外文翻譯--防范矸石山災(zāi)害

1、<p><b>　　中文2965字</b></p><p><b>　　英文原文：</b></p><p>　　Prevention hill hazard</p><p>　　The coal stone is the solid waste that the coal mine,wash to choose

2、to process to produce in the process, if the heap of the permissive coal stone put, not only press to have a great deal of land, the influence ecosystem environment, and the coal stone Be suffering to pour a function of

3、dissolve the water under, will pollute circumferential soil and the groundwater.In the meantime, because of implying a certain combustible thing in the coal stone, at certainly under condition will take place fro</p&g

4、t;<p>　　The national coal mine stone mountain basic circumstance</p><p>　　The our country coal mine produce currently under condition, the coal mine the stone in the process exhausts to have great cap

5、acity is a raw coal about of 10%;The coal washes to choose to process process to exhaust to have great capacity in the stone about select 15% of the quantity for the raw coal20%.In 2004, national and each kind of coal mi

6、ne produced coal mine 1,956,000,000 tons, washing coal 600,000,000 tons or so, press this have calculation, whole year the stone exhausted quantity about </p><p>　　The main type of the stone mountain disaste

7、r</p><p>　　The coal mine stone mountain the main disaster type have:While being the stone mountain occurrence landslide.Such as February 28th in 2004, province in Anhui the south city gathered the coal mine

8、stone mountain lately the stone to take place landslide because of adopt, resulting in 9 personnels die.Two is the stone mountain to fall to cause a slippery ascent.Such as June 5th in 2004, the south mineral industry co

9、mpany east wood's coal mine stone mountain fell to cause a slippery ascent, result i</p><p>　　Guard against the main technique of the stone mountain disaster.</p><p>　　Put out the technique

10、measure that the stone mountain becomes angry from the .The stone mountain occurrence after, the most in common use put out a method to have:The excavation puts out a method,surface to overlay a method and sprinkles to i

11、nfuse a method and notes the syrup method.Surface's pour overlaying a method is loess etc. the sloth material overlay on the burnable area, isolating air to extinguish fire by attain a purpose.Surface's the sprin

12、kling to infuse a method is to combustion the </p><p>　　The soil plants a quilt green turn to manage a slippery ascent of the stone mountain.The adoption plants methods, such as forest and plant...etc. to co

13、me green turn the stone mountain to be not a few way of doings with the most in common use mineral areas currently, and manage the result of the stone mountain also more ideal, can cure for good the dust and stone mounta

14、in to collapse to fall effectively.Usually appear the mudslide,big area slippery ascent etc. phenomenon during the period of rain</p><p>　　The applied microorganism takes off the sulphur rule of law reason s

15、tone mountain disaster.The key that the stone mountain manage is the problem that resolves the sulphur in the stone.The adoption plants a quilt a method in brief to manage and usually can't be real cancellation the m

16、ineral area air pollution and soil and water of sour turn a problem, and long-distance leave the carrying soil cost higher, plant is grow bad, such as bad management, may also appear from the phenomenon.Adopt the mic<

17、/p><p>　　The coal stone synthesizes to make use of present condition.</p><p>　　Practice enunciation, the coal stone the comprehensive exploitation exterminate the most exhaustive method in the ston

18、e mountain disaster the trouble.In recent years, the our country coal mine is a particularly have stateowned point coal mine, synthesizing to make use of aspect in the coal mine stone, obtaining certain result and experi

19、ence.</p><p>　　Make use of the coal stone generate electricity.The our country has already succeeded to develop a coal stone,the coal mire to mix to burn of flow to turn the bed boiler circularly, solve diss

20、imilarity low hot value fuel mixture combustion of technique hard nut to crack.Currently, the folw national stone power station pack the machine capacity to have already the developped to 5,000,000 kilowatts or so, the s

21、tone of the generates stone electricity to consume the stone quantity about 45,000,000 t</p><p>　　Make use of the coal stone system brick.Currently the our country coal stone system brick craft,stove kiln de

22、sign,produce an equipments basic near to flourishing and national level, the coal stone system brick business enterprise just at to intensive turn,large turn the direction development, product from solid brick to many bo

23、re brick and the hollow brick direction development.Such as new mineral in Shandong industry group etc. the unit set up the coal stone brick production line is more than 2</p><p>　　Make use of the coal stone

24、 produces a high dditional value a product.Our country developed the coal stone production increase the white and super and thin high soil and produce to have no machine compound fatty with the have microorganism organic

25、 fertilizer etc. technique, perfect make use of the coal stone production chlorination aluminum and come together the chlorination aluminum to equalize techniques, such as the work product,asbestos and its ware and speci

26、al kind aluminum iron metal alloy,</p><p>　　Make use of the coal stone replied to fall to sink area,repair road...etc. to obtain the better social performance and environment performance.The coal stone fills

27、 to fall to sink area,repair road in the ,the water and soil conservation,farm crop plant the top of the technique of etc. to also obtain to compare to break greatly, raising the stone and the utilization of the lands av

28、ailably.Make use of such as new mineral in Shandong industry group total amount 200 have another ten thousand ton coa</p><p>　　The key problem and the suggestion of exist.</p><p>　　Key problem.M

29、anage the devotion shortage while being the stone mountain disaster, the technocracy standard isn't perfect.Analyze in recent years the stone mountain important trouble reason, is the coal mine enterprise security to

30、 owe on the other hand more, even enlargement the safety devotion, also mainly used for well to descend or produce the of the engineering to suffer from manage, neglect to the stone mountain disaster have to of guard aga

31、inst to manage.BE the stone mountain disaster to ma</p><p>　　The counterplan suggest.One is strengthen science and technology to offend a pass, guard against with the comprehensive exploitation for the stone

32、 mountain disaster, provide the technique guarantee.Technique's such offending the point of the pass currently BE:The stone mountain becomes angry from the of put out,the stone mountain microorganism take off sulphur

33、,the stone mountain soil to plant a quilt green turn to manage,75 tons/hours above of flow to turn limestone inside the bed boiler techniq</p><p><b>　　中文譯文</b></p><p><b>　　防范矸石

34、山災(zāi)害</b></p><p>　　煤矸石是煤炭開采、洗選加工過程中產(chǎn)生的固體廢棄物，如果放任煤矸石的堆放，不僅壓占大量土地，影響生態(tài)環(huán)境，而且煤矸石在遭受淋溶水的作用下，將污染周圍的土壤和地下水。同時，因煤矸石中含有一定的可燃物，在一定條件下會發(fā)生自燃，排放出二氧化硫、氮氧化物、碳氧化物和煙塵等有害氣體，污染大氣環(huán)境，嚴(yán)重影響礦區(qū)居民的身體健康。如果煤矸山堆存方式不當(dāng)，還可發(fā)生塌方、垮塌、崩塌等災(zāi)害

35、事故。當(dāng)然，煤矸石也是可利用的寶貴資源，可用作發(fā)電、制磚、提取化工產(chǎn)品、燒制水泥、充填塌陷區(qū)、修路等。綜合開發(fā)利用煤礦矸石山，不僅可有效改善礦區(qū)環(huán)境，避免矸石山意外災(zāi)害事故，而且可變廢為寶，節(jié)約能源，治理環(huán)境污染，具有重要的經(jīng)濟效益與社會效益。</p><p>　　全國煤礦矸石山基本情況</p><p>　　在目前我國煤礦生產(chǎn)條件下, 煤炭開采過程中的矸石排放量大約為原煤的10%~20%

36、；煤炭洗選加工過程中矸石排放量大約為原煤入選量的15%~20%。2004年，全國各類煤礦生產(chǎn)煤炭19.56億噸，洗煤6億噸左右，按此計算，全年矸石排放量在3.8億噸左右。近年來,盡管全國煤炭工業(yè)部門加大了煤矸石的處理與利用，但據(jù)不完全統(tǒng)計，目前全國煤礦區(qū)歷年累計堆放的煤矸石約45億噸，規(guī)模較大的煤矸石山有1600多座，占用土地約1.5M公頃，而且每年還以1.5～2.0億噸的速度增加。</p><p>　　矸石山災(zāi)

37、害的主要類型</p><p>　　煤礦矸石山主要災(zāi)害類型有：一是矸石山發(fā)生塌方。如2004年2月28日，安徽省淮南市新集煤礦矸石山因采用矸石發(fā)生塌方，造成9名人員死亡。二是矸石山垮塌引起滑坡。如2004年6月5日，南桐礦業(yè)公司東林煤礦矸石山垮塌引起滑坡，造成重慶市M盛區(qū)M東鎮(zhèn)新華村14戶居民民房被毀，21人死亡，3人受傷。三是自燃崩塌。如2005年5月15日，平煤集團四礦矸石山先后發(fā)生兩次自燃崩塌災(zāi)害，共造成8人

38、遇難，100多人受傷，其中6人重傷；又如1975年，甘肅上窯塌陷區(qū)發(fā)生了一起矸石山爆炸事故，蘑菇云高達(dá)百米，200米范圍內(nèi)溫度達(dá)500度。這次事故人員死亡20人，重傷40余人；兩公里內(nèi)的樹木都被燒焦，12平方公里的空氣環(huán)境被嚴(yán)重污染，產(chǎn)生的煙塵數(shù)日不散。四是矸石山自燃產(chǎn)生的有毒氣體造成窒息死亡。煤矸石中含有部分可燃物，在一定條件下發(fā)生自燃時排放出的有害氣體，不僅嚴(yán)重污染大氣環(huán)境，而且有毒氣體還可造成人員窒息死亡。如遼寧本溪礦區(qū)就曾發(fā)生因

39、矸石自燃造成人員中毒死亡的事故。同時，煤矸石風(fēng)化后揚塵嚴(yán)重影響周邊環(huán)境；煤矸石在遭受淋溶水的作用下，將污染其周圍的土壤和地下水。</p><p>　　防范矸石山災(zāi)害的主要技術(shù)</p><p>　　熄滅矸石山自燃發(fā)火的技術(shù)措施。矸石山發(fā)生自燃后，最常用熄滅方法有：挖掘熄滅法、表面覆蓋法、澆灌法和注漿法。表面覆蓋法是將黃土等惰性物質(zhì)覆蓋在燃燒區(qū)上，隔絕空氣，以達(dá)到滅火目的。表面澆灌法是向燃燒區(qū)

40、噴灑石灰乳或其它滅火漿液，一方面降低火區(qū)溫度，同時利用漿液中的某些成份被覆蓋在矸石表面，阻止矸石進一步氧化。注漿法是將滅火材料制成漿液后，再借助機械力將其壓入矸石山內(nèi)部，使?jié){液滲透充填到矸石山的空隙中。以上幾種常用的滅火方法各有優(yōu)缺點，表面覆蓋法缺點是需要大量的黃土，工程量大；表面澆灌法簡單易行，但滅火漿液難以滲入矸石山內(nèi)部，效果欠佳；注漿法效果最好，國內(nèi)外多采用此法。</p><p>　　覆土植被綠化治理矸石山

41、滑坡。采用種植樹林、植物等方式來綠化矸石山是目前不少礦區(qū)最常用的做法，而且治理矸石山的效果也比較理想，可有效根治揚塵和矸石山坍塌。如水城礦業(yè)（集團）大河邊煤礦原矸石山在雨季期間，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)泥石流、大面積滑坡等現(xiàn)象。為徹底治理矸石山，該礦實施香根草生物治理工程。經(jīng)過近4年的治理，而今矸石山上，基本都長滿了集中連片的香根草，矸石山再未發(fā)生過泥石流和滑坡現(xiàn)象。</p><p>　　應(yīng)用微生物脫硫法治理矸石山災(zāi)害。矸石山治

42、理的關(guān)鍵是解決矸石中硫的問題。采用簡單植被法來治理通常不能真正消除礦區(qū)大氣污染以及土壤和水的酸化問題，且遠(yuǎn)距離運送土壤成本較高，植被生長差，如管理不善，還可能會出現(xiàn)自燃現(xiàn)象。采用微生物脫硫技術(shù)，通過對矸石進行脫硫和酸性改良，是從根本上減少對環(huán)境造成污染。目前，這一技術(shù)在中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)基本試驗成功。</p><p><b>　　煤矸石綜合利用現(xiàn)狀</b></p><p>

43、　　實踐表明，煤矸石綜合利用是根除矸石山災(zāi)害事故最徹底的方法。近年來，我國煤礦尤其是國有重點煤礦，在煤礦矸石綜合利用方面，取得了一定的成績與經(jīng)驗。</p><p>　　利用煤矸石發(fā)電。我國已成功研制出煤矸石、煤泥混燒的循環(huán)流化床鍋爐，解決了不同低熱值燃料混合燃燒的技術(shù)難題。目前，全國矸石電廠裝機容量已發(fā)展到500M千瓦左右，每年矸石發(fā)電消耗矸石量約4500M噸左右，占矸石綜合利用量的60%左右。</p>

44、;<p>　　利用煤矸石制磚。目前我國煤矸石制磚工藝、爐窯設(shè)計、生產(chǎn)設(shè)備基本接近發(fā)達(dá)國家水平，煤矸石制磚企業(yè)正在向集約化、大型化方向發(fā)展，產(chǎn)品由實心磚向多孔磚和空心磚方向發(fā)展。如山東新汶礦業(yè)集團等單位建成煤矸石磚生產(chǎn)線20多條，每條生產(chǎn)線的能力均在6000M塊/年以上。</p><p>　　利用煤矸石生產(chǎn)高附加值產(chǎn)品。我國已開發(fā)出煤矸石生產(chǎn)增白和超細(xì)高嶺土、生產(chǎn)無機復(fù)合肥和微生物有機肥料等技術(shù)，完善

45、了利用煤矸石生產(chǎn)氯化鋁、聚合氯化鋁等化工產(chǎn)品、石棉及其制品、特種硅鋁鐵合金、鋁合金等技術(shù)。</p><p>　　利用煤矸石復(fù)墾塌陷區(qū)、修路等取得了較好的社會效益和環(huán)境效益。煤矸石在充填塌陷區(qū)、修路、水土保持、作物種植等技術(shù)上也取得較大突破，有效地提高了矸石和土地的利用率。如山東新汶礦業(yè)集團累計利用200多M噸煤矸石，來治理流經(jīng)礦區(qū)的柴汶河兩岸采砂坑和部分礦井開采塌陷區(qū)，復(fù)墾開發(fā)土地500余畝。</p>

46、<p>　　存在的主要問題與建議</p><p>　　主要問題。一是矸石山災(zāi)害治理投入不足，技術(shù)管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不完善。分析近年來矸石山重大事故原因，一方面是煤礦企業(yè)安全欠賬較多，即使加大了安全投入，也主要用于井下或生產(chǎn)工程的隱患治理，忽視了對矸石山災(zāi)害必須的防范治理。另一方面是矸石山災(zāi)害治理技術(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、管理規(guī)范不健全，對防范治理矸石山災(zāi)害技術(shù)研究較少，缺少有效的技術(shù)支持。二是煤矸石綜合利用總體水平不高。技術(shù)

47、裝備落后，企業(yè)規(guī)模小，競爭能力不強，發(fā)展后勁不足。如全國煤矸石磚廠的平均生產(chǎn)能力不足1000M塊標(biāo)準(zhǔn)磚，且品種單一，不能適應(yīng)市場需要。三是各地煤矸石綜合利用發(fā)展不平衡。在能源相對短缺的地區(qū)，煤矸石綜合利用發(fā)展較快，如華東、西南地區(qū)，煤矸石綜合利用率一般在60%以上。而在煤炭資源相對豐富的地區(qū)，綜合利用發(fā)展較慢。四是優(yōu)惠政策落實難，不利于調(diào)動煤礦治理矸石山的積極性。國家在煤矸石發(fā)電、上網(wǎng)、電價、調(diào)峰等方面已出臺了一些優(yōu)惠政策，但由于種種原

48、因，在項目審批、并網(wǎng)發(fā)電等方面還比較困難，貸款條件也比較苛刻。</p><p>　　對策建議。一是加強科技攻關(guān)，為矸石山災(zāi)害防范與綜合利用，提供技術(shù)保障。目前技術(shù)攻關(guān)的重點是：矸石山自燃發(fā)火的熄滅、矸石山微生物脫硫、矸石山覆土植被綠化治理、75噸/小時以上的循環(huán)流化床鍋爐技術(shù)、爐內(nèi)石灰石脫硫和靜電除塵技術(shù)等。二是實行優(yōu)惠政策，促進煤矸石的綜合利用。主要包括煤矸石利用給予稅收減免；鼓勵各種所有制經(jīng)濟主體參與煤礦矸石