英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)畢業(yè)論文---英語(yǔ)雙關(guān)語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)用功能及修辭效果

1、<p>　　本科學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）</p><p>　　題目（中文）：英語(yǔ)雙關(guān)語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)用功能及修辭效果 </p><p>　?。ㄓ⑽模? The Pragmatic Functions and Rhetorical Effects </p><p>　　of English Puns &l

2、t;/p><p>　　姓 名 </p><p>　　學(xué) 號(hào) </p><p>　　院 （系） </p><p>　　專(zhuān)業(yè)、年級(jí)

3、 英語(yǔ)專(zhuān)業(yè)2007級(jí) </p><p>　　指導(dǎo)教師 </p><p>　　2011年 5 月 15 日</p><p><b>　　Contents</b></p><p>　　摘要…….....………………………………

4、…………………………....iii</p><p>　　Abstract……………………………………………………………......iv </p><p>　　Introduction…………………………………………………………...1</p><p>　　1 Introduction of

5、 Pun……………………………………………..2</p><p>　　1.1 The definition of pun………………………………………….2</p><p>　　1.2 The three elements of puns……………………………………...3</p><p>　　1.2.1 Double context…………………………………………

6、……4</p><p>　　1.2.2 Hinge………………………………………………………...5</p><p>　　1.2.3 Trigger……………………………………………………….6</p><p>　　1.3 The classification of puns……………………………………….7</p><p>　　1.3.1

7、Homophony pun……………………………………………..7</p><p>　　1.3.2 Homograph pun……………………………………………...9</p><p>　　1.3.3 Grammar pun……………………………………………….10</p><p>　　1.3.4 Extended pun……………………………………………….12&

8、lt;/p><p>　　2 The pragmatic functions of puns……………………………....14</p><p>　　2.1 The usage of puns in word games and riddles………………..14</p><p>　　2.2 The usage of puns in humor and jokes…………

9、…….………….15 </p><p>　　2.3 The usage of puns in advertising………………………………..17</p><p>　　2.4 The usage of puns in literature.………………………………...19</p><p>　　3 Words Characteristics of Puns………

10、………………………22</p><p>　　3.1 The words of indicating body parts …………………………..22</p><p>　　3.2 The words of indicating everyday items………………….......23</p><p>　　3.3The words of describing be

11、havior characteristics, psychological states………………………….………………………………...23</p><p>　　4 Rhetorical Effects of Puns……………………………….25</p><p>　　4.1 Puns are vivid and persuasive……………………………….25</p>

12、<p>　　4.2 Puns can increase ironic effect……………………………....26</p><p>　　4.3 Puns are humorous and witty, which can intensify the language force……………………………………………...27</p><p>　　4.4 Puns are qui

13、ck-witted, which can make atmosphere not so serious…………………………………………………………...28</p><p>　　Conclusion...............................................................................................30</p>

14、<p>　　Bibliography............................................................................................31</p><p>　　Acknowledgements</p><p><b>　　摘 要</b></p><p

15、>　　雙關(guān)語(yǔ)是用一個(gè)詞表達(dá)兩層不同的含義，是人們喜聞樂(lè)見(jiàn)的語(yǔ)言修辭手段，它使語(yǔ)言風(fēng)趣詼諧，是構(gòu)成幽默的主要方式。它不僅能使語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練、豐富、一箭雙雕,而且可喻指很多道理。 </p><p>　　雙關(guān)語(yǔ)具有多重功能的修辭效果，它借助語(yǔ)言的特點(diǎn)和文化背景, 大大增強(qiáng)了語(yǔ)言感染力和生動(dòng)性，也可以使文字富有諷刺的效果。本文從雙關(guān)語(yǔ)的構(gòu)成出發(fā)，拓展到構(gòu)成雙關(guān)語(yǔ)的詞的特征，透析它的語(yǔ)用功能和修辭效果，對(duì)激發(fā)讀者的閱讀興趣

16、，陶冶讀者的思想情操，培養(yǎng)讀者的鑒賞能力和審美能力有一定的借鑒意義。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞： 雙關(guān)語(yǔ)； 修辭效果； 語(yǔ)用功能</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Pun uses a word to convey two different meanings, is a linguistic r

17、hetoric loved by people, it makes language full of wit and humor, is an ingenious technique in language using. It can not only make the language succinct, rich, and kill two birds with one stone, but also explain many tr

18、uths. </p><p>　　English pun bears multi-function rhetorical effects, which makes the language more vivid, humorous, ironic and implicit with the help of its characteristics and cultural background. This pape

19、r bases on the constitution on of puns, expands into words characteristics of puns, and then reflects its pragmatic function and rhetorical effect. This paper can stimulate the reader's interest in the reading, and e

20、dify the readers' moral sentiments, which have a certain significance to improve readers’ est</p><p>　　Key Words: Puns, Rhetorical effects, Pragmatic function</p><p>　　Introduction</

21、p><p>　　Pun, a common expression in rhetoric, consciously uses a word or the same sentence to convey two different meanings in the context, which expresses the fact of deepening meaning of double articles and e

22、nable the words have a specified implication. As a common figure of speech, pun has a long history in English language, and is widely used in literature. The key to the pun is its expressive humor, which often makes the

23、articles sound vivid just by using several words.</p><p>　　The meaning of pun often makes the language thought-provoking. The puns are often used to portray people’s inner feelings and display rich meaning o

24、f the context. This figure of speech just uses language subtly to initiate readers to understand the double meaning of the sentence, to appreciate the context meaning and to experience the terrific sound of puns from one

25、 aspect to another, from outer to inner.</p><p>　　The paper is divided into four parts. The first part gives definition and constitution of puns, the second part states pragmatic functions of puns, the third

26、 part reveals words characteristics of puns, and the last part describes rhetorical effects of puns, which is designed to inspire readers' reading interest, cultivate readers’ appreciating ability and aesthetic abili

27、ty.</p><p><b>　　1</b></p><p>　　Introduction of Pun</p><p>　　1.1 The definition of pun</p><p>　　In English, pun is also called “paronomasia” or “play on word

28、s”. Pun is a figure of speech used very frequently in English. Over the past 20 years, people have discussed puns thoroughly but up to now there is still no consensus over the definition of the English pun in academic ci

29、rcles. In Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English pun is “an amusing use of a word or phrase that has two meanings, or of words with the same sound but different meanings.”</p><p>　　Pun is defined in Webs

30、ter’s New World Dictionary as “the humorous use of a word or words which are formed or sound alike but have different meanings, in such a way as to play on two or more of the possible applications; a play on words.”</

31、p><p>　　Pun, as British poet and dramatist John Dryden said, is “to torture one poor word ten thousand ways.” It is employed in a certain context to express two meanings, one is surface meaning, the other is re

32、ferential meaning. </p><p>　　Meanwhile, Princeton encyclopedia of poetry &poetics defines pun: a figure of speech depending upon a similarity of sound & a disparity of meaning. This definition is jus

33、t words by words to explicate the pun, indicating what kinds of puns belong to, and pointing that it just relies on the same sound and the different meanings of the vocabularies to come into the figure.</p><p&

34、gt;　　However, the Oxford English dictionary has its own opinion about pun: the use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or near

35、ly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect. Its definition expresses the fact that puns depend on the same or similar phony of the words even the same word and different meaning to mee

36、t a certain effect to make the puns come into being.</p><p>　　Through comparison of the above definitions, I find all of them agree that (1) pun is a wise or humorous use of words or phrases (2) the word or

37、phrase which forms a pun suggests two or more of its meanings or the meaning of another word or phrase similar in sound or some extended or distorted meanings by association with its pronunciation or graphic form. Theref

38、ore, understanding and using pun properly will benefit the English learners a lot.</p><p>　　1.2 The three elements of puns</p><p>　　Any language has a certain condition, and pun is not an except

39、ion. According to American famous professor Archibald A. Hill’s view, a pun is usually based on this three conditions: double context, the hinge( the word used as a pun), and a trigger(the elements which make the pun pos

40、sible).</p><p>　　1.2.1 Double context</p><p>　　Double context means that the double meanings of pun exist in double contexts. The existence of the dual context is the important condition of the

41、establishment of pun which can not exist independently. The double context is able to provide the environmental opportunities of the use of pun. Thus the pun is really formed. This can be illustrated by the following exa

42、mples:</p><p>　　(1) There’s never been a better time. (Ad for Watch)</p><p>　　This is a watch ad. “time” is the most frequent word in watch advertisement. Here, “time” means that “there will not

43、 be more accurate time than this time”. The deep meaning is that “there is no longer better time than this time”. The exchange between two contexts and two meanings instantly come up with the new interpretation. That is

44、“if you can wear this type of watch, you may always have a better time.” This ad has played with a function of pun.</p><p>　　(2) Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? Because they lie first on one side, and t

45、hen on the other, and remain wide awake all the time.</p><p>　　In this example, “l(fā)ie” not only means “not truth or false” but also means “recumbency”. The first meaning is why lawyers are all uneasy sleepers

46、 because the lawyers turn from one side to the other side without stopping, and the other meaning conveys the fact that when lawyers file the lawsuit for someone, they have to tell a lie to each side and keep a clear att

47、itude to avoid the lies being found out. The author presents a clever and euphemistic criticism through a pun, and makes a relentless at</p><p>　　1.2.2 Hinge</p><p>　　Hinge is the most important

48、 element of pun, due to the basic constitution of pun. The so-called hinge is the word pun itself such as homophone or homonym which is able to play the role as pun. Its language feature is to make the different contexts

49、 together. Moreover, there is a process of translation to convert it between the two meanings. If this translation fails, the hinge will die out.</p><p>　　This can be illustrated by the first example. The hi

50、nge word “time” itself has a double meaning. The first meaning is “accurate time”. Another meaning is “better time”. It makes two different contexts together.</p><p>　　Another example as following:</p>

51、<p>　　We must all hang together, or we shall all hang separately.</p><p>　　This is a famous motto said by Franklin, a famous politician, during the Civil War. In this sentence, the double context is t

52、he current situation and the future threat; the verb “ hang” is the hinge, because the first “hang ” means “cling for support, hold fast”, and “ hang together” means “be united”, the other “hang” means “to suspend a pers

53、on, usually by the neck, as from a gallows, until he is dead”. The key to whether the country can be independent and the nation will exist or not is being </p><p>　　1.2.3 Trigger</p><p>　　Trigge

54、r is the key factor in the using of pun. It is the motivation or social background of making pun, that is to say, trigger is formed before the speaker’s actual speech act. The trigger is usually regarded as an implicit c

55、ontext. Pun is able to solve the semantic ambiguity that sometimes can not be explained because the value of trigger is ambiguity. It can increase the infinite charm in language. Therefore, advertisers make the most use

56、of puns. Puns are accepted and appreciated by consumer</p><p>　　Among these three conditions, “Double Context” is an objective precondition of pun. “Trigger” is the inducing element of the emergence of pun.

57、And the “Hinge” makes context and semantic together. We can see that puns are the conscious speech acts in order to achieve the effects of expected expression.</p><p>　　Now let’s see an example:</p>&

58、lt;p>　　“My faith is gone!” cried he, after one stupefied moment.</p><p>　　----Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Young Goodman Brown.</p><p>　　In this pun ,one context is his wife Faith is seriously ill,

59、and her life is on the verge of the death ,the other is her husband, Goodman Brown, blindly believes in God, counting on sincerely pray to rescue his wife. The hinge is his wife Faith died, because the God doesn’t manif

60、est a spirit. So the Goodman shouted the depressed puns in despair after waking. So in this pun, Faith is the pun’s trigger, that is to say, his wife died and his faith to the God also has gone away.</p><p>

61、　　1.3 Classification of puns</p><p>　　The puns are divided into four types and they are homophony pun, homograph pun, grammar pun, extended pun.</p><p>　　1.3.1 Homophony pun</p><p>

62、　　Homophony pun is made by the language materials, which are the same sound of the words or the nearly same pronunciation but different in meaning. In English, there are a lot of words with the same sound but different i

63、n meanings, which provide an opportunity for puns. For example:</p><p>　　(1) “Mine is a long and sad tale!” said the mouse, turning the Alice and sighing. </p><p>　　“It’s a long tail, certainly”

64、, said Alice, looking down with wonder at the mouse’s tail, but why do you call it sad? </p><p>　　----Lewis Carroll: Alice’s adventures in wonderland</p><p>　　In this dialogue, “tale” and “tail”

65、 have the same sound, and what the mouse said is “tale” while Alice mistakes “tale” as “tail”, so the story is a tragedy that it is sorrowful. However, because of the word “tail”, the story is processed the shape of a ta

66、il, then it comes to the humorous effects.</p><p>　　(2)“Make your every hello a real good-buy”.</p><p>　　In this advertisement, “buy” provokes consumers’ association of “bye” and “good-buy” stir

67、s up the association of “good-bye”. When people make a call, they usually begin with a “hello” and end with a “good-bye”. If every call is smooth from the “hello” to the “good-bye”, this telephone is a real “good-buy”. T

68、he maker of the advertisement intends to attract consumers’ attention and make sure that the purchase of their telephone is a good and worthwhile deal.</p><p>　　(3) ---Waiter, there’s a hair in my soup.</

69、p><p>　　---So sorry, sir. Did you order it without?</p><p>　　In this dialogue, the customer means a human hair or an animal hair in the soup, and he complains about the hygienic condition of the re

70、staurant. “hair” sounds like “hare”, it means an animal cooked as ordered food. So the waiter is being humorous to ease away the complaint.</p><p>　　1.3.2 Homograph pun</p><p>　　Homograph pun re

71、fers to a type of puns, which is relevant to the words of similar spelling but different in meaning and the words of several meanings used in a certain context. For example:</p><p>　　(1)To English will I ste

72、al and there I’ll steal.</p><p>　　----Shakespeare Henry V</p><p>　　In this example, the word “steal” appears two times, but the meanings are different. The first “steal” means “to move secretly

73、and quietly” while the second “steal” means “to take what belongs to someone else without any right to it”. However, because of the different meanings, it scripts a thief with ugly soul. That is why Shakespeare regarded

74、pun as the militants, because one word is used to show two occasions, which is very economical.</p><p>　　(2) The judge noticed a disturbance in the back of the courtroom.</p><p>　　“What’s going

75、on there?” he noticed.</p><p>　　“I’ve lost my jacket and I’m trying to find it” replied a young teenager.</p><p>　　“Son” smiled the judge, “people often lose whole suit here without all that fus

76、s.”</p><p>　　In this example, “suit” has two meanings : one is clothing ,the other is law suit .In this humorous story ,the lawyer uses the two meanings of the word “suit “ subtly in order to trick with the

77、surprised young man.</p><p>　　(3)The professor tapped on his desk and shouted, “Gentleman, order!”</p><p>　　The entire class yelled, “Beer! “</p><p>　　This joke mainly relies on the

78、 double meanings of the word “order”. the professor said “order” to the students in the class aiming at wishing students to keep the discipline ,which the students distort the professor’s meaning and interpret “order ” a

79、s “ order food and drinks”, so they maturely answer to the professor with “ beer” .All of these create the actively atmosphere in the class.</p><p>　　1.3.3 Grammar pun</p><p>　　Grammar pun is th

80、at pun is produced by the grammar features. This is to use ellipsis, expansion, transferred meaning between singular form and plural form, transferred meaning between parts of speech, change of structures, change of idio

81、ms, and substitute to make puns, etc. For example:</p><p>　　(1) A: Which lager can claim to be truly German ?</p><p>　　B: This can.</p><p>　　This is the advertisement of Lager brand

82、 beer. In the sentence “can” not only be modal verb, means “able”, but also as a noun, means “beverage can”. As the word pun “can”, to make advertisement produce strong humorous effect, leaving a deep impression on the r

83、eaders.</p><p>　　(2) Waiter: Did you have a good meal? How did you find the lamb?</p><p>　　Customer: Quite by accident, I moved the carrots and found it.</p><p>　　In this dialogue,

84、“find something” is the composite object structure, the waiter’s original intention is “mutton taste like”, but the customer deliberately understands “find something” as a single object structure, answer into: “it's

85、really happened, I removed the carrot and discovered it." Let people can not help laughing.</p><p>　　(3) Soccer Kicks off with Violence.</p><p>　　This is the title of the “Times” report of

86、a football game. English idioms “kick off” means “play football”, but add the adverbial prepositional phrases “with violence”, this “kick” not only “kick the ball”, but also “kick the player”. Put these two meanings in o

87、ne headline, it is refined.</p><p>　　1.3.4 Extended pun</p><p>　　Extended pun means using some language phenomenon (such as word formation, pronunciation, etc.) to stir up imagination, spot to p

88、lay, appropriate extension, appropriate tampering, thereby achieving some humorous results. The extended pun is often used in riddles and brainteasers. For example:</p><p>　　(1) A: Which is the longest word

89、in English? </p><p>　　B: Smiles, because there is a“mile”between the first letter“s”and the last letter“s”.</p><p>　　In this dialogue, the author resolves the “smiles” into s-mile-s, so there is

90、 a mile between the first letter “s” and the last letter “s”. and make it more interesting.</p><p>　　(2) A: what kind of dog doesn’t bite or bark?</p><p>　　B: Hot dog.</p><p>　　In t

91、his dialogue, “hot dog” contains the word “dog” by chance. The author uses this language phenomenon skillfully, and make it more humorous.</p><p>　　(3) What weather do mice most dislike?</p><p>

92、　　When it’s raining cats and dogs.</p><p>　　rain cats and dogs is an idiom, which means it rains quite heavily. If we just think about this idiom’s literal meaning by words, it is logical for the mice to dis

93、like the facts that their enemies (cats and dogs) from the sky to the ground.</p><p><b>　　2</b></p><p>　　The Pragmatic Functions of Puns</p><p>　　As a common figure of s

94、peech in English, pun has a long history. The use of puns can make language humorous, witty, vivid and thought-provoking. So puns have many pragmatic functions, such as the usage of puns in word games and riddles, the us

95、age of puns in humor and jokes, and the usage of puns in advertising and literature.</p><p>　　2.1. The usage of puns in word games and riddles</p><p>　　Most English riddle is a word game, genera

96、lly speaking, the difficult riddle is a high intellectual activity which is formed by the pun. The riddles often use extended puns, which make the riddles more interesting and humorous. For example:</p><p>　

97、　(1)Why is the river rich? Because it always has two banks.</p><p>　　In this sentence, “bank” means “river bank”, but this word also has the meaning of “depositing money”, so the river is naturally very rich

98、.</p><p>　　(2) ---What geometrical figure represents a lost parrot?</p><p>　　---Polygon. (polly gone)</p><p>　　In this riddle, “polygon” is a geometric figure, it can answer this qu

99、estion, and its homonym "polly gone" consistent with the latter part of the question “l(fā)ost parrot”, and constitute another kind of context.</p><p>　　2.2. The usage of puns in humor and jokes</p&

100、gt;<p>　　Nowadays, humor, smart-alecky jokes become everyone’s favorite living condiments, the Oxford advanced learners dictionary of English interprets “humor” as “capacity to cause or feel amusement”. Humorous i

101、s a higher language boundary, and a lofty art in language in English rhetoric. There are many rhetoric methods to show humor, however, pun is the lead rhetoric to express the humorous. So fully understand and grasp the p