外文翻譯—電子商務(wù)

1、<p>　　字數(shù)：英文2060單詞，11447字符；中文3455漢字</p><p>　　出處：?eri? Slavko.ELECTRONIC COMMERCE[J]Economics.2017,4:133-141</p><p><b>　　外文文獻：　</b></p><p>　　ELECTRONIC COMMERCE</p

2、><p>　　SUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologi

3、es that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying

4、 and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer net</p><p>　　Keywords: electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, Internet</p><p>　　INTRODUCTION</p&g

5、t;<p>　　Today, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident p

6、rocess of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional labor intensive activities, whe

7、re before there were not opportunities for the application of modern inform</p><p>　　Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance

8、, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a

9、 significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geogr</p><p>　　ELECTRONIC COMMERCE</p><p>

10、;　　Today’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially elect

11、ronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it

12、is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-comm</p><p>　　Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions

13、between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.</p><p>　　E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sens

14、e electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by

15、 means of telecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce incl</p><p>　　Ele

16、ctronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating in

17、formation. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide ne

18、w electronic connections with customers and partners in t</p><p>　　ELECTRONIC MARKET</p><p>　　Milicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuri

19、ng of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods

20、or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic</p><p>　　MODELS OF ELECTRO

21、NIC COMMERCE</p><p>　　There are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the mo

22、dels are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.</p><p>　　B2B (Business to Business)

23、is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;</p><p>　　B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers; </p><p>　　B2E (Business to Em

24、ployee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;</p><p>　　C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or se

25、rvice from the seller;</p><p>　　C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;</p><p>　　B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B

26、2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;</p><p>　　C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.</p>

27、<p>　　LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCE</p><p>　　The most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and i

28、ntellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problem is solved in court or before an int

29、ernational arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue gen</p><p>　　ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE</p&g

30、t;<p>　　The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive

31、 use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information t

32、han before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as effi</p><p>　　The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in the production of computers, software and comput

33、er equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their pro

34、ducts or services anywhere in the global market.</p><p>　　Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, s

35、ales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (ther

36、e is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there a</p><p>　　CONCLUSION</p><p>　　With the advent of the Internet a

37、 lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each othe

38、r. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which lea

39、ds to more rapid penetratio</p><p><b>　　中文譯文：</b></p><p><b>　　電子商務(wù)</b></p><p>　　摘要 電子商務(wù)可以用不同的方式進行定義。任何定義都有助于更好地理解和解釋這一概念。電子商務(wù)是利用電子手段實現(xiàn)金融交易自動化的一套程序和技術(shù)。另外，根據(jù)一

40、些作者的說法，電子商務(wù)被定義為一個正在發(fā)展的新概念，其中包括，通過計算機網(wǎng)絡(luò)以及互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進行的買賣、交換產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)或信息的過程，電子商務(wù)不僅僅局限于買賣，還包括供應(yīng)鏈中的所有售前和售后服務(wù)。在商業(yè)中，引進電子商務(wù)，利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)，從而實現(xiàn)了一種全新的經(jīng)濟形式——互聯(lián)網(wǎng)經(jīng)濟。</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：電子商務(wù)，開發(fā)，采購，銷售，經(jīng)濟，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)</p><p><b>　　引言

41、</b></p><p>　　今天，現(xiàn)代通信手段的發(fā)展，特別是電子技術(shù)，徹底改變了現(xiàn)有的權(quán)力關(guān)系和全球市場的力量，在全球化的進程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。通信與信息資源的發(fā)展對世界經(jīng)濟的影響，可能暗示出這樣一個事實，它正在滲入到之前沒有機會應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代信息技術(shù)的傳統(tǒng)勞動密集型活動中。</p><p>　　大型企業(yè)以及中小企業(yè)的管理者首先需要了解現(xiàn)代數(shù)字技術(shù)的重要性和諸多優(yōu)點，利用現(xiàn)代數(shù)字技

42、術(shù)，能夠使他們創(chuàng)造出新的商業(yè)理念及成就。在新的數(shù)字時代，電子商務(wù)的優(yōu)勢和機遇代表了一個巨大的潛力，應(yīng)該以最好和最有效的方式使用。由于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，商業(yè)方式發(fā)生了一些變化，地理邊界正在消失，語言障礙和貨幣限制正在下降。</p><p><b>　　電子商務(wù)</b></p><p>　　如今做生意的方式被徹底改變了，這主要得益于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。在全球化的進程中，在現(xiàn)代通信手段特別是電子

43、技術(shù)的發(fā)展中，電子商務(wù)通過從根本上改變現(xiàn)有的權(quán)力關(guān)系和全球市場的力量，從而發(fā)揮著重要作用?，F(xiàn)代商業(yè)正處在從機械到電子商務(wù)的過渡時期。除了技術(shù)方面，還應(yīng)該要強調(diào)經(jīng)濟方面，將電子商務(wù)定義為一個提供新型商品和服務(wù)的新市場，例如通過數(shù)字化流程的數(shù)字產(chǎn)品。實體商品賣家也被納入到數(shù)字化流程，如在線訂購、市場調(diào)研與支付，這些都是新市場的組成部分。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)不僅是一套互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)，而且還是以通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)為媒介而進行

44、的商業(yè)信息交換，商業(yè)關(guān)系維護，以及不同組織之間的商業(yè)交易。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)可以從狹義上和廣義上來理解。從狹義上來講，電子商務(wù)是指通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進行的商業(yè)買賣；而從廣義上來講，電子商務(wù)包括以通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)為媒介而進行的商業(yè)信息交換，商業(yè)關(guān)系維護，以及商業(yè)交易。在履行任務(wù)時，電子商務(wù)使用電子傳播媒介，如互聯(lián)網(wǎng)、外聯(lián)網(wǎng)、電子郵件、數(shù)據(jù)庫和移動電話。電子商務(wù)包括多種活動，例如商品和服務(wù)的電子銷售與采購、數(shù)字內(nèi)容的在線

45、支付、電子資金轉(zhuǎn)賬、公共采購、直面消費者營銷，以及其他售后服務(wù)。電子商務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)通常被稱為全數(shù)字化業(yè)務(wù)，它包括三個部分：產(chǎn)品、過程和參與者；它有兩個組成部分：實體和數(shù)字。通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)送和接收的所有東西都被認為是數(shù)字產(chǎn)品。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)創(chuàng)造了新的市場和經(jīng)濟活動，其特點是快速的信息處理和市場動態(tài)。電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)為收集和傳播信息提供了基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，同時電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)還是產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)銷售與推廣的新渠道。此外，網(wǎng)絡(luò)集成了管理公

46、司各級商業(yè)活動的信息，并與供應(yīng)鏈中的客戶和合作伙伴建立了新的電子聯(lián)系。通過遍布全球的電子網(wǎng)絡(luò)，越來越多的經(jīng)濟增值活動出現(xiàn)在了網(wǎng)絡(luò)空間中?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)擴大了企業(yè)的活動場所。由于從互聯(lián)網(wǎng)獲得了許多額外的商業(yè)信息，管理者可以發(fā)現(xiàn)更多的商業(yè)機會。</p><p><b>　　電子市場</b></p><p>　　米利塞維奇（2002）指出，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)和新的信息技術(shù)正在導(dǎo)致全球一級市場以

47、及一些工業(yè)和服務(wù)業(yè)的重組。除了傳統(tǒng)（實體）市場，客戶和賣家也在電子市場為貨幣或其他商品或服務(wù)進行交易，只不過是以電子方式來交換商品和服務(wù)。電子市場使用電子交易，為終端消費者帶來了一種新的商品和服務(wù)的配貨銷售方式。電子市場是指進行電子商務(wù)的地方，也就是交換信息、產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)和支付的互動網(wǎng)絡(luò)。近年來，電子市場在現(xiàn)代商業(yè)中越來越重要。而說到電子商務(wù)，商業(yè)中心實際上只是網(wǎng)絡(luò)上的一個點，它那里擁有客戶、賣家以及其他參與者，他們都通過電子方式找到彼此

48、并進行商業(yè)活動。</p><p><b>　　電子商務(wù)模式</b></p><p>　　根據(jù)貿(mào)易參與者（公司、客戶、員工、政府）之間的關(guān)系，電子商務(wù)的模式可以分為很多種：B2B，B2C，B2E，C2C，C2B，不過最近還出現(xiàn)了更復(fù)雜的組合形式，更新了現(xiàn)有模式，例如B2B2C和C2B2C。</p><p>　　B2B（企業(yè)對企業(yè)）是指不同組織之間

49、自動交換信息；</p><p>　　B2C（企業(yè)對消費者）是指向終端消費者出售商品和服務(wù)；</p><p>　　B2E（企業(yè)對員工）是一種稱為內(nèi)部網(wǎng)的模式，也是向員工提供產(chǎn)品或信息的網(wǎng)站；</p><p>　　C2B（消費者對企業(yè)）是消費者要求賣方提供產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)的一種模式；</p><p>　　C2C（消費者對消費者）是消費者互相推銷的一種模

50、式；</p><p>　　B2B2C（供應(yīng)商對企業(yè)對消費者）是利用B2B模式實現(xiàn)，并支持企業(yè)在B2C模式下運營的一種模式；</p><p>　　C2B2C（消費者對企業(yè)對消費者）是以網(wǎng)絡(luò)企業(yè)為中介的連接消費者的一種模式。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)特有的法律問題</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)特有的最重要的法律問題是：域名的分配，電子商務(wù)產(chǎn)生

51、的稅收，以及知識產(chǎn)權(quán)的保護。當(dāng)分配網(wǎng)址或域名時會出現(xiàn)這樣的情況，幾家公司存在相似名稱，他們會圍繞域名進行競爭。這個問題在法庭或國際仲裁制度之前就已經(jīng)得到解決。聯(lián)邦、州和地方當(dāng)局正在嘗試以各種方式計算如何獲得電子商務(wù)所產(chǎn)生的收入份額。這個問題在國際貿(mào)易中尤為突出，特別是在你需要繳納營業(yè)執(zhí)照稅、所得稅、增值稅、年度所得稅等，以及誰來監(jiān)管這些費用的時候。軟件和其他無形創(chuàng)作的保護在網(wǎng)絡(luò)上難以實現(xiàn)，這就是著作權(quán)和知識產(chǎn)權(quán)保護問題被頻繁討論的原因所

52、在?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)獨有的稅收，即所謂的“比特稅”，可能是這個問題的解決方案。這個稅收的想法是基于這樣一個事實，即通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳播的每一個比特都代表著一個獨特的稅率。它可以在電話交換機或服務(wù)提供商處收集，并提交主管稅務(wù)機關(guān)。但是，這種稅不會考慮到所購買的信息或商品的性質(zhì)?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)上最大的比特量屬于兒童電子游戲。在大多數(shù)國家，發(fā)展電子商務(wù)，免稅或以最低的稅率進行征稅。目前還不清楚哪個政府會接管跨境數(shù)據(jù)流導(dǎo)致的稅收。除了安全問題，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上商業(yè)交易稅收模式不

53、清楚的問題，也對世界各地的財務(wù)專家造成了極大的困擾。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)的優(yōu)勢和劣勢</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)的主要特點是貿(mào)易方式發(fā)生了深刻而又非常迅速的變化。當(dāng)前，與傳統(tǒng)的商業(yè)交易相比，電子商務(wù)具有很多優(yōu)勢。電子商務(wù)的廣泛應(yīng)用帶來新的優(yōu)勢。一組充滿互動、內(nèi)容豐富和個性化的信息可以被傳遞給特定的消費者，從而增加銷售量。如今企業(yè)的信息比以前多得多，這讓他們能夠有效地利用這些信息

54、，細分市場，并盡可能地使其產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)適應(yīng)潛在客戶或服務(wù)用戶。</p><p>　　電子商務(wù)的影響尤其表現(xiàn)在從事計算機、軟件和計算機設(shè)備生產(chǎn)的行業(yè)上，以及實現(xiàn)電子商務(wù)所需的其他要素方面。電子商務(wù)使得企業(yè)能夠選擇世界各地的供應(yīng)商，而不管其地理位置如何，并可以在全球市場的任何地方銷售和交易其產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)。</p><p>　　與傳統(tǒng)商業(yè)相比，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)商業(yè)的優(yōu)勢眾多，因為沒有必要的屬性，以及門面、銷售

55、人員減少到最低限度，有可能在世界各地銷售，即時通訊，交互式的多媒體產(chǎn)品目錄的呈現(xiàn)可以提供客戶想要的信息（沒有傳統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)品目錄和郵政運輸），促銷便宜得多，在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上宣傳起來更容易，有更多的機會適應(yīng)客戶需求，而且客戶坐在椅子上即可進行購買，沒有時間限制（不間斷），不影響銷售人員的決策，以及各種其他好處。由于電子貿(mào)易系統(tǒng)的復(fù)雜性，在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的買賣可能會發(fā)生問題。這些問題指的是，許多潛在客戶仍然不能上網(wǎng)或者不使用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，有些沒有快速的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)連接，

56、網(wǎng)絡(luò)購買涉及到大量的欺詐，隱私受到損害，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上商店實際存在的問題。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)是每個人都可以訪問的公共網(wǎng)絡(luò)，因此有可能有人未經(jīng)授權(quán)就監(jiān)控通信并擅自濫用它。由于這些原因，找到保障信息的完整性、真實性的保護機制勢在必行。密碼學(xué)是研究信息保密性方法，具有加密、解密、密鑰等特點的一門學(xué)科。通過使用數(shù)字簽名和證書來確認和驗證發(fā)送者的身份。數(shù)字簽名的目的是對消息內(nèi)容進行身份驗證，以及提供消息發(fā)送者的身份保證。</p><p>&

57、lt;b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的出現(xiàn)，商業(yè)和貿(mào)易方面發(fā)生了很大的變化。以往的操作是在面對面的基礎(chǔ)上進行的，但現(xiàn)在隨著互聯(lián)網(wǎng)融入到貿(mào)易之中，對方不需要相互了解，也不需要會面和接見。隨著電子商務(wù)的出現(xiàn)，地理邊界被打破，語言障礙和貨幣限制也不復(fù)存在?，F(xiàn)代商業(yè)正處在從機械到電子商務(wù)的過渡時期，導(dǎo)致了技術(shù)進步快速滲透到貿(mào)易中。說到電子商店的發(fā)展，這對終端消費者有很大的好處，但是