[雙語(yǔ)翻譯]鄉(xiāng)村旅游外文翻譯--鄉(xiāng)村旅游中的社區(qū)參與一個(gè)概念框架（英文）

1、 Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 144 ( 2014 ) 290 – 295 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com1877-0428 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://

2、creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of 5AEC2014. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.298 ScienceDirect5th Asia Euro Conference 2014 Community participation

3、 in rural tourism: Towards a conceptual framework Sudesh Prabhakarana, Vikneswaran Naira,*, Sridar Ramachandranb,c a,bSchool of Hospitality, Tourism and Culinary Arts, Taylor’s University, No.1, Jalan Taylor’s, 47500 Su

4、bang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia bFaculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia cInstitute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Product, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, M

5、alaysia Abstract This study presents a discussion of the community participation construct, within a rural tourism perspective. The study also reviews the methodological characteristics of community participation’s theo

6、ry and measurement and its association to rural tourism environment. The extant literature is revisited to establish taxonomy of the methodological procedures for measuring community participation from the context of

7、rural tourism. Hence, proposing a comprehensive conceptual framework featuring its multifaceted, intertwined and progressive nature for community participation in a rural tourism environment. © 2014 The Authors.

8、 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of Asia Euro Conference 2014. Keywords: Community Participation; Rural Tourism; Conceptual Framework 1. Introduction

9、 Studies conducted by scholars have explained that many rural communities have diversified their local economy to tourism to improve their livelihood (Briedenhann Mair, 2006). In developing or launching a tourism indu

10、stry, communities rummage to change themselves from an economy of product manufacturing to a site of services (Gill, 1997). Tourism has the prospective to mark a positive economic influence, yet the achievement of this

11、 industry is not a given and the results are not constantly optimistic. Tourism can be manipulative and in cultural terms, socially, and environmentally detrimental and can be unsuccessful to deliver an anticipated econ

12、omic lift (Sharpley, 2002). * Corresponding author. Tel.: +6-035-629-5509; fax: +6-035-629-5522. E-mail address: vicky.nair@taylors.edu.my © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND

13、license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of 5AEC2014.292 Sudesh Prabhakaran et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 144 (

14、 2014 ) 290 – 295 participation in planning and decision making is a human right since the processes and decision are made based on public interest. Timothy and Tosun (2003) in their study added that the participatio

15、n in the decision making process means that residents have the opportunities to voice their hopes, desires and fears for the development and contribute to planning process form their own experiences. 3. Conceptual Fram

16、ework of Community Participation Table 1. Literature on areas of community participation Topic covered Authors Tourism 1,4,12,21,23,25,26,27 Environment 2,3,7,10,12,13,16, 21,25.26 Policy and governance 6,9,13,17,23

17、, 24, 27, 31 Attitudes 1,2,3,5,7,11,15,17,19,22,23,25,27,30,31 Empowerment and Power 1,7,8.10,12,15,17,19,22,28,31 Stakeholders 1,2,3,5,6,8,11,15,18,21,22,23,27,28,29,30 Society involvement level 1,2,6,7,9,11,12,14,1

18、5,17,19,21,27,29,30,31 1. Agrawal and Gibson (1999); 2. Banyan (2002); 3. Brooke and Barbara (2004 ;) 4. Halimi and Ingle (2005); 5. UNDP. (2006); 6. Craig (2007); 7. Adamson and Bromiley (2008); 8. Banks and Orton (20

19、05); 9. Barnes, Newman and Sullivan, (2007); 10. Gilchrist (2004); 11. Williams (2005); 12. Andharia, J. (2002); 13. Pardasani (2005); 14. Bayley (1991); 15. Alpertand Dunham, (1989); 16. Cordner (1998); 17. Marzuki (

20、2009); 18. Briffett, Obbard and Mackee (2004); 19. Campbell and Marshall (2000); 20. Dalton (2005); 21. McGlashan and Williams (2003); 22. Rowe and Frewer (2000); 23. Choi and Sirakaya (2006).; 24. Tribe (2004); 25. Ho

21、man (2005); 26. Gary. and Litz(2005);27. OECD (1995); 28. Argyriades, (2010); 29. Blume, Ford, Baldwin and Huang (2010); 30. Brown and McCracken (2009) 31. Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency (2007); Community p

22、articipation in the tourism sector has been growing rapidly. Agrawal and Gibson (1999); in their findings state that there is close relationship between tourism and environment. The study also has shown that the signi

23、ficance of conservational planning for tourism which is becoming gradually accepted around the world. Throughout recent years, substantial knowledge has been attained about environmental implication of tourism and anal

24、yzing the consequences of various mistakes made in developing tourism (Andharia, J., 2002) (Halimi and Ingle, 2005) (Mathieson and Wall, 1982). McGlashan and Williams (2003) has further suggested that community partici

25、pation in tourism is a process to involve and empower the associated stakeholders the privileges in making decision that affects their lives (Homan ,2005)( Gary and Litz , 2005); (OECD ,1995). In terms of environment th

26、e degradation of the physical environment, this condition impacts the natural environment aesthetically and health wise (Brooke and Barbara 2004).) the impact of not properly planning the rural tourism development and

27、the loss of sustainability causes the local community in terms of economic value and environmental value of the site (Adamson and Bromiley, 2008) (McGlashan and Williams, 2003) (Gilchrist, 2004); The continuous occurre

28、nce of unplanned rural tourism activities may be psychologically disheartening to a user and the local community and clearly stands in way of tourism development. Numerous models have categorised the effect of tourism

29、development on local communities (Williams, 2005) Campbell and Marshall, 2000). The relational interactions between the locals and the visitors whether actual or unreal develops a matter of dispute in the minds of the

30、local community (Campbell and Marshall, 2000) (Rowe and Frewer, 2000). Gap between the access to tourism returns alters the power relations (Brown and McCracken, 2009) . Those who have a invested in the tourism industr

31、y will be more constructive to tourism however those who are not able to gain from the industry will be more likely to be negative the industry. Locals are enthusiastic to take hold of the economic prospects that are ob

32、tainable through tourism (Craig, 2007). The periodic environment of tourism fluctuates based on the cycle of leisure and work. Since numerous communities require to make most of their yearly earnings in a few months du

33、ring the peak season they have little time to follow traditional holiday events thus reducing the time of festivities (Campbell and Marshall, 2000) (Bayley,1991). Consequently the populations of communities are precipi

34、tate in many occasions to become accustomed to tourism (Blume, Ford, Baldwin and Huang, 2010). The participation of the local community is not as good as the persuaded participation in decision making method matched t