yǔ)的差異，分析其反映的文化內(nèi)涵，從而達(dá)到學(xué)習(xí)雙方文化的目的，利于雙方文化交流溝通。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：稱(chēng)謂語(yǔ)； 差異； 文化內(nèi)涵</p><p><b

5、>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Address forms are the languages used by the speakers to call the other people of a conversation. They are the phenomena of language, but they have much more functions. Addre

6、ss forms reflect the particular social phenomenon and culture connotation. China has a long history of more than 5000 years. Till now, there exist a great number of address forms. These address forms all reflect the char

7、acteristics of an age and the culture connotation. Nowadays, with the Chinese opening to the outside and jo</p><p>　　Key words: Address forms; Differences; Culture connotation</p><p>　　Chapter

8、 I Introduction</p><p>　　Language is a carrier of culture, and it also reflects one country’s cultural characteristics. Address form is an element of language and a very important base of communication. Its

9、 proper use is the foundation of maintaining people’s convenient communication. With the development of the world and the rising of China, the communications between the cultures of China and western countries become mor

10、e and more. How to research and study the proper use of address forms will play an important role i</p><p>　　Chapter II The definition of address form and the functions</p><p>　　Definition</

11、p><p>　　According to the explanation in Modern Chinese Dictionary, address form refers to the names based on the kinship or other relations among the people and people’s statuses and professions. Address form r

12、eflects language, and it also reflects the social cultures. In any languages, address form plays an important role in social intercourses. The theory of sociolinguistics puts that the use of address form should be limite

13、d in the frame of ethnic culture. And the address form depends on the relation</p><p>　　2.2. Functions </p><p>　　In interpersonal communications, address forms consist of three aspects: address

14、forms for both sides of communication, address forms for speakers own, and address forms for others. Joshua Fishman raised the theory of register in the research of sociolinguistics. He put the use of address forms into

15、five registers: family register, friend register, religion register, education register, work register. Fishman considers that people can choose the address forms in different situations based on the</p><p>

16、　　(1) Address forms help to build new human relations, express the will to get close, or just be used as an address forms, or express the will to be away. For example, on the calling of names, two strangers meet with eac

17、h other for the first time, and one gets to know the other one’s name is ZhangXiaojun, when he calls XiaoJun, it will let the other one feels familiar. It reflects he wants to get close to the other one and use a proper

18、strategy.</p><p>　　(2) Address forms adjust the old human relation; it can make the original relations closer or remoter or keep them still. From the following conversation, we can see that different uses of

19、 address forms reflect both sides’ mental activities ingeniously, and imply their willings to adjust the original relation.</p><p>　　E.g. A gentleman says to a lady: “Darling, forgive me this time, ok?”</

20、p><p>　　The lady answers: “No way! Chen Zhongqing, I won’t be fool again!”</p><p>　　In the conversation, the two people choose different address forms, and reflect their different aims to adjust th

21、e original relation. The husband use Darling a very familiar address form. His aim is quite clear, he tries to get close to his wife, and pray for the forgiveness, while the wife choose the full name to call the husband

22、in order to keep distance, even make the original relation remoter, and shows her mental activity of non-cooperation and refuse to accept her husband’s apology.</p><p>　　Chapter III The differences of kinsh

23、ip address forms in English and Chinese and their culture connotation</p><p>　　3.1. The definition of kinship address forms</p><p>　　Kinship address forms refer to the names that define the kin

24、members and principle’s relations centered on the principle. Kinship address forms are the names or callings among relatives based on consanguinity and affinity. Kinship address forms are the marks centered on the princi

25、ple to define the relations among relatives and principle.</p><p>　　According to the consanguinity and affinity relations, the author collects and classifies the kinship address forms usually used in our dai

26、ly life.</p><p>　　Consanguinity:</p><p>　　Chinese English</p><p>　　丈夫 husband</p><p>　　妻子

27、 wife</p><p>　　父親 father</p><p>　　母親 mother</p><p>　　兒子

28、 son</p><p>　　女兒 daughter</p><p>　　哥哥、弟弟 brother</p><p>　　姐姐、妹妹

29、 sister</p><p>　　祖父、外祖父 grandfather</p><p>　　祖母、外祖母 grandmother</p><p>　　孫子、外孫 grands

30、on</p><p>　　孫女、外孫女 granddaughter</p><p>　　伯父、叔父、舅舅、姑父、姨父 uncle</p><p>　　侄子、外甥 nephew</p><p>

31、　　伯母、嬸母、舅母、姑母、姨母 aunt</p><p>　　侄女、外甥女 niece</p><p>　　堂兄弟姐妹、表兄弟姐妹 cousin</p><p><b>　　Affinity:</b></p&g

32、t;<p>　　Chinese English</p><p>　　公公、岳父 father-in-law</p><p>　　婆婆、岳母 mother-in-law</p

33、><p>　　女婿 son-in-law</p><p>　　兒媳 daughter-in-law</p><p>　　大伯、小叔、內(nèi)兄、內(nèi)弟、姐夫、妹夫 brother-in-law</p>

34、<p>　　大姑、小姑、大姨、小姨、嫂子、弟媳婦 sister-in-law</p><p>　　3.2. Kinship address forms in Chinese are more complex than those in English</p><p>　　Why Chinese kinship address forms are more comp

35、lex. First, it is the etiquette tradition of Chinese culture. The Chinese nation was reputed as a civilized nation and a state of ceremonies in the world. The system of etiquette has formed and highly developed many thou

36、sand years ago, and it combined with the Confucian ideals later. Its affluences and bonding forces became more comprehensive and wider. So in such a etiquette society, the culture of etiquette become so mature. There mus

37、t be complex </p><p>　　3.3. Kinship address forms in Chinese emphasize the position while those in English do not</p><p>　　Kinship address forms in Chinese emphasize the position and elders and

38、juniors are each in their places. Kinship address forms should recognize the exact position of one among the brothers and sisters, this comply with the ideas of elders gain the respects in etiquette. The family should ob

39、ey the Patrilineal clan system order of elders and juniors are each in their places and elders gain the respects from the juniors. Age and position are important and strict basis to distinguish, because in the</p>

40、<p>　　3.4. Kinship address forms in Chinese emphasize the internal and external relations while those in English do not</p><p>　　In Chinese Culture and Translation of Chinese and English, professor LuH

41、ongmei puts that in the Chinese address forms culture, people firstly emphasize the differences of paternal line and maternal line, followed with the differences of branch growth and marriage relations. Such as 祖父、外祖父，伯叔

42、、舅舅，姑母、姨母, these are different address forms based on different branches of the family and clan, though the members are in the same generation and have the same gender. Moreover, there are eight address forms</p>

43、<p>　　Chapter IV The differences of social address forms in English and Chinese and their culture connotation</p><p>　　4.1. The definition of social address forms</p><p>　　Social address f

44、orms refer to the address forms besides kinship address forms. They reflect the culture of social life and mutual relations, the social relations between the two sides of communication, and the social roles and the respe

45、cted levels and so on. Social address forms can be apart into non-kinship address forms and situation address forms.</p><p>　　Non-kinship address forms, refer to the address forms beside kinship ones, such a

46、s boy, girl, guy, they are common used in the society. They reflect that the communicative two people do not have the relationship of kin. Situation address forms refer to the particular address forms used in particular

47、situation, they reflect the people’s classes, status, and also the relations between supply and demand. Here is a conversation between a black doctor and a white policeman:</p><p>　　“What’s your name, boy?”

48、the policeman asked</p><p>　　“Dr. Poussaint, I’m a physician.”</p><p>　　“What’s your first name, boy?”</p><p><b>　　“Alvin.”</b></p><p>　　In this conversatio

49、n, the white policeman should call the black man “Doctor”, but he uses “boy” to address the doctor, then the black man tells the policeman his title and position, but the white policeman still ignores that and uses “boy”

50、 to address the black man. It reflects that at that period, black people were in a low class and did not gain respects from the white people.</p><p>　　4.2. The differences of social address forms in English

51、and Chinese and their culture connotation</p><p>　　Being polite and modest is a traditional virtue of our Chinese nation. It is also existed in western culture, but there are great differences of each cultur

52、al backgrounds. The practical uses of address forms are quite different. This point is especially reflected on the title address forms. People in China use the position title to call the officers to show respect, such as

53、 Teacher Zhang, Professor Li, Principal Wang and so on. Though lots of people advocate using Comrade instead, the old habit </p><p>　　But in the western countries, the use of title address forms are limited

54、for the royals, super class of government, the members in the areas of religions, military, and legislation. Owen Trollope, American social linguist, summarized the rules of social address forms in American English as fo

55、llowing:</p><p>　　Cardinal Your excellency　　</p><p>　　U.S President Mr. President　　</p><p>　　Priest Father(+LN) (LN= Last name)　　</p>

56、<p>　　Nun Sister(+religious name)　　</p><p>　　Physician Doctor(+LN)　　</p><p>　　Ph.D. Doctor(+LN)　</p><p>　　Ed.D. etc

57、Doctor(+LN)　　</p><p>　　Professor Professor(+LN)</p><p>　　This is just a common rule of social address forms. The practical uses of address forms are much more complex. On the matter

58、 of address forms, Chinese culture believes the junior ones should respect the elder ones. This relates to our traditional morals. When we call the elder ones, we often call Old Wang, Wang Old, Old Grandpa, Old Grandma a

59、nd so on. Because in China, the word “old” refers to one who is full of knowledge, wisdom and skills. But in the western countries, except in the very forma</p><p>　　In addition, there are lots of words with

60、 the meaning of respect in Chinese. The most popular ones were comrade, master and so on in the early time. No matter what gender you are, these address forms were in common use. Recently, with the development of Reform

61、and Opening of China, Mr, Lady, Miss and so on are often used. The International address forms are used more and more comprehensively. This also reflects the impacts and affluences of internationalization on Chinese trad

62、itional sense of va</p><p>　　Mr. can be attached to the title of government officer, for example, Mr. President. It can be attached to the names of places, sports or jobs, such as Mr. American (The champion

63、of muscular development match in America), Mr. Baseball (The baseball player who performs very well in the baseball game). Mrs. is an address form refers to the woman married, it can be attached to the family name of the

64、 husband or the name after marriage, it likes Mr., can be attached to the names of places, sports, job</p><p>　　Chapter V The generalization and westernization of Chinese address forms</p><p>　

65、　5.1. The generalization of Chinese kinship address forms</p><p>　　The generalization of Chinese kinship address forms means that people use the kinship address forms to call the non-kinship people. It’s the

66、 main part of generalization of address forms, and it enriches the meanings and directions of kinship address forms. Children call the aged people Grandpa. They call the elder male people “brother” in the street, even th

67、ough they do not have the relations of consanguinity. What they do conforms the principles of love in the communications of human in Chinese</p><p>　　5.2. The generalization of Chinese social address forms&l

68、t;/p><p>　　The generalization of Chinese social address forms refers to the using of the address forms which have particular social relation characteristics to the ones who do not have the characteristics. For

69、example, in the address forms of position, people ignore the vice of one’s position. They call director instead of vice-director, call professor instead of vice-professor. These intimate the respect and glorification, an

70、d people achieve their requires based on these address forms. In the common addre</p><p>　　5.3. The westernization of Chinese address forms</p><p>　　With the development of China, our communicat

71、ions with the outside world become more and more. Different cultures merge with each other. Lots of Chinese traditional cultures and customs are fading away. Because of the impacts and influences of western ideas and cul

72、tures, lots of westernization phenomena appear in the Chinese address forms.</p><p>　　5.3.1. From Community spirit to Personal spirit</p><p>　　Nowadays, with the opening to the outside, lots of

73、intellectuals are affected by the western personal spirit, especially the so called “new human beings”—the children born in 1980s. They become mature gradually, have strong sense of independence, like to do something new

74、 and strange, and be willing to adventure. They do not like to follow the main stream of society. In such environment, some intellectuals start to cultivate their children’s independence spirit, so they will allow the ch

75、ildren to</p><p>　　5.3.2. From the Concept of Class to the Sense of Equality</p><p>　　In the current society, the sense of equality is gradually changing Chinese traditional sense of class, espe

76、cially in the aspect of social address forms. People become equal, They called each other comrade and master in the early time, but later, such as sir, lady, Miss became popular. Great changes happened in the aspect of e

77、quality of male and female. Now the society recognizes that “Women can brace half of the sky”, and in the address forms among the couples, such as honey, darling, sweethear</p><p>　　5.3.3. From Emphasizing t

78、he Face to Emphasizing the Practical Use and Abilities</p><p>　　With the development of society and the fierce competitions, Chinese people become more practical and pay more attention to the abilities and d

79、isbursements. It reflects a great trend of pragmaticism, such as Ph.D. Liu, Engineer Zhang. These two address forms emphasize that the degree of Ph.D. and the position of engineer are gained by great efforts and disburse

80、ments.</p><p>　　Chapter VI Conclusion</p><p>　　Language is the carrier of culture, while culture is the connotation of language. Language reflects the sense of value and social culture contents

81、 of a nation, and it also reflects the traditional special connotation of national culture. Address form which is an important part of language, is very close to the culture. In Chinese culture, address form reflects two

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89、稱(chēng)謂詞國(guó)俗差異研究[J].四川外語(yǔ)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào), 2001年3月第17 卷第2期</p><p>　　[17]Gao.N.[高楠].英漢親屬稱(chēng)謂語(yǔ)差異及其文化內(nèi)涵[J].安徽文學(xué),2008年第11期</p><p>　　Acknowledgement</p><p>　　First of all, I would like to extend my sincere gr

90、atitude to my supervisor Professor Liu Hongying, who offered me very valuable and constructive suggestions and great encouragement when I get into trouble. Without his patient guide, effective enlightenment and construct

91、ive suggestions, the paper cannot reach the current level.</p><p>　　Second, I am also sincerely grateful to all the writers whose articles or works give me a lot of help because these materials enrich my pap

92、er. Moreover, I want to thank my classmates for their company and help in my study in this university. They shared a lot of materials with me and offered me many helpful advices.</p><p>　　At last, I thank my