帶式輸送機(jī)畢業(yè)論文英文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　Shaft</b></p><p>　　Solid shafts. As a machine component a shaft is commonly a cylindrical bar that supports and rotates with devices for receiving and delivering rotary motion and

2、torque .The crankshaft of a reciprocating engine receive its rotary motion from each of the cranks, via the pistons and connecting roads (the slider-crank mechanisms), and delivers it by means of couplings, gears, chains

3、 or belts to the transmission, camshaft, pumps, and other devices. The camshafts, driven by a gear or chain from the </p><p>　　An axle is usually defined as a stationary cylindrical member on which wheels a

4、nd pulleys can rotate, but the rotating shafts that drive the rear wheels of an automobile are also called axles, no doubt a carryover from horse-and-buggy days. It is common practice to speak short shafts on machines as

5、 spindles, especially tool-carrying or work-carrying shafts on machine tools.</p><p>　　In the days when all machines in a shop were driven by one large electric motor or prime mover, it was necessary to have

6、 long line shafts running length of the shop and supplying power, by belt, to shorter couter shafts, jack shafts, or head shafts. These line </p><p>　　shafts were assembled form separate lengths of shafting

7、clampled together by rigid couplings. Although it is usually more convenient to drive each machine with a separate electric motor, and the present-day trend is in this direction, there are still some oil engine receives

8、its rotary motion from each of the cranks, via the pistons and connecting roads (the slider-crank mechanisms) , and delivers it by means of couplings, gears, chains or belts to the transmission, camshaft, pumps, and othe

9、r de</p><p>　　An axle is usually defined as a stationary cylindrical member on which wheels and pulleys can rotate, but the rotating shafts that drive the rear wheels of an automobile are also called axles,

10、no doubt a carryover from horse-and-buggy days. It is common practice to speak short shafts on machines as spindles, especially tool-carrying or work-carrying shafts on machine tools.</p><p>　　In the days wh

11、en all machines in a shop were driven by one large electric motor or prime mover, it was necessary to have long line shafts running length of the shop and supplying power, by belt, to shorter coutershafts, jackshafts, or

12、 headshafts. These line shafts were assembled form separate lengths of shafting clampled together by rigid couplings. Although it is usually more convenient to drive each machine with a separate electric motor, and the p

13、resent-day trend is in this direction, there a</p><p>　　A single-throw crankshaft that could be used in a single-cylinder reciprocating engine or pump is shown in Figure 21. The journals A and B rotate in th

14、e main bearings, C is the crankpin that fits in a bearing on the end of the connecting rod and moves on a circle of radius R about the main bearings, while D and E are the cheeks or webs. </p><p>　　The throw

15、 R is one half the stroks of the piston, which is connected, by the wrist pin, to the other end of the connecting rod and guided so as to move on a straight path passing throw the axis XX. On a multiple-cylinder engine t

16、he crankshaft has multiple throws---eight for a straight eight and for a V-8---arranged in a suitable angular relationship.</p><p>　　Stress and strains. In operation, shafts are subjected to a shearing stres

17、s, whose magnitude depends on the torque and the dimensions of the cross section. This stress is a measure of resistance that the shaft material offers to the applied torque. All shafts that transmit a torque are subject

18、ed to torsional shearing stresses.</p><p>　　In addition to the shearing stresses, twisted shafts are also subjected to shearing distortions. The distorted state is usually defined by the angle of twist per u

19、nit length; i.e., the retation of one cross section of a shaft relative to another cross section at a unit distance from it.</p><p>　　Shafts that carry gears and pulleys are bent as well as twisted, and the

20、magniude of the bending stresses, which are tensile on the convex side of the bend and compressive on the concave side, will depend on the load, the distance between the bearings of the shaft cross section.</p>&l

21、t;p>　　The combination of bending and twisting produces a state of stress in the shaft that is more complex than the state of pure shears produced by torsion alone or the state of tension-compression produced by bendin

22、g alone.</p><p>　　To the designer of shaft it is important to know if the shaft is likely to fail because of an excessive normal stress. If a piece of chalk is twisted, it will invariably rupture on a plane

23、at about 45 degrees to the axis. This is because the maximum tensile stresses act on this plane, and chalk is weak in tension. Steel shafting is usually designed so that the maximum shearing stress produced by bending an

24、d torsion is less than a specified maximum.</p><p>　　Shafts with circular cross sections are easier to produce in the steel mill, easier to machine, and easier to support in bearings than shafts with other c

25、ross section; there is seldom any need for using noncircular shapes. In addition, the strength and stiffness, both in bending and torsion, are more easily calculated for circular shafts. Lastly, for a given amount of mat

26、erials the circular shafts has the smallest maximum shearing stress for a given torque, and the highest torsional rigidity.</p><p>　　The shearing in a circular shaft is highest at the surface and drops off t

27、o zero at the axis. This means that most of the torque is carried by the material on and near the surface.</p><p>　　Critical speeds. In the same way that a violin string vibrates when stroked with a bow, a c

28、ylindrical shaft suspended between two bearings has a natural frequency of lateral vibration. If the speed of revolution of the shaft coincides with the natural frequency, the shaft experience a whirling critical speed a

29、nd become noisy. These speeds are more likely to occur with long, flexible shafts than with short, stiff ones. The natural frequency of a shaft can be raised by increasing its stiffness.</p><p>　　If a slende

30、r rod is fixed to the ceiling ta one end and supports a heavy disk at the other end, the disk will oscillate back and forth around the rod axis like a torsion pendulum if given an initial twist and let go. The frequency

31、of the oscillations will depend on the torsional stiffness of the rod and the weight of the disk; the stiffer the rod and the lighter the disk the higher the frequency. Similar torsional oscillations can occur in the cra

32、nkshafts of reciprocating engines, particularly t</p><p>　　When the engine is operating the torques delivered to the crankshaft by the connecting rods fluctuate, and if the crankshaft speed is such that thes

33、e fluctuating impulses are delivered at a speed corresponding to one of the natural torsional frequencies of the shaft, torsional oscillations will be superimposed on the rotary motion of the shafts. Such speed are known

34、 as torsional critical speeds, and they can cause shaft failures. A number of devices to control the oscillations of crankshafts hav</p><p>　　Flexible shafts. A flexible shaft consists of a number of superi

35、mposed tightly wound right-and left-hand layers of helically wound wires wrapped about a single center wire or mandrel. The shaft is connected to source of power and the driven member by special fittings attached to the

36、end of the shaft. Flexible easings of metallic or nonmetallic materials, which guide and protect the shaft and retain the lubricant, are also available. Compared with solid shafts, flexible shafts can be bent to muc</

37、p><p>　　For transmitting power around corners and for considerable distances flexible shafts are usually cheaper and more convenient than belts, chains, or gears. Most speedometers on automobiles are driven by

38、flexible shafts running from the transmission to the dashboard. When a valve, a switch, or other control devices is in a hard-to-reach location, it can be operated by a flexible shaft from a more convenient position. For

39、 portable tools such as sanders, grinders, and drilling machines, flexible sha</p><p>　　KEY, SPLINES AND PINS</p><p>　　Keys, splines, and pins. When power is being transmitted from a machine mem

40、ber such as a coupling, a gear, a flywheel, or a pulley to the shaft on which it is mounted, means must be provided for preventing relative motion between the shaft and the member. On helical and bevel gears, relative mo

41、vement along the shaft caused by the thrust(axial) loads is prevented by a step in the shaft or by having the gear contact the bearing directly or through a tubular spacer. When axial loads are incidental </p><

42、;p>　　A commonly used type of key has a square cross section and is sunk half in the shaft and half in the hub of the other member. If the key is made of steel(which is commonly the case)of the same strength as the sha

43、ft and has a width and depth equal to one fourth of the shaft diameter(this proportion is closely approximated in practice) then it will have the same torque capacity as the solid shaft if its length is 1.57 times that o

44、f the shaft diameter. Another common type of key has a rectangular c</p><p>　　Woodruff keys are widely used on machine tools and motor vehicles. The key is a segment of a disk and fits in a keyway in the sha

45、ft that is with a special milling cutter. Though the extra depth of these keys weakens the shaft considerably, it prevents any tendency of the key to rotate or move axially. Woodruff keys are particularly suitable for ta

46、pering shaft ends. </p><p>　　Because they weaken the shafts less, keys with straight or tapered circular cross sections are sometimes used in place of square and rectangular keys, but the keyways, half in th

47、e shaft and half in the shaft and half in the hub, must be cut with a drill after assembly,and interchangeability of parts is practically impossible. When a large gear blank is made by shrinking a high-strength rim on a

48、cheaper cast center, circular keys, snugly fitted, are frequently used to ensure a permanent connectio</p><p>　　Splines are permanent keys integral with the shaft, fitting in keyways cut in the hub. The dim

49、ensions of splined fittings are standardized for both permanent (press) fits and sliding fits. The teeth have either straight or involute profiles;the latter are stronger, more easily measured, and have a self-centring a

50、ction when twisted.</p><p>　　Tapered circular pins can be used to restrain shaft-mounted members from both axial and rotary movement. The pin fits snugly in a reamed tapered hole that is perpendicular to the

51、 shaft surface. A number of straight pins that grip by deforming elastically or plastically when driven into straight holes are commercially available. </p><p>　　All the keys and pins that have been describe

52、d are standard driving devices. In some cases they inadequate, and unorthodox means must be employed. For driving small gear in which there is no room between the bore and the roots of the teeth for a longitudinal keyway

53、, a transverse radial slot on the end of the gear can be made to fit a radial protuberance on the shaft. For transmitting moderate loads, a cheaper and effective connection can be made by forming a series of longitudinal

54、 serrations on </p><p>　　Fluid seals. When a reciprocating or rotating shaft extends from a bearing or a housing (enclosure) containing a fluid, such as a pump, a gearbox, or a hydraulic transmission, the sh

55、aft must be free to move relative to the housing, and at the same time leakage of fluids and entry of contaminents at the shaft-housing interface must be restricted. The purpose of a seal is to restrict the leakage with

56、the least possible restraint on the relative motion. </p><p>　　There are four basically different types of seals; shaft seal, face seals, labyrinth seals and hydrodynamic seals. The sealing element in shaft

57、seals acts directly on the surface of the shaft. One of oldest shaft seals is the stuffing box and gland; and, with modern compression packings, is still used for sealing acids, ammonia, water, oil, gasoline, steam, gas

58、and air. The stuffing box, which is an annular (ringlike) space between the surface of the shaft and an enlarged opening in the housing,</p><p>　　Shaft and face seals. The radial lip is probably the most com

59、monly used oil or shaft seal. Figure 23A shows a cross section of a bonded-type seal in which the elastomer sealing element E is bonded to the metallic case C, which is pressed into the housing. The initial interference

60、pressure between the lip of the seal element and the shaft is augmented by the helically wound garter spring S and pressure from the fluid in the housing. </p><p>　　When properly designed and installed, the

61、lip rides on a film of lubricant about 0.0001 inch (0.0025 millimeter) thick. If the film gets too thick, fluid leaks, while if too thin the lip gets hot and the seal may fail. Although the finish on the shaft is importa

62、nt, some laboratory tests indicate that too smooth a finish maybe undesirable, as it may retard development of an oil film. Leather, synthetic rubber, and silicones are among the materials used for lip seals. In the face

63、 seal the sealing </p><p>　　Labyrinth and hydrodynamic seals. The labyrinth seal provide a series of annular spaces between disks attached to the shaft and matching grooves in the stationary member; this arr

64、angement merely limits leakage by restricting the annular clearance between the disk and the grooves. These seals are used in large team and gas turbines, where the friction and wear of a contact seal is less tolerable t

65、han a small loss in efficiency caused by leakage. A labyrinth seal consisting of arrow of tapered rin</p><p>　　The hydrodynamic seal consists of a housing with a smooth bore and a helically grooved rotating

66、shaft. If the radial clearance between the shaft and the bore is sufficiently small, a pump action tending to move the oil along the shaft will be created. A similar pumping effect can be obtained with a plain shaft and

67、a helix cut in the housing.</p><p>　　Hydrodynamic seals have some limitations; they do not seal when the is stationary, they are usually restricted to unidirectional applications, and close radial clearance

68、between the elements is required. By themselves, neither the lip nor the hydrodynamic is ideal, but by utilizing the best feature of each, a more reliable sealing mechanism has been developed. </p><p>　　The

69、automotive industry is probably the largest user of seals. Dissatisfied with the performance of lip seals, a seal in which the lip seal in which the lip and hydrodynamic methods of sealing are combined has been developed

70、 for bi-directional rotation. </p><p>　　Modern developments. With the advent of nuclear power plants, space vehicles, and supersonic aircraft, the temperature levels at which seals must operate have risen fr

71、om about 200F (90℃) too about 900F (500℃). In addition, operating speeds have increased and ambient pressures have dropped below atmospheric.</p><p>　　There has been considerable recent development in seal t

72、echnology, and a variety of high-performance seal is available for applications involving gas, liquid metals, and all of the common fluids. One of these is a face seal with spiral grooves to produce a hydrodynamic effect

73、; it has been used to seal liquid sodium.</p><p><b>　　軸</b></p><p>　　實(shí)心軸 軸作為機(jī)械零件通常是一根圓柱形桿，用來支撐部件并隨部件一起轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)以接受和傳遞轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)和扭矩。往復(fù)式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的曲軸接受每一根曲軸通過活塞和連桿（滑塊-曲柄機(jī)構(gòu)）傳來的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，并通過聯(lián)軸器、齒輪、鏈條或皮帶把轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)傳遞到變速箱、凸輪

74、軸、泵和其它裝置。由曲軸通過齒輪或鏈條驅(qū)動(dòng)的凸輪軸只有一根受力軸即輸入軸，但軸上的每一個(gè)凸輪都能把轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)傳遞給氣門的傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)溝。</p><p>　　輪軸通常的定義是車輪和皮帶輪能在其上旋轉(zhuǎn)的一根固定的圓柱形構(gòu)件，但驅(qū)動(dòng)汽車后輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)軸也叫輪軸，這可能是從過去馬車時(shí)代傳下來的。通常習(xí)慣上把機(jī)器上的短軸叫做主軸（或心軸），特別是指機(jī)床上安裝刀具和工件的軸。</p><p>　　在以前一個(gè)車間里

75、所有的機(jī)器都由一個(gè)大電動(dòng)機(jī)或原動(dòng)機(jī)的，這樣就必須有一根同車間一樣長的主傳動(dòng)軸（即天軸）通過皮帶把動(dòng)力供給較短的副軸、中間軸或頂軸。這種主傳動(dòng)軸是用一節(jié)節(jié)的軸裝配起來的，用剛性聯(lián)軸器固定在一起。盡管一般說來用單獨(dú)的電動(dòng)機(jī)來驅(qū)動(dòng)每一臺機(jī)器更為方便，并且現(xiàn)代的趨勢也是按照這個(gè)方向發(fā)展的，但現(xiàn)在仍有某些場合采用分組傳動(dòng)更為經(jīng)濟(jì)。</p><p>　　應(yīng)力和變力 軸在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)時(shí)承受剪應(yīng)力，其大小取決于扭矩和斷面的尺寸。這個(gè)剪

76、應(yīng)力是軸的材料對作用扭矩所產(chǎn)生的抗力的一種量度。所有傳遞扭矩的軸都承受扭轉(zhuǎn)剪應(yīng)力。</p><p>　　除剪應(yīng)力之外，傳遞扭矩的軸還會產(chǎn)生剪切變形。扭轉(zhuǎn)的狀態(tài)通常用每單位長度的扭轉(zhuǎn)角來表示，即用軸的某一截面所轉(zhuǎn)過的角度來表示。</p><p>　　安裝齒輪和皮帶輪的軸不但會產(chǎn)生扭矩，而且還會產(chǎn)生彎矩，彎曲應(yīng)力（在凸面是拉應(yīng)力，在凹面是壓應(yīng)力）的大小取決于兩軸承間的距離及軸的截面尺寸，<

77、;/p><p>　　彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn)綜合起來使軸內(nèi)所產(chǎn)生的受力狀態(tài)比單純扭轉(zhuǎn)所產(chǎn)生的純剪切狀態(tài)或單純彎曲所產(chǎn)生的拉伸─壓縮狀態(tài)更為復(fù)雜。</p><p>　　對軸的設(shè)計(jì)工作者來說，重要的是要知道軸是否可能產(chǎn)生過大的發(fā)向應(yīng)力或過大的剪應(yīng)力以致?lián)p壞。如果扭轉(zhuǎn)一支粉筆，它必定在同軸線成45°角的平面上而不是在與軸線垂直的平面上斷裂。這是因?yàn)樽畲蟮膽?yīng)力就作用在這個(gè)平面上，而粉筆的抗拉強(qiáng)度是很差的。

78、通常在設(shè)計(jì)鋼軸時(shí)要使彎曲和扭轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生的最大剪應(yīng)力小于規(guī)定的最大設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)力。</p><p>　　圓形截面的軸與其它截面的軸相比，在扎鋼上更易于扎制，且更易于加工，同時(shí)也易于支撐在軸承上。因此，在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中很少使用非遠(yuǎn)行截面的軸。此外，圓軸的強(qiáng)度和剛度，無論是在彎曲或是扭轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，都較易與計(jì)算。最后，對一定量的材料來說，圓軸對一定的扭矩所產(chǎn)生的最大剪應(yīng)力最小，而抗扭剛度則最大。</p><p>　　

79、圓軸內(nèi)的剪應(yīng)力在表面最大，而在軸線部分則降到零。這就是說大部分扭矩是由表面和靠近表面的材料來承受的。</p><p>　　臨界轉(zhuǎn)速 用弓拉小提琴時(shí)琴弦會發(fā)生振動(dòng)，同樣，支撐在兩軸承之間的圓軸也有一個(gè)自然的橫向振動(dòng)頻率。如果軸的轉(zhuǎn)速與自然頻率重合，軸就處于臨界轉(zhuǎn)速并發(fā)出噪音。多半長的撓性軸比短的剛性軸更容易出現(xiàn)臨界轉(zhuǎn)速。軸的自然頻率可隨其剛度的增加而提高。</p><p>　　如果把一根細(xì)

80、長桿的一端固定在天花板上，另一端支撐一個(gè)很重的圓盤，如果給圓盤一個(gè)起始的扭矩就把手松開，圓盤就會像扭擺一樣繞桿軸來回振動(dòng)。振動(dòng)的頻率取決于桿的抗扭剛度和圓盤的重量；桿的剛度越大且圓盤越輕則頻率越高。往復(fù)式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的曲軸也會產(chǎn)生類似的扭轉(zhuǎn)振動(dòng)。特別是多拐曲軸和帶有很重飛輪的曲軸更是如此。每一個(gè)曲拐和與之相聯(lián)的連桿部分的作用就像一個(gè)小飛輪，并且對作為一個(gè)整體的曲軸來說，這些小飛輪能按很多種方式彼此安相反的方向與主飛輪反反方向地繞軸線來回振動(dòng)。

81、</p><p>　　當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)，由連桿傳遞給曲軸的扭矩是波動(dòng)的，如果曲軸的轉(zhuǎn)速使連桿的起伏推力以與軸的自然扭轉(zhuǎn)頻率之一相符合的速度傳遞，則扭轉(zhuǎn)擺動(dòng)就將同軸的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)疊加起來。這樣的轉(zhuǎn)速稱之為扭轉(zhuǎn)臨界轉(zhuǎn)速，它能導(dǎo)致軸的損壞。因此，已經(jīng)設(shè)計(jì)了許多裝置來控制軸的振動(dòng)。</p><p>　　撓性軸 撓性軸是把單根的心線或新心軸上繞成螺旋形金屬絲左向和右向重疊地緊緊繞許多層而制成的。這種軸借助裝

82、在軸的兩端的專用配件連接到動(dòng)力源和從動(dòng)件上。也可以采用金屬或非金屬材料的撓性套來引導(dǎo)和保護(hù)撓性軸，但要封裝一定的潤滑劑。與實(shí)心軸相比，撓性軸可以彎成半徑小得多的弧形而不至產(chǎn)生超限應(yīng)力。</p><p>　　對于把傳遞的動(dòng)力拐幾個(gè)角和達(dá)到相當(dāng)長的距離來說，通常利用撓性軸比利用皮帶、鏈條或齒輪裝置要經(jīng)濟(jì)和方便。汽車上大多數(shù)速度表都是用撓性軸來驅(qū)動(dòng)的，這根撓性軸從變速箱一直接到儀表板上。如果有一個(gè)閥門、開關(guān)或其它控制裝

83、置處在難以達(dá)到的位置，可以用一根撓性軸從比較方便的位置來操縱。對于像噴砂器、研磨機(jī)和鉆孔機(jī)這樣一些手提式工具來說，撓性軸幾乎是必不可少的。</p><p><b>　　鍵 花鍵和銷</b></p><p>　　如果要把動(dòng)力從一個(gè)連軸器、離合器、齒輪、飛輪或皮帶輪這樣的機(jī)械零件傳到安裝這個(gè)零件的軸上，必須采取措施防止軸和這個(gè)之間產(chǎn)生相對運(yùn)動(dòng)。在螺旋齒輪或傘齒輪上，可以

84、在軸上做一臺階，或使齒輪直接地或通過管狀墊圈同支撐面相接觸來防止由推力（軸向）復(fù)負(fù)荷引起的軸向相對運(yùn)動(dòng)。如果軸向負(fù)荷是偶然出現(xiàn)的且數(shù)值很小，可以用定位螺釘來防止零件沿軸向滑動(dòng)。鍵、花鍵和銷的主要用途就是防止相對的轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。</p><p>　　通常鍵的截面呈正方形，一半嵌在鍵里，一半嵌在其它零件的轂里。如果鍵是用鋼制作的（通常都是這樣得），其強(qiáng)度應(yīng)該與軸的強(qiáng)度一樣，其截面的寬度與高度是軸直徑的四分之一（這一比例十分接

85、近實(shí)際情況），如果鍵的長度是軸直徑的1.57倍，其抗扭能力同實(shí)心軸的抗扭能力相同。另一常用的平鍵的截面成矩形，高與寬之比為0.75。這兩種平鍵在高度上可以是直的，也可以是斜的。直繭只同鍵槽的兩側(cè)緊密配合。鉤頭鍵是一頭突出的斜鍵，以便于拆卸。</p><p>　　半圓鍵廣泛應(yīng)用于機(jī)床和機(jī)動(dòng)車輛。這種鍵呈月牙形同軸上用特制銑刀銑出的鍵槽配合。盡管這種鍵的鍵槽特別深，且會大大消弱軸的強(qiáng)度，但它能防止鍵出現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)或軸向移動(dòng)

86、的任何可能性。半圓鍵特別適用于軸的錐形端部。</p><p>　　由于對軸的強(qiáng)度的消弱程度比較小，所以常常用圓柱鍵或圓錐鍵來代替正方形和矩形的平鍵，但一半在軸上，一半在榖上的鍵槽必須在把榖裝配好之后再鉆出來，因此零件的互換性幾乎是不可能的。如果大齒輪的毛胚是在較便宜的輪心外面縮套上一個(gè)高強(qiáng)度的輪圈所制成的，緊密配合的圓鍵常常用來保證永久連接。</p><p>　　花鍵是同軸連接成整體的幾個(gè)

87、固定鍵，它們與輪轂上切出的幾個(gè)凹形鍵槽相配合?；ㄦI的尺寸不論對永久（壓入）配合還是滑動(dòng)配合而言，都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的。花鍵齒的剖面形狀可以是直齒，也可以是漸開線形的；漸開線齒的強(qiáng)度較高，易于測量，在扭轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)能起自動(dòng)對中的作用。</p><p>　　圓錐銷能用來防止安裝在軸上的零件產(chǎn)生軸向運(yùn)動(dòng)和轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。圓錐銷緊密配合在鉸光的錐銷孔中，這種錐銷孔同軸線垂直，既可位于軸表面的徑向，也可位于軸表面的切線方向。工業(yè)上用的許多圓柱銷釘打

88、進(jìn)銷釘孔之后是靠彈性或塑性變形來緊固的。</p><p>　　上述各種鍵和銷都是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的傳動(dòng)件。在某些情況下，它們是不能滿足要求的，必須采取某種非傳統(tǒng)性的方法。對于齒輪孔和齒根之間沒有足夠的地方來開縱向鍵槽的小齒輪，可以在齒輪的端部開一橫的徑向槽同軸上的徑向凸起相配合。對于傳遞中等負(fù)荷，可以用滾花刀具在軸上滾出許多細(xì)齒形凸起，再把軸壓進(jìn)從動(dòng)件的孔里就可獲得經(jīng)濟(jì)而有效的連接。如果軸相對于從動(dòng)件來說具有足夠的硬度，軸會