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1、<p><b> 中文7287字</b></p><p><b> 畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯</b></p><p> 所在學(xué)院: </p><p> 專 業(yè): </p><p> 班 級
2、: 08財管/國貿(mào)x班 </p><p> 學(xué) 號: </p><p> 姓 名: </p><p> 指導(dǎo)教師: </p><p> 2014 年 11 月 3 日</p
3、><p><b> 譯文:</b></p><p> 題目: 房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)企業(yè)信托融資研究 </p><p> 一、房地產(chǎn)投資信托基金的內(nèi)涵</p><p> ?。ㄒ唬┓康禺a(chǎn)投資信托基金的界定</p><p> 房地產(chǎn)投資信托基金(簡稱 REITs)是一種以發(fā)行收益憑證的方式匯集特定多數(shù)投資
4、者的資金,通過發(fā)行股票(基金單位),集合公眾投資者資金,由專門機構(gòu)經(jīng)營管理,通過多元化的投資,選擇不同地區(qū)、不同類型的房地產(chǎn)項目進(jìn)行投資組合的金融信托產(chǎn)品。與傳統(tǒng)金融產(chǎn)品相比,房地產(chǎn)投資信托基金最大的特點是可以積聚眾多中小投資者的資金,利用專業(yè)的管理團(tuán)隊的管理水平和經(jīng)驗,依靠信用評級機構(gòu)、律師、會計師事務(wù)所和證券委員會的監(jiān)管,進(jìn)行多元化的投資組合,享受稅收上的優(yōu)惠,實現(xiàn)投資效益。REITS自20 世紀(jì) 60 年代在美國面世以來,不但在本
5、國得到廣泛發(fā)展,而且迅速被日本、新加坡、韓國、香港等國家和地區(qū)引人和采用。</p><p> REITs從本質(zhì)上來講是一種信托投資基金,滿足信托設(shè)立依據(jù)、信托目的、信托當(dāng)事人信托的法定構(gòu)成要素,具有信托財產(chǎn)獨立性的特點,受《信托法》及其他相關(guān)法律的保護(hù)。與此同時,房地產(chǎn)投資信托由于其自身獨特的特點,對受托人的資格、義務(wù),稅收的稅率及優(yōu)惠等作了明確的規(guī)定和限制,因此房地產(chǎn)投資信托具有強行法的性質(zhì)。</p&g
6、t;<p> ?。ǘ┓康禺a(chǎn)投資信托基金的現(xiàn)狀</p><p> 房地產(chǎn)調(diào)控以來,房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)融資渠道出現(xiàn)了比較大的變化。在銀行貸款收緊,企業(yè)債、證券市場再融資大門緊閉的狀況下,開發(fā)企業(yè)不得不另辟蹊徑,于是信托融資得到了較快發(fā)展。相關(guān)研究報告顯示:2010年 1- 8 月,房地產(chǎn)信托產(chǎn)品發(fā)行規(guī)模已超過1047 億元,和 2009 年房地產(chǎn)信托全年發(fā)行規(guī)模 449億元相比,翻了一倍多。其中 8 月發(fā)行
7、規(guī)模為 221 億元,發(fā)行數(shù)量為 50 個。據(jù) Wind 資訊統(tǒng)計,2010 年,國內(nèi) 15 家上市房地產(chǎn)公司通過信托融資渠道,共獲得資金合計 114.5 億元,平均每家地產(chǎn)公司融資 7.63 億元。其中,融資額超過 10 億元的地產(chǎn)公司有 5 家,融資額在 5 億元至 10 億元之間的地產(chǎn)公司則有 3 家,而融資額小于 5 億元的上市公司則有 7 家。部分房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)信托融資情況數(shù)據(jù)來源:根據(jù)各上市公司公告整理在央行收緊銀行信貸后,房地
8、產(chǎn)信托異軍突起,有力支撐了房地產(chǎn)商的開發(fā)投資經(jīng)營活動。相對銀行貸款而言,房地產(chǎn)信托計劃的融資方式可以降低地產(chǎn)公司整體融資成本,節(jié)約財務(wù)費用,而且期限彈性較大,有利于地產(chǎn)公司持續(xù)發(fā)展。但從引入房地產(chǎn)投資信托基金的探索性實踐看,盡</p><p> (三)大力發(fā)展房地產(chǎn)投資信托基金的可行性分析</p><p> 首先,政策支持。2008 年 12 月 21 日,中國國務(wù)院辦公廳發(fā)布了《關(guān)于
9、促進(jìn)房地產(chǎn)市場健康發(fā)展的若干意見》(國辦發(fā)〔2008〕131 號),其中重點提到,“支持房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)企業(yè)合理的融資需求”。在具體措施方面,明確表示“開展房地產(chǎn)投資信托基金試點,拓寬直接融資渠道”。目前,國務(wù)院已批準(zhǔn)北京、上海、天津三城市為房地產(chǎn)信托投資基金試點城市。</p><p> 其次,法律逐漸完善。從 2005 年起,銀監(jiān)會陸續(xù)發(fā)布了多個關(guān)于房地產(chǎn)信托業(yè)務(wù)的監(jiān)管文件。迄今為止,銀監(jiān)會對房地產(chǎn)信托業(yè)務(wù)的監(jiān)管政
10、策和要求除最低資本金、二級資質(zhì)、“四證齊全”外,還包括禁止向開發(fā)商發(fā)放流動資金貸款、禁止進(jìn)行商品房預(yù)售回購、禁止信托公司以信托資金發(fā)放土地儲備貸款,以及將投資附回購形式的變相融資行為視同貸款管理等一系列監(jiān)管政策,初步形成了房地產(chǎn)信托業(yè)務(wù)監(jiān)管的政策體系。</p><p> 最后,信托融資的投資主體已初步形成,具體表現(xiàn)在以下兩個方面:首先,個人金融資產(chǎn)迅速增長。經(jīng)濟體制改革后釋放出來的經(jīng)濟高速增長,帶來了個人收入的
11、迅速增長,個人的投資需求也大大增加;其次,機構(gòu)投資者隊伍正在壯大。隨著社會保障制度和社會福利制度的改革,已經(jīng)建立規(guī)模巨大的各種社會公益事業(yè)基金,這些社會公益基金將成為機構(gòu)投資者。</p><p> 二、美國的 REITs 發(fā)展對的啟示</p><p> 目前,西方發(fā)達(dá)國家已經(jīng)形成了以 REITs 為核心、以傳統(tǒng)融資渠道為基礎(chǔ)的多元化房地產(chǎn)融資模式??偨Y(jié)美國 REITs 的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r及特點
12、,美國的REITs發(fā)展對的啟示主要表現(xiàn)在以下三個方面。</p><p> ?。ㄒ唬┩晟频姆珊投愂罩贫仁?REITs 發(fā)展的基石</p><p> 美國的經(jīng)驗表明,REITs 的發(fā)展需要完善的法律法規(guī)和稅收制度,以提供良好的外部環(huán)境。美國在1960年通過的《房地產(chǎn)投資信托法案》明確了 REITs的基本制度框架,同年國會也通過了議案,修訂《國內(nèi)稅收法典》,使 REITs 享有與共同基金同樣
13、的特殊稅收優(yōu)惠待遇。根據(jù)美國稅法規(guī)定,只要投資信托公司的收入分配給受益人,投資信托公司就無需交稅。股東要按收到的股息和資本收益付稅。美國大多數(shù)的州都遵從這項聯(lián)邦條約,也不要求 REITs 繳納州所得稅。同時,1960 年的美國稅法修正案,在給予 REITs稅收優(yōu)惠待遇的同時,還對其組織結(jié)構(gòu)、股東構(gòu)成、資產(chǎn)構(gòu)成、收入來源和分配比例等方面也做出了明確的規(guī)定。此外,公開上市的 REITs 還必須按照《證券法》的規(guī)定完成注冊程序后才能上市交易,
14、按照《證券交易法》的要求提交公開報告和進(jìn)行信息披露,并遵守SEC制定的上市規(guī)定、準(zhǔn)則和要求。所有這些法規(guī)和制度,能夠在最大程度上保護(hù) REITs 投資者的利益,從而保證了 REITs 的健康發(fā)展。</p><p> ?。ǘ┦袌鲂枨笫?REITs 發(fā)展的根本動力</p><p> 國際經(jīng)驗表明,兩方面的需求是推動 REITs 產(chǎn)生和發(fā)展的重要力量。一是來自于房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)的融資需求,二是來自
15、于投資者的需求,主要是機構(gòu)投資者的作用。二戰(zhàn)后美國城市化進(jìn)程的加快帶來了房地產(chǎn)行業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,然而傳統(tǒng)的房地產(chǎn)金融方式并不能滿足對融資的巨大需求,客觀上要求有新的金融服務(wù)方式,而REITs 正是適應(yīng)這一需求而產(chǎn)生的。另一方面,REITs 的發(fā)展需要機構(gòu)投資者的廣泛參與。目前美國REITs 中 50%以上為機構(gòu)投資者持有,研究表明機構(gòu)投資者的引入大大提升了 REITs 公司管理決策的質(zhì)量、提高了 REITs 的績效和市場透明度,減少了反常
16、的投資波動、促進(jìn)了 REITs 行業(yè)的健康發(fā)展。</p><p> (三)REITs 自身的不斷變革和創(chuàng)新是其發(fā)展的保證</p><p> REITs 源于美國,迄今已有近 50 年的歷史。20 世紀(jì) 90 年代以來,REITs 在美國迅猛發(fā)展,逐步成為商業(yè)地產(chǎn)投資的主流。而這其中一條重要的經(jīng)驗就是自身始終堅持不斷變革和創(chuàng)新,具體而言主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面:一是所有權(quán)形式的多樣化。從最
17、初成立時唯一的權(quán)益型,到抵押型和混合型,之后又陸續(xù)推出了參與抵押型 REITs 等多種形式,以適應(yīng)市場的不同需求;二是結(jié)構(gòu)形式的創(chuàng)新。為了給私人房地產(chǎn)投資的證券化開辟道路,創(chuàng)立了與房地產(chǎn)經(jīng)營合伙公司合作的UPREITs結(jié)構(gòu)和 DOWNREITs 結(jié)構(gòu)。這兩種結(jié)構(gòu)的出現(xiàn)為 REITs 發(fā)展提供了長期的成長架構(gòu),進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)了 REITs 的快速發(fā)展;三是管理結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。隨著相關(guān)法律規(guī)定的調(diào)整,大部分 REITs 由以往所必須采用的外部管理,
18、轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閮?nèi)部管理,避免了外部管理中所存在的各種利益沖突,提高了公司的整體經(jīng)營業(yè)績;四是規(guī)模經(jīng)營的趨勢。由于規(guī)模經(jīng)營的優(yōu)勢,在 20 世紀(jì) 90 年代中期,REITs 市場上發(fā)生了一系列重大的規(guī)模擴張活動。規(guī)模擴張的形式,既有購買單一資產(chǎn)和資產(chǎn)組合的形式,也有不同 REITs 合并的形式;五是經(jīng)營策略的轉(zhuǎn)變,主要體</p><p> 三、完善房地產(chǎn)投資信托的對策分析</p><p> (一
19、)健全 REITs 發(fā)展的政策環(huán)境</p><p> 房地產(chǎn)投資信托基金應(yīng)該是未來房地產(chǎn)企業(yè)股權(quán)融資的一個主要途徑,但在目前 REITs 法律體系還有諸多不完善的地方,如沒有專門的《產(chǎn)業(yè)投資基金法》,而現(xiàn)行的法律規(guī)定投資基金只能投資于“上市公司流通股、國債和現(xiàn)金等高流動性資產(chǎn)”上。此外專項法的缺失、相關(guān)配套法律的缺失等也是影響 REITs 發(fā)展的重要因素。因此,一方面,應(yīng)該加快與REITs 相關(guān)的立法建設(shè),只有
20、在完善法律的基礎(chǔ)上,房地產(chǎn)信托才能更加健康、快速地發(fā)展。另一方面,盡快制定房地產(chǎn)信托業(yè)務(wù)指引,實現(xiàn)統(tǒng)一規(guī)范監(jiān)管。信托作為一種直接融資工具,運作方式包括貸款、股權(quán)投資、夾層融資等多種類型,在房地產(chǎn)項目的選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等方面也有必要與銀行信貸有所差別,才能體現(xiàn)信托的靈活性和獨特性。目前房地產(chǎn)信托已經(jīng)發(fā)展成為多家信托公司的最主要信托業(yè)務(wù)之一,業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)模和產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新層出不窮,但一直缺乏統(tǒng)一的業(yè)務(wù)規(guī)范,監(jiān)管政策散見于多個文件當(dāng)中,因此,建議監(jiān)管部門制定出臺
21、統(tǒng)一的房地產(chǎn)信托業(yè)務(wù)指引,以促進(jìn)市場規(guī)范發(fā)展和風(fēng)險防范。</p><p> (二)大力推行房地產(chǎn)信托產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新</p><p> 首先,改善信托產(chǎn)品的期限結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計。在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計中引入彈性期限結(jié)構(gòu),即信托公司可根據(jù)項目進(jìn)度提前或延遲結(jié)束信托計劃。這種延遲期,也可以看作是一種風(fēng)險緩沖的安排,可為企業(yè)多方籌集資金或者信托公司處理變現(xiàn)抵押物提供時間。其次,增強信托產(chǎn)品的安全性。在風(fēng)險控制過程中,可
22、引入相關(guān)專業(yè)化的中介機構(gòu),介入整個信托計劃的風(fēng)險控制過程,對信托計劃進(jìn)行信用增強。同時,可引進(jìn)信譽好有影響力的信用評級機構(gòu)對信托產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行信用評級。由信用評級機構(gòu)在獨立、客觀、公正的原則下,通過標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的風(fēng)險評級流程和風(fēng)險指標(biāo)體系,對信托產(chǎn)品的信用狀況做出準(zhǔn)確的評估,最大限度的提示出風(fēng)險所在,保護(hù)投資者利益。最后,改變信托產(chǎn)品收益支付方式。為滿足投資者的不同偏好,信托投資公司可以增加收益支付方式,如對不同的計劃采取不同的收益支付方區(qū)域經(jīng)濟縱
23、橫式或是通過對同一計劃收益的劃分,采用相應(yīng)的收益支付方式。</p><p> ?。ㄈ┌l(fā)展和完善信托產(chǎn)品的二級交易市場</p><p> 首先,構(gòu)建信托交易流通平臺,可考慮成立信托信息交易中心,構(gòu)建信托合同轉(zhuǎn)讓信息的集中平臺,負(fù)責(zé)接納各個公司開發(fā)的信托計劃,搜集潛在交易顧客的意愿信息,披露的轉(zhuǎn)讓信息,各個信托計劃的客戶可以共享交易信息,通過這種方式有效降低信托合同轉(zhuǎn)讓過程中的交易成本。其
24、次,推行信托產(chǎn)品在整個行業(yè)內(nèi)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。由于現(xiàn)有房地產(chǎn)信托產(chǎn)品基本是以特定項目為核心進(jìn)行的設(shè)計安排,產(chǎn)品缺乏標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,不具有可復(fù)制性,導(dǎo)致投資者難以進(jìn)行選擇判斷,也不利于信托產(chǎn)品流通。未來應(yīng)盡可能制定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的信托合同、信托計劃、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的權(quán)益證書以方便流通。</p><p> (四)制定優(yōu)惠的房地產(chǎn)信托稅收制度</p><p> 在國外,80%的房地產(chǎn)投資靠稅務(wù)驅(qū)動,20%靠投資理念驅(qū)動,
25、稅務(wù)驅(qū)動是值得提倡的。房地產(chǎn)信托業(yè)務(wù)中涉及的財產(chǎn)不僅包括資金,還包括土地、房產(chǎn)等類型,這類財產(chǎn)過戶、流轉(zhuǎn)、價值增值導(dǎo)致的稅收問題更為突出,稅收負(fù)擔(dān)過重直接抑制了業(yè)務(wù)的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展空間。由于房地產(chǎn)信托對于房地產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展,甚至對整個國民經(jīng)濟的運行都起著積極的推動作用,因此,我們有必要出臺相關(guān)法律法規(guī)、條例對房地產(chǎn)信托實行稅收優(yōu)惠,以鼓勵其發(fā)展。具體而言,就是借鑒國際經(jīng)驗,遵循稅負(fù)公平、避免重復(fù)納稅、便于征管等原則,在財產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移時暫緩征稅,對于信托
26、期滿相關(guān)房產(chǎn)等產(chǎn)權(quán)真實轉(zhuǎn)移的,按照國家現(xiàn)行規(guī)定由財產(chǎn)原產(chǎn)權(quán)方和新產(chǎn)權(quán)方交納相關(guān)稅收,如果沒有發(fā)生實質(zhì)的財產(chǎn)轉(zhuǎn)移,財產(chǎn)交回給委托人,則應(yīng)免于征稅。</p><p> ?。ㄎ澹┡嘤细竦臋C構(gòu)投資者隊伍</p><p> 目前,保險公司、社?;稹⑵髽I(yè)年金基金、投資基金、銀行理財產(chǎn)品已經(jīng)具有一定規(guī)模并表現(xiàn)出了強大生命力。REITs 風(fēng)險較低、收益穩(wěn)定的特點能夠滿足此類機構(gòu)投資者的要求。同時實證
27、分析表明,在投資組合中加入 REITs 能夠降低投資風(fēng)險、提高收益率。因此政府相關(guān)部門應(yīng)鼓勵企業(yè)年金基金、投資基金、銀行理財產(chǎn)品積極配置 REITs 產(chǎn)品。</p><p><b> 原文:</b></p><p> Financing of China's real estate development enterprises trust</p&g
28、t;<p> 1、Connotation of real estate investment trusts </p><p> 1.1 Define Real estate investment trusts </p><p> Real Estate Investment Trusts (referred REITs) is a way of issuing vouc
29、hers pooled income funds qualified majority of investors, through the issuance of equity (fund units), a collection of public investors funds management by specialized agencies, through diversified investment Select diff
30、erent regions, different types of real estate projects portfolio of financial trust products. Compared with traditional financial products, the biggest feature of REITs is the accumulation of many small invest</p>
31、<p> REITs In essence a trust fund to meet the trust established in accordance with the statutory purpose of the constituent elements of trust, trust party of trust, the trust property has the characteristics of i
32、ndependence, by the "Trust Law" and other relevant laws. At the same time, the real estate investment trust because of its unique characteristics, the trustee qualifications, duties, tax rates and other benefit
33、s were clearly defined and limited, and therefore the nature of real estate invest</p><p> 1.2 Situation of real estate investment trusts </p><p> Since the regulation of real estate, real est
34、ate financing channels for enterprises there has been a big change. Under the tightening of bank loans, corporate bonds, the stock market closed the door refinancing situation, the development of enterprises have another
35、 way, so trust financing has been rapid development. Related research report: January to August 2010, the real estate trust products issue size has more than 104.7 billion yuan, and 2009 full-year real estate trust issue
36、 size of 44.9 b</p><p> 1.3 Feasibility Analysis China to develop real estate investment trusts </p><p> First, policy support. December 21, 2008, the State Council issued the "Opinions o
37、n Promoting the healthy development of the real estate market" (Guo Ban Fa [2008] No. 131), which highlighted "reasonably support the financing needs of the real estate development business." In a specific
38、 aspect of measures made ??it clear that "the pilot in real estate investment trusts, expand direct financing channels." Currently, the State Council has approved the Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin city for real es
39、tat</p><p> Secondly, the law gradually improved. From 2005 onwards, China Banking Regulatory Commission have released a number of regulatory documents on real estate trust business. So far, the CBRC regula
40、tory policies on the real estate trust business and in addition to the minimum capital requirements, secondary qualifications, "four cards are complete", but also include a ban on working capital loans granted
41、to developers, real estate sale is prohibited repurchase prohibit Trust company to grant land re</p><p> Finally, the financing of investment trust has taken shape, specifically in the following two aspects
42、: First, the rapid growth of personal financial assets. After the release of high-speed economic reform economic growth has brought rapid growth in personal income, personal investment demand also increased significantly
43、; secondly, our organization is growing ranks of investors. With the reform of the social security system and social welfare system, China has established a huge variety of social</p><p> 2、The US REITs Ins
44、piration to China </p><p> Currently, the Western developed countries have formed the core of REITs to traditional financing channels based diversified real estate financing mode. Summarizes the development
45、 of US REITs and characteristics of the development of US REITs inspiration to our country mainly in the following three aspects. </p><p> 2.1 Improve the legal and tax system is the cornerstone of the deve
46、lopment of REITs </p><p> US experience shows, REITs need to improve the development of laws, regulations and tax system to provide a good external environment. "Real Estate Investment Trust Act"
47、adopted by the United States in 1960 defined the basic institutional framework of REITs, the same year Congress also passed a bill to amend the "Internal Revenue Code" to make REITs enjoy the same special tax t
48、reatment and mutual funds. According to US tax law, as long as the investment trust's income distribution to beneficiari</p><p> 2.2 Market demand is the fundamental driving force for the development of
49、 REITs </p><p> International experience shows that demand for both is to promote the emergence and development of REITs important force. First, from the financing needs of the real estate industry, the sec
50、ond is the demand from investors, mainly the role of institutional investors. After World War II the United States to speed up the process of urbanization has brought rapid development of the real estate industry, but th
51、e traditional way of real estate finance and can not meet the huge demand for financing, c</p><p> 2.3 REITs own continuous change and innovation is to ensure that its development </p><p> REI
52、Ts from the United States, so far, nearly 50 years of history. Since the 1990s, REITs rapid development in the United States, and gradually become the mainstream of commercial real estate investments. And an important ex
53、perience which is itself always adhere to the constant change and innovation, specifically, mainly in the following aspects: First, the diversification of forms of ownership. From the initial establishment of the only eq
54、uity-type, the collateral type and mixed type, and later </p><p> 3、Improve China's real estate investment trusts Countermeasures </p><p> 3.1 A sound policy environment for the developmen
55、t of REITs </p><p> REITs should be the future of one of the main ways the real estate business equity financing, but the legal system in our country there are many REITs imperfections, such as our no speci
56、al "Industry Investment Fund Law", and that the existing legal provisions Investment Fund only invest in the "tradable shares of listed companies, bonds and cash, high liquid assets." Also missing, mi
57、ssing special laws related laws are also important factors affecting the development of REITs. Thus, on the one ha</p><p> 3.2 Vigorously pursue real estate investment trust product innovation </p>&
58、lt;p> First, the term structure designed to improve trust products. The introduction of the term structure of elasticity in product design, that trust can advance or delay the end of the trust scheme according to the
59、 project schedule. This delay period can also be seen as a risk buffer arrangement for enterprises raise funds or trust company handling cash collateral provided time. Second, enhance the security of trust products. Risk
60、 control process, can be introduced relevant specialized agencies, ris</p><p> 3.3 Develop and improve the secondary market trust products </p><p> First, build trust trading distribution plat
61、form, consider the establishment of a trust information exchange center, centralized platform to build trust contract the transfer of information, is responsible for the development of each company accepted the trust pla
62、ns to collect information on potential transactions wishes of customers, the transfer of information disclosure, the trust plans customers can share transaction information in this way reduces the trust transfer contract
63、 during transact</p><p> 3.4 Develop favorable REIT tax system </p><p> In other countries, 80% of real estate investments by tax-driven, 20 percent driven by investment philosophy, tax drive
64、is worth promoting. Property involved in real estate trust business includes not only funds, but also including land, property and other types, such property transfer, transfer, value added tax issues caused more promine
65、nt, the tax burden is too heavy to directly inhibit the innovation and development of space services. As the real estate trust for the development of China's re</p><p> 3.5 Foster qualified institutiona
66、l investors </p><p> At present, China's insurance companies, pension funds, corporate pension funds, investment funds, financial products have a certain size and exhibit a strong vitality. REITs lower
67、risk, income and stability characteristics of such institutions to meet the requirements of investors. Meanwhile Empirical analysis shows that adding REITs in the portfolio can reduce investment risk and improve profitab
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