[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]生育政策外文翻譯--區(qū)域人口生育政策的問(wèn)題與展望

1、2750 英文單詞， 英文單詞，1.6 萬(wàn)英文字符，中文 萬(wàn)英文字符，中文 4600 字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Shipunova O V . Problems and prospects of regional demographic fertility policy[J]. Regional Research of Russia, 2013, 3(1):71-74.Problems and Prospects of Regional

2、Demographic Fertility PolicyO. V. ShipunovaAbstractThe necessity to reasonably combine federal and regional measures of fertility policy is substantiated. The aspects, objectives, and tasks of regional fertility policy a

3、re distinguished. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the experience of Russia’s regions in forming the organizational, legal, and financial bases of demographic fertility policy. Among the essential problems of

4、 statutory and regulatory support of regional fertility policy, the absence of a uniform system of legal acts governing demographic development is distinguished. The factors classified by the author as decreasing the qua

5、lity of organizational support of regional demographic fertility policy in Russia are disassociation and inconsistency in the actions of authorities aimed at improving birth rates and the absence of a due regional and mu

6、nicipal scientific and HR potential. It is proved herein that the inconsistency of spending powers with income sources for regional fertility policy and the replacement of basic means of ensuring proper budget income wit

7、h target financing makes authorities develop their demographic measures not according to the reasonability of expenses necessary to achieve defined objectives but proceeding from the remaining opportunities; as a result,

8、 regional fertility policy is often declarative.Keywords: territorial birth rate differentiation, regional authorities, regionalization, budget provision, housing conditionsDepopulation in Russia is affected by two facto

9、rs: excessive death rates and low birth rates. If most families continue to give birth to only one or two children, natural depopulation will be inevitable no matter how low death rates are. In these conditions, the infl

10、uence of the society and public authorities on fertility, i.e., the most important determinant of the parameters of natural reproduction, appears to be extremely urgent.An increase in birth rates is a cross-cutting probl

11、em with a lot of aspects. To solve this problem, it is necessary to integrate and coordinate the activities of federal and regional authorities, local administration, public associations, and religious and charity organi

12、zations.It is impossible to distinguish unambiguously between federal and regional competences. There are three approaches to including this relation in regional demographic policy: (1) the demographic policy and, first

13、of all, means of its implementation, must be uniform for all regions; (2) the demographic policy must be regionalized; and (3) the demographic policy must be based on a reasonable combination of nationwide and regional a

14、ctivities.The clearest distinction between supporters of a uniform fertility policy and advocates of a regionalized one can proceed from the fact what particular researchers think about the potential regionalization of e

15、conomic measures of demographic policy and, specifically, the system of monetary benefits.Looking back through history, we can see that in the 1960s an emphasis was put on a nationwide demographic policy, which was due t

16、o the dominance of centralist methods in theory and the practice of the government. Concurrently, the territorial differences, the ethnic specifics of demographic processes, the structure of the population, and the speci

17、fics of family relations were considered incompletely. Because of ideological aims to blur the border between a city and the birth rates is used due to the necessity to coordinate the actions of all authorities, aimed at

18、 improving the demographic standing, concentrate funds from various sources to realize the priority trends, and ensure a timely response to the current demographic trends. The advantage of regional concepts (plans, progr

19、ams) of demographic policy that stipulate influence on birth rates is in particular the fact that they complement the nationwide demographic policy by considering the specifics of the demographic standing of the country’

20、s different territories. Thus, regional demographic programs (plans) must meet the following criteria: (1) stipulate regional differentiation in measures of public demographic policy with due attention to the specifics o

21、f each region; (2) ensure the development and realization of additional measures to expand support to families and improve their social security; (3) coordinate as much as possible the realization of demographic programs

22、 with environmental, employment, and other related policies.Analyzing the federal and regional regulatory framework that governs or has a direct influence on demographic development allows us to conclude that there is no

23、 uniform system of statutory and regulatory acts in this field. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish the competences and responsibilities of different authorities involved in demographic policy, and there is no clear

24、 system of cooperation regarding the objectives and measures of the policy [7]. The practical experience of different federal subjects shows that not only almost each of them has its own regulatory demographic framework

25、but also institutions responsible for interdepartmental cooperation and coordination of efforts by all parties involved in implementing fertility policy.The structure of the subfederal demographic policy is represented b

26、y institutions responsible for resolving demographic issues but without any independent status within the framework of specialized agencies and ministries. For instance, these institutions include the Department for Soci

27、al Security of Childhood and Maternity and Matrimonial Policy under the Committee for Social Policy of St. Petersburg, the Section of the Demographic Policy and Human Resources under the Department for Labor and Social D

28、evelopment of Voronezh Oblast; the Board for Demographic and Matrimonial Policy under the Ministry of Social Development of Novosibirsk Oblast; the Department for Matrimonial and Youth Policy of the government of Moscow;

29、 the Board for Social Assistance and Matrimonial, Maternity, and Childhood Issues under the administration of Izhevsk, etc. The activities of different administrative institutions are very often dissociated and contradic

30、t each other, which makes it considerably more difficult to develop efficient guidelines and decisions and does not allow one to determine the efficacy of particular public institutions involved in demographic policy.The

31、 public regulation of regional demographic processes may be improved by establishing a uniform organizational and economic body—the Council for the Realization of Demographic Policy. In some regions, namely, Chelyabins

32、k, Kirov, and Lipetsk oblasts and the Republic of Mordovia, such bodies have already been established.Very often regional measures of demographic policy, being complementary to the national policy, do not have scienti

33、fic support. In addition, there is no practical procedure for assessing the efficacy of the current demographic policy. Usually, subfederal and municipal establishments do not have due scientific and human resource poten

34、tial necessary to implement demographic policy [8].Despite all the importance of the statutory, organizational, and human resource framework, a fertility policy without substantial economic expenditures will remain dec