鄉(xiāng)村旅游外文翻譯兩篇

1、<p>　　畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）外文翻譯</p><p>　　學(xué) 院：旅游與城市管理學(xué)院</p><p>　　專 業(yè)：資源環(huán)境與城鄉(xiāng)規(guī)劃管理</p><p>　　二○一二 年 六 月</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯之一</b></p><p>　　Factors for s

2、uccess in rural tourism tourism development</p><p>　　作者： Suzanne Wilson, Daniel R.Fesenmaier, Julie Fesenmaier and John C,Van Es</p><p><b>　　國籍：US</b></p><p>　　出處：Journ

3、al of Travel Research</p><p><b>　　原文正文：</b></p><p>　　Since the 1970s,economic restructuring and farm crisis have reduced rural communities' economic development options, making o

4、lder development strategies less viable and forcing many to look for nontraditional ways to sustain themselves. One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entr

5、epreneurship rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities because of tourism's ability to bring in dolla</p><p>　　Since the 1970s, economic restructurin

6、g and the farm crisis have severely reduced rural communities’economic opportunities.Economic restructuring has caused a loss of rural manufacturing plants and many jobs. The 1980s farm crisis in the Midwest also led to

7、a decline in the numbers of farmers and restructured farm ownership, forcing some farm families to augment their incomes with off-farm jobs, to depart farming, or to declare bankruptcy. The farm crisis and the loss of ma

8、nufacturing jobs had s</p><p>　　These changes limited rural communities’ economic development options, making older development strategies such as manufacturing less viable and forcing many to look for nontr

9、aditional ways to sustain themselves . One of the most popular nontraditional rural development strategies has been tourism and its associated entrepreneurship opportunities (Edgell and Harbaugh 1993; Luloff et al. 1994)

10、. Rural areas have a special appeal to tourists because of the mystique associated with rural areas and t</p><p>　　Tourism development involves(1) attractions: the natural and manmade features both within an

11、d adjacent to a community; (2) promotion: the marketing of a community and its tourism attractions to potential tourists;(3) tourism infrastructure: access facilities (roads, airports, trains, and buses),water and power

12、services, parking, signs, and recreation facilities; (4) services: lodging, restaurants, and the various retail businesses needed to take care of tourists’ needs; (5) hospitality: how tour</p><p>　　鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展成功因

13、素</p><p>　　作者：蘇珊娜威爾遜，丹尼爾·朱莉和約翰</p><p><b>　　國籍：美國</b></p><p>　　出處：SAGE 出版社</p><p><b>　　中文譯文：</b></p><p>　　20世紀(jì)70年代以來，經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的改革和農(nóng)業(yè)

14、危機(jī)使得農(nóng)村社區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的選擇減少，同時促使老年人發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略可行性降低，迫使人們?nèi)ふ曳莻鹘y(tǒng)的方式來維持生計。鄉(xiāng)村旅游及其相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展策略因其為社會帶來的資金收入、增加就業(yè)機(jī)會及支持零售增長的功能而成為時下最流行的非傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展策略之一。本研究的目的是確定和審查這些因素，幫助農(nóng)村社區(qū)成功走上發(fā)展旅游業(yè)的創(chuàng)業(yè)道路。幾個重點(diǎn)群體在伊利諾斯六個農(nóng)村社區(qū)與當(dāng)?shù)厣倘撕皖I(lǐng)導(dǎo)人進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)。結(jié)果清楚地表明重要的社區(qū)不是直接就是間接地參與到了鄉(xiāng)村旅游的開發(fā)

15、中。</p><p>　　20世紀(jì)70年代以來，經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的改革和農(nóng)業(yè)危機(jī)的發(fā)生已嚴(yán)重阻礙了農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整導(dǎo)致了鄉(xiāng)村農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)力和就業(yè)崗位的減少。20世紀(jì)80年代在中西部發(fā)生的農(nóng)業(yè)危機(jī)也導(dǎo)致了農(nóng)民和重組制農(nóng)場的減少，迫使一些農(nóng)戶為增加收入而參與非農(nóng)工作，或離開農(nóng)場，或宣布破產(chǎn)。農(nóng)場的危機(jī)和制造工作的丟失對農(nóng)村社區(qū)產(chǎn)生了重大的影響。隨著農(nóng)村失業(yè)率高于城市水平，實(shí)際的收入增長停滯在農(nóng)村地區(qū)（希爾和瑞德19

16、92）。許多商店和農(nóng)業(yè)從農(nóng)村小城鎮(zhèn)消失，毫不奇怪，1992年伊利諾斯州的調(diào)查表明，39%的農(nóng)村居民認(rèn)為他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)前景將惡化（沃爾澤1993）。</p><p>　　這些變化限制了農(nóng)村社區(qū)的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展方案，使舊式的發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略例如制造業(yè)的可行性降低，并迫使許多人尋找非傳統(tǒng)的方式來維持生活。其中最流行的非傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)村發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略當(dāng)屬旅游及其相關(guān)的創(chuàng)業(yè)機(jī)會（艾基爾和哈博1993；魯洛夫等人。1994）。農(nóng)村地區(qū)因其神秘獨(dú)特的文化，

17、歷史，民族和地理特征而對游客產(chǎn)生了特殊的吸引力，（艾基爾和哈博1993）。鄉(xiāng)村旅游比起其他的農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略例如制造業(yè)相對來說開發(fā)成本較低且建立較容易。鄉(xiāng)村旅游的發(fā)展可以帶動制造等的發(fā)展。鄉(xiāng)村旅游可以與其所在地的地方政府和小型企業(yè)共同發(fā)展，但它的發(fā)展并不一定依賴于外部企業(yè)或公司。雖然旅游在某些中心地區(qū)的發(fā)展需要較大的成本投入或者涉及大公司和連鎖企業(yè)，但是鄉(xiāng)村旅游卻可以在較少的信貸投資，人員培訓(xùn)和少量資本情況下得到發(fā)展。因此，鄉(xiāng)村旅游相比

18、較其他的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展策略可以在較少投入花費(fèi)情況下得以發(fā)展。此外，鄉(xiāng)村旅游不需要涉及依賴外部公司以及他們是否在同一區(qū)域的決定。鄉(xiāng)村旅游為一些因人口少而可能無法留在農(nóng)村社區(qū)的小公司提供了保障。旅游特別有助于兩種類型的小型企業(yè)，在農(nóng)村地區(qū)直接參與（例如，旅游景點(diǎn)和酒店、汽車旅館）和間接參與旅游的企業(yè)（例如，加油站和雜</p><p>　　旅游開發(fā)涉及（1）景點(diǎn)：社區(qū)內(nèi)自然和人為的功能分區(qū)；（2）推廣：一個社區(qū)和旅游景點(diǎn)的潛

19、在游客的營銷；（3） 旅游設(shè)施：設(shè)施（公路，機(jī)場，火車，公共汽車），水和電力服務(wù)，停車場，標(biāo)志，及娛樂設(shè)施；（4）服務(wù)：住宿，餐飲，和各種零售企業(yè)需要照顧的游客的需要；（5）餐飲：游客在旅游企業(yè)和旅游景點(diǎn)被社區(qū)居民和雇員如何對待（甘1988）。除上述列表外，還有旅游企業(yè)家促進(jìn)了旅游的開發(fā)。雖然上述成分和社區(qū)資產(chǎn)對于旅游開發(fā)是十分重要的，只有廣泛的參與和貢獻(xiàn)，鄉(xiāng)村旅游企業(yè)家確保廣泛的基礎(chǔ)，鄉(xiāng)村旅游才能成功的發(fā)展。研究文學(xué)出現(xiàn)了關(guān)于如何最好

20、地促進(jìn)旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展的研究。一個繪制大量的經(jīng)濟(jì)試圖的文獻(xiàn)，認(rèn)為對旅游業(yè)及其相關(guān)的創(chuàng)業(yè)機(jī)會最好的幫助是建立個人企業(yè)，讓他們在市場上競爭這一觀點(diǎn)，但是，一直精益求精，因?yàn)樗崖糜螛I(yè)及相關(guān)企業(yè)及其問題作為孤立的大社區(qū)；它不承認(rèn)相互依存，不同的部門和行動者共同參與旅游；（6）多數(shù)旅游小企業(yè)，特別是在農(nóng)村地區(qū)，沒有資源，實(shí)現(xiàn)自身或社會旅游產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)（甘1988；·1985；帕和bejou1995）。反對這一觀點(diǎn)的是社區(qū)旅游業(yè)發(fā)展的企業(yè)家（

21、莫非1985）。顧名思義，該方法認(rèn)為，旅游是</p><p><b>　　外文翻譯之二</b></p><p>　　Rural Tourism and Economic Development</p><p>　　作者： Martha Frederick </p><p&g

22、t;<b>　　國籍：U.S</b></p><p>　　出處：SAGE Publication </p><p>　　原文正文：Tourism is a popular economic development strategy. The author reviews three diverse books that study tourism from vario

23、us social science perspectives——economic, sociological, psychological, and anthropological. Ryan’s book is multidisciplinary in approach and covers all major topics of tourism; tourist experience; and marketing. Michal S

24、mith details the negative affects of tourism development in rural areas of the southeastern United States. Finally, Valene Smith’s book presents internatio</p><p>　　Tourism is an increasingly popular elixir

25、to economic rural and urban underdevelopment. Its current prominence in the array of local economic development strategies can be traced to several features of the tourism industry. Tourism jobs are mostly low-skill jobs

26、, which are a good fit with the job skills of many rural residents. Also, tourism has a potential for creating an export base that builds on favorable local advantages such as a pleasant climate or sites of historic or n

27、atural interest. M</p><p>　　The study of tourism, like much of the economic development literature, draws from a wide range of disciplines. The forte of economists is in addressing the affects of tourism on

28、the local economy; however, economists fail to describe who tourists are or why they travel. Anthropologists’ major contribution to defining and studying tourism is in examining the impacts of tourism on local culture. P

29、sychologists are more likely to dwell on the motives for tourism, but they ignore the impacts. Clearl</p><p>　　Benefits of tourism</p><p>　　Perhaps chief among the advantages of tourism is that

30、it is seen as obtainable, even for communities with minimal public resources. Most communities envision negligible public investments such as new roads, history markers, town cleanup, storefront rehabilitation, and marke

31、ting. The private sector is expected to provide hotels, motels, restaurants, entertainment, and other tourist accommodations.</p><p>　　Second, tourism is a relatively easy-to-understand concept for the lay p

32、ublic and can, therefore, generate local support. Community pride leads residents to conclude that their home town has something to offer tourists. Tourism builds on perceived and existing local advantages or amenities,

33、such as sites of historical interest, mountains and other places of natural beauty, pleasant climates, or clean air. Tourism development uses these resources, which are “free” in the sense that the tourism in</p>

34、<p>　　Third, decades of experience in smokestack chasing has been disappointing for many communities. The competition for manufacturing plants is intense and as long as manufacturing employment continues its downwa

35、rd trend, competition for the remaining plants will only increase. Also, tourism is perceived as a cleaner industry for the environment than is manufacturing.</p><p>　　Fourth, rural tourism havens tend to be

36、 growth. This decade became known as the population turnaround as it was the first time in the history of the United States the population of rural areas grew at faster rates than urban areas. In Behind the Glitter, Smit

37、h found that 65 of the 84 rural tourism counties in her study of the Southeast had population growth equal to or exceeding the national rate of growth in the 1970s.,these nonmetropolitan counties grew 37.9% and in the 1

38、980s, they grew at a </p><p>　　Fifth, tourism is a labor-intensive industry, creating large numbers of jobs that employ low-skill workers and youths, who may otherwise remain unemployed. The low-skilled natu

39、re of tourism jobs is ideal for economies with poorly educated or trained labor forces. These added jobs help cut welfare rolls and provide a source of tax revenue.</p><p>　　Finally, tourism development mean

40、s more income and profits for tourist-related businesses. Local income from tourist expenditures is mostly spent again in the local area, which leads to more local income, and perhaps, to more local jobs. Such indirect b

41、enefits of tourism are measured via regional economic impacts of tourism. Ryan’s book has a section that introduces techniques used to measure the economic impacts of tourism. Many other studies also focus on measuring e

42、conomic effects of tourism.</p><p>　　Aside from the fact that not all communities can be tourist havens, tourism development has its costs. It seems that every benefit of tourism development has a correspond

43、ing cost. </p><p><b>　　鄉(xiāng)村旅游和經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展</b></p><p><b>　　作者：弗雷德里克</b></p><p><b>　　國籍：美國</b></p><p>　　出處：SAGE 出版社</p><p><b&

44、gt;　　中文譯文：</b></p><p>　　旅游業(yè)是一種十分受歡迎的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。作者審查三本不同的書籍，研究了旅游業(yè)的各種社會科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)——經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會學(xué)，心理學(xué)，人類學(xué)。賴安的新書是綜合性的，涵蓋幾乎所有主要議題例如旅游；旅游體驗(yàn)；銷售。米哈烏詳細(xì)的描述了美國東南部的鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展所帶來的負(fù)面影響。最后，纈草烯的書介紹了因鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展導(dǎo)致鄉(xiāng)村文化發(fā)生改變的國際研究案例。盡管他們有不同的側(cè)重，但是三

45、本書全部都認(rèn)為，旅游開發(fā)具有的成本效益和改變目的地的環(huán)境是不可避免的，精心的策劃和營銷可以減輕旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展對鄉(xiāng)村造成的影響。</p><p>　　鄉(xiāng)村旅游作為經(jīng)濟(jì)農(nóng)村和城市發(fā)展的靈藥越來越受到人們的歡迎。目前較為突出的地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略中可以追溯到幾個工業(yè)旅游的特點(diǎn)。旅游相關(guān)工作大多是低技能的工作，這是一個適合許多農(nóng)村居民的較好的工作。此外，旅游業(yè)有潛力創(chuàng)造出一個具有有利條件的、氣候宜人的，擁有古跡使人產(chǎn)生興趣的出

46、口基地。更重要的是，旅游業(yè)策略與當(dāng)代政治哲學(xué)和減少政府預(yù)算參與投資有關(guān)。伴隨旅游產(chǎn)生的住宿，餐飲，娛樂活動，被認(rèn)為是必然由私營部門提供的。批評發(fā)展旅游業(yè)中工資低及沒錢途的工作及對當(dāng)?shù)刈匀画h(huán)境和腐敗的當(dāng)?shù)匚幕傲?xí)俗。此外，并不是每一個管轄地區(qū)或納稅區(qū)域都具有發(fā)展旅游的潛力。</p><p>　　旅游業(yè)的研究，正如經(jīng)濟(jì)方面的文獻(xiàn)研究，借鑒了一定范圍廣泛的學(xué)科。福特的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)課運(yùn)用在處理旅游業(yè)對當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)的影響；然而，經(jīng)濟(jì)

47、學(xué)家無法描述誰是游客或他們?yōu)槭裁绰眯小Ｈ祟悓W(xué)家的最大貢獻(xiàn)是確定和研究旅游發(fā)展開發(fā)對當(dāng)?shù)匚幕斐傻挠绊?。心理學(xué)家可能對于旅游動機(jī)更為關(guān)注，卻忽視了旅游發(fā)展的影響。顯然，完整的旅游業(yè)定義包括經(jīng)濟(jì)，社會，人類學(xué)，和心理的觀點(diǎn)。一個有力的休閑旅游：克里斯瑞安法是以社會科學(xué)的角度觀察并以多學(xué)科的方法來研究旅游。與此相反，在對世界各地的案例研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，主人與客人：纈草烯編輯的旅游人類學(xué)，旅游從歷史和人類學(xué)的角度，發(fā)現(xiàn)重點(diǎn)是旅游的影響文化和涵化過程。背

48、后亮點(diǎn)：米歇爾認(rèn)為鄉(xiāng)村旅游對東南亞當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)村婦女產(chǎn)生了影響，旅游業(yè)在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的影響側(cè)重于經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化影響。</p><p><b>　　旅游的好處：</b></p><p>　　也許是旅游的優(yōu)勢是它被視為即使是最小的社區(qū)公共資源。大多數(shù)社區(qū)考慮的就是較細(xì)微的公共投資等例如新的道路，歷史標(biāo)志，鎮(zhèn)清理，店面康復(fù)，銷售。人們期望私營部門能提供酒店，汽車旅館，餐飲，娛樂，和其他旅

49、游住宿。</p><p>　　其次，旅游對于公眾來說是一個比較容易理解的概念，需要獲得當(dāng)?shù)毓姷闹С?。社區(qū)居民對自身社區(qū)驕傲導(dǎo)致居民認(rèn)為他們的家鄉(xiāng)可以為旅游者提供他們所需要的。當(dāng)?shù)芈糜螛I(yè)建設(shè)具有較強(qiáng)的本地優(yōu)勢，如歷史古跡，山等地的自然美，氣候宜人，或清潔空氣。旅游開發(fā)利用的這些資源，意義上是“自由”的，旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)沒有為他們支付任何成本。在某些情況下，這些經(jīng)濟(jì)價值較小的旅游資源沒有被開發(fā)。Mieczkowske 引用

50、了阿爾卑斯山，“死亡”釣魚或英國城鎮(zhèn)新工廠和加拿大的沿海省份及加勒比群島等具有地方旅游經(jīng)濟(jì)價值的自然景觀。</p><p>　　第三，幾十年“煙囪追逐”的經(jīng)驗(yàn)一直令許多社區(qū)人們感到失望。競爭是激烈的，只要制造產(chǎn)生產(chǎn)就業(yè)繼續(xù)呈下降趨勢，其余生產(chǎn)競爭就會增加。此外，旅游業(yè)被視為一個比制造業(yè)清潔的環(huán)境。</p><p>　　第四，鄉(xiāng)村旅游發(fā)展一直保持增長的趨勢。這一年被稱為人口轉(zhuǎn)變，因?yàn)樗敲绹?/p>

51、在歷史上第一次農(nóng)村人口增長速度高于城市地區(qū)。在背后，斯密斯發(fā)現(xiàn)，在她對東南地區(qū)的84個鄉(xiāng)村研究中有65個旅游縣在70年代的人口增長等于或超過全國的增長速度。這些縣增長了37.9%，在80年代，他們的成長率保持在了一個仍然令人印象深刻的24.6%。</p><p>　　第五，旅游業(yè)是勞動密集型產(chǎn)業(yè)，創(chuàng)造了大量就業(yè)機(jī)會，雇傭那些可能仍面臨著失業(yè)的低技能工人和青年。旅游業(yè)的對技能要求較低的工作對于那些教育文化背景較低的

52、人來說是非常合適的。這些工作的增加幫助削減了福利并且提供一個收入來源。</p><p>　　最后，旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展帶來更多的收入和利潤以及與旅客有關(guān)的業(yè)務(wù)。在局部地區(qū)的地方旅游所得又用于旅游支出，從而導(dǎo)致更多的地方收入，甚至更多的地方工作機(jī)會。這種旅游的間接的好處是通過測量區(qū)域旅游業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響達(dá)到的。瑞安的書中有一部分介紹了用來衡量旅游業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響的技術(shù)。許多其他研究也側(cè)重于衡量旅游的經(jīng)濟(jì)影響。相比之下，其他來源的經(jīng)