車輛工程外文翻譯---汽車安全系統(tǒng)技術(shù)研究分析

1、<p>　　Automotive safety systems and technology research and analysis</p><p>　　Abstract: auto parts of good and bad will directly affect the safety of the car, are directly related to the people's li

2、fe safety and security in wealth. This article mainly from the car's active safety technology and passive safety technology two aspects elaborated the importance of car parts, and how to improve the safety of the car

3、. </p><p>　　Key words: automobile, active safety technology, passive safety technology </p><p>　　As traffic tools of the modernization and absolute number increase sharply, traffic accidents ar

4、e also increasing. Car accident has become severe global social issues. Undoubtedly, advanced auto safety facilities are the driving safety indispensable safeguard. So, we should start, from technology to research and de

5、velopment of high performance, high safety car, also want to strengthen the regular inspection in cars, so timely maintenance investigation, make cars often in good technical status, s</p><p>　　Here we intro

6、duced active safety technology and automobile car passive safety technology. Auto safety is according to the traffic accident happened before and after the classified. One is in a traffic accident take safety measures, e

7、specially before immediately will produce risk condition, drivers manipulate the steering wheel avoid or emergency brake to avoid traffic accidents. In the car, drive in usually to ensure the basic manipulation stability

8、, drivers on the surrounding environment and to</p><p>　　One．Automobile active security technology </p><p>　　1. ABS braking system </p><p>　　Ant-lock Braking System (Braking System,

9、 lock do by ABS computers as ABS), hydraulic device, the wheel speed sensors, brake hydraulic pipeline and electrical wiring etc. Their structures are shown below. </p><p>　　ABS tasseled for the car in vario

10、us driving conditions braking performance and brake safety particularly important, especially is emergency braking, can make full use of the peak between tire and road surface adhesion properties, improve performance and

11、 reduce automobile fight sideslip braking distance, give full play to the braking performance, but also increase the automobile braking process control. So as to reduce the possibility of car accidents. </p><p

12、>　　No installation ABS car, if the driving force trample brake pedal, wheel will rapidly lower speed, and finally wheels stop turning, but body because of inertia remains forward sliding. This phenomenon was at the wh

13、eel and pavement occur between larger "slip", appear this kind of situation, the car tires of automobile lateral spreads almost disappear, so poor force will appear the following phenomena: </p><p>

14、;　　(1) Steering stability fall: the steering wheel is ineffective, vehicle tail manipulation of curl, serious when vehicle circles or appear folding phenomenon; </p><p>　　(2) Handling fall: manipulate the st

15、eering wheel and short of steering requirements; </p><p>　　(3) Braking distance extended: more than general braking distance. </p><p>　　So, we can imagine to have installed ABS system of the car

16、 safety is very important. </p><p>　　2．the ASR drive torque control system </p><p>　　ABS are used to prevent car braking process wheel lock, will wheel sliding rate control in ideal range, so as

17、 to shorten the braking distance, improve automobile braking direction stability and steering control, so as to improve the safety of the car. Along with the increase of vehicle performance requirements, not only in brak

18、ing process required to prevent wheel lock, and asked the driver to prevent drive roller skating turn in the process, making cars in the direction stability, driving proce</p><p>　　ASR is mainly used to prev

19、ent car in the beginning, accelerate the wheels, guarantee slip in the car accelerated rate and improve the stability in bad pavement drive attached conditions. It makes no difference speed in the car lock ice roads and

20、muddy road started and to improve its capacity, also can prevent high in speed by turning cars gliding pavement and rear lateral spreads phenomenon. </p><p>　　Anyhow, prevent the wheel because ASR slip, can

21、maximize the engine driving moment of cars had enough, ensure the longitudinal force, lateral force and manipulation of power, make cars in starting, steering and accelerate the process, in gliding and muddy road, in a m

22、ountain area downhill process can steadily driving, guarantees the safety, reducing tire wear and fuel consumption, and improves the car driving capability. </p><p>　　3．VDC system </p><p>　　ABS/

23、ASR system successfully solves the brake and the car when driven direction stability problem, but cannot solve the vehicle steering stability problem driving direction. For example when steering road, inevitably by later

24、al and longitudinal force, only local surface can provide full lateral and longitudinal force, the pilot can control vehicles. If the ground adhesion ability lower lateral, will damage cars driving ability predetermined

25、direction. Rainy days cars driving, often high-speed ste</p><p>　　VDC of steering control system is mainly by driving for each wheel brake control and engine power output control to realize. For example, if

26、the car turn left front wheel for steering the inadequate capacity tend to slip out of the corner, VDC system can measure imminent, just know lateral spreads left rear brake adopt appropriate measures. If at the same cor

27、ner, because rear wheel tend to slip out of favor of lateral overmuch, VDC system is proper braking to front-right wheel failure, maintain </p><p>　　4． CCS cars cruise control system </p><p>　　A

28、uto cruise Control System (Cruiser Control System, abbreviation for CCS) is can make automobile work in engine favorable speed range, reduce driver's driving manipulate labor intensity, improve the driving comfort th

29、e automatic driving device. </p><p>　　Car cruising system (CCS) role is required by the driver: after a normally-closed switch, no speed on the accelerator pedal can automatically keep the speed, make the ve

30、hicle with the fixed speed. Using this device, when on the highway after a long time, the driver driving not have to control the accelerator pedal, reduce fatigue, while reducing unnecessary speed change, can reduce save

31、 fuel. </p><p>　　Auto cruise control system is the earliest development of the automotive electronic control system. This system USES another speed sensor, will speed signal input engine control microcompute

32、r, by microcomputer control vacuum system work. This system can make use of the server, speed control switch lever and brake pedal on vacuum lift switches etc, its function and basic system the same. </p><p>

33、;　　In this system, electronic control device can accord change of driving resistance, automatic regulation engine throttle Angle, make the speed constant. Such not only reduce unnecessary speed change, which saves fuel,

34、also reduced the driver's burden. The electronic cruise control system which is shown in figure 2. </p><p>　　Two. Automobile passive safety technology </p><p>　　1. Seat belt </p><

35、;p>　　Car seat belt is a safety device, it can in car collision or sharp turn, make crew to keep its original position as possible without mobile and rotation, avoid collision with in-car hard parts caused damage. Seat

36、 belts and airbags, as modern cars are safety devices, but the long history of the former, popularize the scope. </p><p>　　The seemingly simple seat belt actually not "simple". Attention has been a

37、t the forefront of traffic safety, through the analysis of general motors after a car accident found: seat belt not only makes people protect the lives, can be in more than half of the accident to reduce or even eliminat

38、e drivers, motorists are the chance of injury. Car collision or unexpected emergency braking force generated great inertia, will allow the driver and passenger and car windscreen, steering wheel, seat, coll</p>&l

39、t;p>　　Fasten your seat belt airbags play our role is also an important condition. Because the airbag to maximize role for the ride in the impact of the physical location, sitting instant action have extremely strict a

40、nd the requirements. Otherwise, the airbag started strong instantaneous wallops to head are fragile site, may cause serious damage, especially for children, this damage can be fatal. Even the most ordinary three belts, t

41、ry a can timely in crash that lived rides the bundle, ensure the uppe</p><p>　　2. The airbag </p><p>　　When the front collision happened strong, because inertia, who rides the body forward fast

42、moving, then seat belts and will try to "pull" rides on person the body, absorb some of the impact energy, while the airbag with "the eyepiece trend" inflatable and completely open; Then the rides the

43、 upper body will sink to airbags, gas also began from the vent air uniform escaping, and absorbed most of the impact energy; Subsequently, the ride back seat and return to the body. Above the whole process is </p>

44、<p>　　Seat belt usage in under the condition of the crew, balloon help reduce chest, head and facial injuries in the seriousness of the collision. When car collision happened before, the first is the car to stop mo

45、tion, car under the action of inertial force crews to go forward with the original speed still sport. Not wearing a seatbelt crews will and steering dish, front windscreen together, so it can be severely hurt; Wearing a

46、seatbelt as car stop the crew can stop moving forward movement and gradu</p><p>　　In addition to seat belts and airbags outside car passive safety technology includes car bumper, automobile safety glass, sec

47、urity body, occupant head and neck protection system (WHIPS), etc. These vehicles to improve the safety performance has very important contribution </p><p>　　Three. Automobile active safety new technology &

48、lt;/p><p>　　1. Eye Car skills </p><p>　　Eye Car technology can make each driver eyes in the same relative height, guarantee of pavement and the surrounding a six-lane unimpeded sight and best visib

49、ility. This technology can also offer a specific driving environment. </p><p>　　Eye Car through the use of first-class motor mobile automatic will different figure driver's eyes tuned to the same height

50、to solve the problem, meanwhile, visibility of steering dish, brake and accelerate pedals and floor and the central adjustment to constitute console to their respective driving conditions. Meanwhile to the former pillar

51、design, will it again from drivers sights removed. Because the bus driver received the most crucial information generally have 90% from outside, acquired thr</p><p>　　2. Cam Car technology </p><p

52、>　　Cam Car technology aims to help improve the driver of perception. The technical features are: </p><p>　　(1) Installed in the car to camera system on both sides before to make drivers can bypass the lar

53、ge vehicle behind a car or see ahead of pedestrians. In a typical driving situation in the crowded traffic, the pilot of the centre-left cornering could more easily view the opposite of vehicles. </p><p>　　(

54、2) Side after buy video camera provides broader visual profile of vision. The camera coverage than traditional rearview mirror wants wide, especially for the adjacent driveway. </p><p>　　(3) Installed in a c

55、ar, the four miniatures sectored form to decorate after a camera can obtain the car panoramic perspective. Image via electronic synthesis, has the zoom and 160 ° wide-angle ability. </p><p>　　(4) "

56、night eye" (Night Eye) camera can be in low illumination conditions, when the car is in reverse gear, even in a dark cases can also provide car close range after small images. </p><p>　　Four. Automobil

57、e passive safety new technology </p><p>　　1. Future airbags </p><p>　　(1) It cans inflatable screen system. This is a new safety design; its basic principle is to protect in-car occupant's h

58、ead, when that happens it will carry on the air, air after the tent shape is swelling. </p><p>　　(2) Tubular inflatable structure head air sac. This system for supplement current side protection system, stil

59、l stopover in protecting the chest and abdomen, brachial ministry, to head protection were insufficient. It with rigid body structure, the door body protective just beams, side air sac, can form a complete side safe defe

60、nd net, this will be the future security protection trend. </p><p>　　(3) Head support system. Head support system generally called the headrest, vehicles which the headrest, with seats, not just for comforta

61、ble fact is more important to safety. Vehicle if in an emergency brake, the body will have strong to and fro, because the principle of inertia occupant body swinging, especially neck must follow. If no head support buffe

62、r headrest, neck injury caused by damage is very surprising. </p><p>　　(4) The external airbags. </p><p>　　2. Adaptive constraint technology system (ARTS) </p><p>　　New adaptive con

63、straint technology system (ARTS) use a series of sensors to monitor the driver seat, seat belt use, in front of the occupant take quality and location and intensity of the collision of the collisions and collision force

64、direction, then according to the specific information such as the collision of each front airbag characteristics of the crew on regulated. The system can further reduce due to improper airbag for crew on the damage, espe

65、cially for smaller front row figure crew. </p><p>　　3. Automobile energy-absorbing direction column </p><p>　　Auto absorbing in automobile direction tubing through collisions of redistribution t

66、o steering wheel wallop, would wallop path to deliver shunt quickly, making the minimum of load on the steering wheel. The steering column by hollow tubes and steering bearings form. Traditional hollow tubes and the stee

67、ring column steering bearings is integral, steering shaft top and steering connections, the connecting with direction below. And suck can direction string of characteristic is will the steering co</p><p>　　F

68、ive. The tire pressure monitoring system </p><p>　　In a car's tyros high-speed process, all drivers fault is the most worry and the most difficult to prevent, is also sudden traffic accident happened im

69、portant reasons. According to statistics, China highway in the traffic accident is caused due to 70% of a flat tire, and in the U.S. this ratio is as high as 80%. How to prevent a blowout has become an important task of

70、safe driving. According to the national quality supervise center of rubber tires in the expert analysis, maintain the standard ti</p><p>　　Drivers from the monitors can know each tire pressure value, when ti

71、re pressure below the club set pressure limit, monitor will automatically alarm. </p><p>　　Anyhow, car active safety technology and passive safety technology for the safety of automobile driving is very impo

72、rtant, and besides, such as environmental factor, artificial factor of the vehicle safety is also very important. Therefore, we must be prepared to all aspects of requirements and technology, to ensure the safety of vehi

73、cle driving. </p><p>　　汽車安全系統(tǒng)技術(shù)研究分析</p><p>　　摘要：汽車各部件的好與壞將直接影響汽車行駛的安全性,直接關(guān)系著人們的生命安全和產(chǎn)財(cái)安全。本文主要從汽車的主動(dòng)安全技術(shù)和被動(dòng)安全技術(shù)兩方面來闡述汽車各部件的重要性,并如何改善汽車行駛的安全性。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：汽車、主動(dòng)安全技術(shù)、被動(dòng)安全技術(shù)</p>

74、<p>　　隨著交通工具的現(xiàn)代化和絕對(duì)數(shù)量的急劇增長(zhǎng),車禍也不斷增加。汽車交通事故已成為嚴(yán)峻的全球性社會(huì)問題。毋庸置疑,先進(jìn)的汽車安全設(shè)施是行車安全不可缺少的保障。所以,我們要從技術(shù)上入手,努力研究開發(fā)高性能、高安全性的汽車,同時(shí)也要加強(qiáng)對(duì)在用汽車的定期檢查,以便及時(shí)維修調(diào)查,使汽車經(jīng)常處于良好的技術(shù)狀況,以提高汽車行駛的安全性能。</p><p>　　這里我們重點(diǎn)介紹汽車主動(dòng)安全技術(shù)和汽車被動(dòng)安全技

75、術(shù)。汽車的安全性是按交通事故發(fā)生的前后加以分類的。一方面是在交通事故發(fā)生之前采取安全措施,特別當(dāng)即將發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)時(shí),駕駛者操縱方向盤避讓或者緊急制動(dòng)以避免交通事故發(fā)生。汽車在通常的行駛中,為確保駕駛者的基本操縱穩(wěn)定性,對(duì)周圍環(huán)境的視認(rèn)性和確保汽車本身的基本行駛性能,開發(fā)了防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(ABS)、防滑驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(ASR)、主動(dòng)懸架、動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向、四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)(4WD)、四輪轉(zhuǎn)向(4WS)、燈光照明系統(tǒng)、刮水器、后視鏡、防止車輛追尾的車距報(bào)警系統(tǒng)和

76、激光雷達(dá)等。這些安全裝置和技術(shù)稱為主動(dòng)安全系統(tǒng),也可稱為預(yù)防安全系統(tǒng)。另一方面,為了盡量減少交通事故和司乘人員直接受害程度,保證司乘人員和行人的安全,稱這種安全性為被動(dòng)安全,也可稱為沖突安全。當(dāng)事故發(fā)生后,為了防止災(zāi)害的擴(kuò)大,包括防止火災(zāi)和使乘員能從事故車輛中解脫出來的安全裝置和系統(tǒng),稱為防止災(zāi)害擴(kuò)大的安全系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　一、汽車主動(dòng)安全技術(shù)</p><p>　　1．ABS防抱

77、死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(Anti-lock Braking System,簡(jiǎn)稱ABS)由ABS電腦、液壓裝置、車輪轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器、制動(dòng)液壓管路及電器配線等組成。</p><p>　　ABS系統(tǒng)對(duì)于汽車在各種行駛條件下的制動(dòng)性能及制動(dòng)安全尤為重要，特是緊急制動(dòng)，能夠充分利用輪胎和路面之間的峰值附著性能，提高汽車抗側(cè)滑性能并縮短制動(dòng)距離，充分發(fā)揮制動(dòng)效能，同時(shí)增加了汽車制動(dòng)

78、過程中的可控性。從而減少了汽車事故發(fā)生的可能性。 </p><p>　　沒有安裝ABS的汽車，如果在行駛中用力踩踏制動(dòng)踏板，車輪會(huì)急速降低轉(zhuǎn)速，最后車輪停止轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，但車身由于慣性依然保持向前滑動(dòng)。這種現(xiàn)象在車輪與路面之間發(fā)生較大的“滑移”，出現(xiàn)這種狀況時(shí)，汽車輪胎對(duì)路面的側(cè)滑摩差力幾乎消失，于是會(huì)出現(xiàn)下述現(xiàn)象：</p><p>　　（1）轉(zhuǎn)向穩(wěn)定性

79、下降：方向盤操縱不靈，車輛尾部上翹，嚴(yán)重時(shí)車輛打轉(zhuǎn)或出現(xiàn)折疊現(xiàn)象；</p><p>　?。?）操縱性下降：操縱方向盤而達(dá)不到轉(zhuǎn)向要求；</p><p>　　（3）制動(dòng)距離延長(zhǎng)：超過一般的制動(dòng)距離。</p><p>　　所以，可想而知有無裝設(shè)ABS系統(tǒng)對(duì)汽車行駛的安全性是非常重要的。</p><p>　　2．ASR驅(qū)動(dòng)防滑控制系統(tǒng)</p&

80、gt;<p>　　ABS用于防止汽車制動(dòng)過程中車輪抱死，將車輪的滑移率控制在理想的范圍內(nèi)，以縮短制動(dòng)距離，提高汽車制動(dòng)時(shí)方向穩(wěn)定性和轉(zhuǎn)向操縱性，從而提高汽車行駛的安全性。隨著對(duì)汽車性能要求的提高，不僅要求在制動(dòng)過程中防止車輪抱死，而且要求在驅(qū)動(dòng)過程中防止驅(qū)動(dòng)輪滑轉(zhuǎn)，使汽車在驅(qū)動(dòng)過程中的方向穩(wěn)定性、轉(zhuǎn)向控制能力和加速性能都得到提高，因此采用了汽車驅(qū)動(dòng)防滑轉(zhuǎn)向系統(tǒng)ASR（Accelerations Slip Regulatio

81、n）。ASR是ABS的完善和補(bǔ)充，ASR可單獨(dú)設(shè)置，但大多數(shù)是與ABS組合一起，常用ABS/ASR表示，稱為防滑控制系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　ASR主要用來防止汽車在起步、加速時(shí)車輪的滑轉(zhuǎn)，保證汽車在加速過程中的穩(wěn)定性并改善在不良路面上的驅(qū)動(dòng)附著條件。它可以使無差速鎖的汽車在冰雪路面和泥濘道路上起步并改善其通行能力，還可以防止在車速較高并通過滑溜路面又轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)汽車后部的側(cè)滑現(xiàn)象。</p><p

82、>　　總之，ASR由于防止了車輪的滑轉(zhuǎn)，便可最大限度地利用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)力矩，保證汽車有足夠的縱向力、側(cè)向力和操縱力，使汽車在起動(dòng)、轉(zhuǎn)向和加速過程中，在滑溜和泥濘路面上、在山區(qū)上下坡過程中都能穩(wěn)定地行駛，既保證了行車安全，減少輪胎磨損和燃油消耗，又改善了汽車的驅(qū)動(dòng)性能。</p><p>　　3．VDC系統(tǒng) </p><p>　　ABS

83、/ASR系統(tǒng)成功地解決了汽車在制動(dòng)和驅(qū)動(dòng)時(shí)的方向穩(wěn)定性問題，但不能解決汽車轉(zhuǎn)向行駛的方向穩(wěn)定性問題。例如當(dāng)汽車轉(zhuǎn)向行駛時(shí)，不可避免地受到側(cè)向和縱向力的作用，只有當(dāng)?shù)孛婺軌蛱峁┏浞值膫?cè)向和縱向力時(shí)，駕駛員才能控制住車輛。如果地面?zhèn)认蚋街芰Ρ容^低，就會(huì)損害汽車按預(yù)定方向行駛的能力。雨天汽車高速轉(zhuǎn)向行駛時(shí)，常常側(cè)向滑出,就是地面?zhèn)认蚋街芰Σ蛔愕木壒?。為解決此問題，最近汽車工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家又在 ABS/ASR系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展成汽車動(dòng)態(tài)控制系統(tǒng)（

84、Vehicle Dynamics Control，簡(jiǎn)稱VDC）。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)把汽車的制動(dòng)、驅(qū)動(dòng)、懸架、轉(zhuǎn)向、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)等各主要總成的控制系統(tǒng)在功能上、結(jié)構(gòu)上有機(jī)地綜合在一起，可使汽車在各種惡劣工況下，如冰雪路面上、對(duì)開路面上、彎道路面上以及采取規(guī)避動(dòng)作移線、制動(dòng)、加速和下坡等工況時(shí)，對(duì)不同承載、不同輪胎氣壓和不同程度的輪胎磨損都有良好的方向穩(wěn)定性，表現(xiàn)出最佳的行駛性能。VDC的應(yīng)用，在制動(dòng)、加速和轉(zhuǎn)向方面完全解脫對(duì)駕駛員的要求，是汽車的主動(dòng)安全

85、行駛方面的一個(gè)新的里程碑。</p><p>　　VDC系統(tǒng)對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向行駛的控制主要是借助于對(duì)各個(gè)車輪的制動(dòng)控制和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率輸出控制來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。例如汽車左轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，若前輪因轉(zhuǎn)向能力不足而趨于滑出彎道，VDC系統(tǒng)即可測(cè)知側(cè)滑即將發(fā)生，就采取適當(dāng)制動(dòng)左后輪的辦法。若在同一彎道上，因后輪趨于側(cè)向滑出而轉(zhuǎn)向過多，VDC系統(tǒng)即采取適當(dāng)制動(dòng)右前輪的辦法，維持車輛的穩(wěn)定行駛。在極端情況下，VDC系統(tǒng)還可采取降低發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率輸出的辦法降低行

86、駛車速，減少對(duì)地面?zhèn)认蚋街芰Φ男枨髞砭S持車輛的穩(wěn)定行駛。采用VDC系統(tǒng)后，汽車在對(duì)開路面上或彎道路面上的制動(dòng)距離還可進(jìn)一步縮短。</p><p>　　4. CCS汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)（Cruised Control System,縮寫為CCS）就是可使汽車工作在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)有利的轉(zhuǎn)速范圍內(nèi)，減輕駕駛員的駕駛操縱勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，提高行駛舒適性的汽車自動(dòng)行駛裝置。<

87、;/p><p>　　汽車巡航系統(tǒng)（CCS）的作用是：按司機(jī)所要求的速度閉合開關(guān)后，不用踩油門踏板就可以自動(dòng)地保持車速，使車輛以固定的速度行駛。采用了這種裝置，當(dāng)在高速公路上長(zhǎng)時(shí)間行車后，司機(jī)就不用再去控制油門踏板，減輕了疲勞，同時(shí)減少了不必要的車速變化，可以減省燃料。</p><p>　　汽車巡航控制系統(tǒng)是最早開發(fā)的汽車電子控制系統(tǒng)之一。這種系統(tǒng)使用另外的車速傳感器，將車速信號(hào)輸入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)控制微

88、機(jī)，由微機(jī)控制真空系統(tǒng)工作。這種系統(tǒng)也要使用伺服器、車速控制開關(guān)桿和制動(dòng)踏板上的真空解除開關(guān)等，其功能和基本系統(tǒng)相同。</p><p>　　在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，電子控制裝置可根據(jù)行駛阻力的變化，自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)油門開度，使行駛車速保持恒定。這樣既減少了不必要的車速變化，從而節(jié)省了燃料，同時(shí)也減輕了駕駛員的負(fù)擔(dān)。電子巡航控制系統(tǒng)的方框圖如圖2所示。 </p><p>　　二、汽車被動(dòng)安全技術(shù)<

89、/p><p><b>　　1．安全帶</b></p><p>　　汽車安全帶是一種安全裝置，它能在汽車發(fā)生碰撞或急拐彎時(shí)，使乘員盡可能保持原有的位置而不移動(dòng)和轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，避免與車內(nèi)堅(jiān)硬部件發(fā)生碰撞而造成傷害。安全帶與安全氣囊一樣，都是現(xiàn)代轎車上的安全裝置，但是前者的歷史悠久，普及范圍廣。</p><p>　　看似簡(jiǎn)簡(jiǎn)單單的安全帶其實(shí)并不“簡(jiǎn)單”。一直處在

90、關(guān)注行車安全最前沿的通用汽車公司，通過分析大量意外事故后發(fā)現(xiàn)：汽車安全帶不但能使人保住性命，更能在超過半數(shù)的事故中減低甚至消除駕車者、乘車者受傷的機(jī)會(huì)。汽車發(fā)生碰撞或遇到意外緊急制動(dòng)時(shí)產(chǎn)生的巨大慣性作用力，會(huì)使駕駛員、乘客與車內(nèi)的方向盤、擋風(fēng)玻璃、座椅靠背等物體發(fā)生二次碰撞，極易造成對(duì)駕乘員的嚴(yán)重傷害，甚至將駕乘員拋離座位或拋出車外，而安全帶能將駕乘人員束縛在座位上。發(fā)生意外時(shí)，它能有效防止二次碰撞，并且其緩沖作用能吸收大量動(dòng)能，減輕駕

91、乘人員的傷害程度。</p><p>　　系好安全帶也是安全氣囊發(fā)揮作用的一個(gè)重要條件。因?yàn)榘踩珰饽乙l(fā)揮最大作用，對(duì)于駕乘者在撞擊瞬間的身體位置、坐姿以及動(dòng)作有著極為嚴(yán)格的要求。否則，安全氣囊展開時(shí)強(qiáng)大的瞬間沖擊力對(duì)于頭部等較為脆弱的部位，可能造成嚴(yán)重的傷害，尤其對(duì)于兒童，這種傷害可能是致命的。即便是最普通的三點(diǎn)試安全帶，在撞車瞬間也可及時(shí)束住駕乘者的上半身，確保駕乘者處于安全氣囊完全展開的范圍內(nèi)，使安全氣囊最有

92、效地發(fā)揮功效。因此，千萬不要因?yàn)檐囍信鋫淞税踩珰饽叶械礁哒頍o憂，只有系好了安全帶才能減輕或消除車禍的發(fā)生。</p><p><b>　　2．安全氣囊</b></p><p>　　當(dāng)汽車前部發(fā)生強(qiáng)烈的碰撞時(shí)，由于慣性，駕乘者的身體向前快速移動(dòng)，這時(shí)安全帶便會(huì)盡力“拉住”駕乘者的身體，吸收部分沖擊能量，同時(shí)安全氣囊以“迅雷不及掩耳之勢(shì)”充氣并完全打開；接著駕乘者的身體上

93、部便沉向安全氣囊，氣體也開始從氣囊的排氣口勻速逸出，并吸收了大部分沖擊能量；隨后，駕乘者身體向后并回到座椅上。以上整個(gè)過程幾乎都是發(fā)生在一瞬間的，駕乘者完全處于被動(dòng)的局面，在這種情況下，被動(dòng)的依靠輔助乘員保護(hù)系統(tǒng)是唯一的選擇。安全氣囊的開發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)就是基于安全帶有限的保護(hù)作用之上的，它們互相配合發(fā)揮對(duì)駕乘者的輔助保護(hù)作用。</p><p>　　在乘員使用安全帶的情況下，氣囊有助于減輕胸、頭和面部在碰撞時(shí)受傷的嚴(yán)重性。

94、當(dāng)汽車發(fā)生前碰撞時(shí)，首先是汽車要停止運(yùn)動(dòng)，車內(nèi)乘員的慣性力作用下仍以原速度繼續(xù)向前運(yùn)動(dòng)。不系安全帶的乘員將會(huì)與轉(zhuǎn)向盤、前擋風(fēng)玻璃相碰，因而可能受到嚴(yán)重傷害；系安全帶的乘員可以隨著汽車停止運(yùn)動(dòng)而逐漸停止向前運(yùn)動(dòng)。如果碰撞劇烈，乘員向前運(yùn)動(dòng)更快，即使系了安全帶，在完全停止運(yùn)動(dòng)前，仍會(huì)與車內(nèi)物相碰。如果此時(shí)裝在轉(zhuǎn)向盤或儀表板內(nèi)的氣囊充氣彈出，它就可以保護(hù)乘員減少其與車內(nèi)物相碰的可能性，更均勻的分散頭、胸的碰撞力，吸收乘員的運(yùn)動(dòng)能量，從而起到補(bǔ)

95、充安全帶效果的作用。</p><p>　　除了安全帶和安全氣囊外汽車被動(dòng)安全技術(shù)還包括汽車保險(xiǎn)杠、汽車安全玻璃、安全車身、乘員頭頸保護(hù)系統(tǒng)（WHIPS）等。這些對(duì)提高汽車行駛的安全性能都有著非常重要的貢獻(xiàn)</p><p>　　三、汽車主動(dòng)安全新技術(shù)</p><p>　　1．Eye Car技</p><p>　　Eye Car技術(shù)可使每位駕駛員

96、的眼睛處于同樣的相對(duì)高度上，保證提供一個(gè)對(duì)路面和周圍車道的無阻礙視眼和最好的能見度。這一技術(shù)還能提供一個(gè)特定的駕駛環(huán)境。</p><p>　　Eye Car通過使用電動(dòng)座椅自動(dòng)將不同身材駕駛員的眼睛調(diào)到同一高度來解決能見度的問題，同時(shí)，可對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)向盤、制動(dòng)與加速踏板、地板和中央控制臺(tái)進(jìn)行調(diào)整，以構(gòu)成各自適應(yīng)的駕駛環(huán)境。同時(shí)對(duì)前立柱進(jìn)行了重新的設(shè)計(jì)，將它從駕駛員的視線中移開。因?yàn)槠囻{駛員所收到的最關(guān)鍵的信息一般有90

97、%以上是從車外通過眼睛觀察獲得的。所以，這一改進(jìn)對(duì)于汽車的安全性具有重要的意義。</p><p>　　2．Cam Car技術(shù)</p><p>　　Cam Car技術(shù)旨在幫助提高駕駛員的感知能力。其技術(shù)特點(diǎn)是：</p><p>　?。?）安裝在汽車兩側(cè)的前向攝像系統(tǒng)，使駕駛員能夠繞過大型車輛提前看到隱蔽處的汽車或行人。在典型的行駛情景中，駕駛員在擁擠的車流中左轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)可

98、以更容易地查看對(duì)面的車輛。</p><p>　?。?）側(cè)置后視攝像機(jī)提供了更廣闊的側(cè)面視野。攝像機(jī)的覆蓋面比傳統(tǒng)的后視鏡要廣，特別是對(duì)于相鄰的車道。</p><p>　?。?）安裝在車后、扇面形布置的四個(gè)微型攝像機(jī)可以獲得車后的全景視野。圖像經(jīng)電子合成，具有變焦和160°廣角能力。</p><p>　?。?）“夜眼”（Night Eye）攝像機(jī)可在低照度條

99、件下，在汽車處于倒擋時(shí)工作，即使在近乎黑暗的情況下也能提供車后近距離內(nèi)的細(xì)小影像。</p><p>　　四、汽車被動(dòng)安全新技術(shù)</p><p><b>　　1．未來安全氣囊</b></p><p>　?。?）可充氣式幕系統(tǒng)。這是一項(xiàng)全新的安全設(shè)計(jì)，其基本原理是為保護(hù)車內(nèi)乘員的頭部，當(dāng)碰撞發(fā)生時(shí)其會(huì)進(jìn)行充氣，充氣后的形狀呈幕狀。</p>