280_issues進階優(yōu)化版

1、Issue1“Wecanusuallylearnmuchmefrompeoplewhoseviewswesharethanfrompeoplewhoseviewscontradictourowndisagreementcancausestressinhibitlearning.“Dowelearnmefrompeoplewhoseideasweshareincommonthanfromthosewhoseideascontradicto

2、ursThespeakerclaimssofthereasonthatdisagreementcancausestressinhibitlearning.Iconcedethatunduediscdcanimpedelearning.Otherwiseinmyviewwelearnfarmefromdiscoursedebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasarei

3、naccdwithourown.Admittedlyundersomecircumstancesdisagreementwithotherscanbecounterproductivetolearning.Fsupptingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanatelevisionset.Ontodaystypicaltelevisionradiotalkshowdisagreementusuallymani

4、festsitselfinmeaninglessrheticalboutsshoutingmatchesduringwhichopponentsvietohavetheirownmessageheardbuthavelittleinteresteitherinfindingcommongroundwithinacknowledgingthemeritsoftheopponentsviewpoint.Understablyneithert

5、hecombatantsntheviewerslearnanythingmeaningful.Infactthesebattlesonlyservetoreinfcethepredispositionsbiasesofallconcerned.Theendresultisthatlearningisimpeded.Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsdisagreeonfu

6、ndamentalassumptionsneededfmeaningfuldiscoursedebate.Fexampleastudentofpaleontologylearnslittleabouttheevolutionofananimalspeciesundercurrentstudybydebatingwithanindividualwhosereligiousbeliefsystemprecludesthepossibilit

7、yofevolutiontobeginwith.economicsfinancestudentslearnlittleaboutthedynamicsofalaissezfairesystembydebatingwithasocialistwhoseviewisthatacentralizedpowershouldcontrolalleconomicactivity.Asidefromthefegoingtwoprovisoshowev

8、erIfundamentallydisagreewiththespeakersclaim.Assumingcommongroundbetweentworationalreasonableopponentswillingtodebateonintellectualmeritsbothopponentssttogainmuchfromthatdebate.Indeeditisprimarilythroughsuchdebatethathum

9、anknowledgeadvanceswhetheratthepersonalcommunitygloballevel.Atthepersonallevelbylisteningtotheirparentsrationaleftheirseeminglyoppressiverulespoliciesteenagerscanlearnhowcertainbehavisnaturallycarrycertainageofthemateria

10、lsusedftoolsweaponsstructurestherebyenablingtheanthropologisttoextrapolateaboutthecivilizationseconomytradeswkhabitslifestylesextentoftravelmobilitysofth.Linguistsareneededtointerprethieroglyphicsextrapolatefromfoundfrag

11、mentsofwritings.anastronomercanhelpexplainthelayoutofanancientcityaswellasthedesignstructurepositionofmonumentstombstemplessinceancientsoftenlookedtothestarsfguidanceinbuildingcitiesstructures.Anevenmestrikingexampleofho

12、wexpertiseindiversefieldsisneededtoadvanceknowledgeinvolvestheareaofastronomyspaceexplation.Significantadvancementsinourknowledgeofthesolarsystemtheuniverserequireincreasinglykeentoolsfobservationmeasurement.Telescopetec

13、hnologythemeasurementofcelestialdistancesmassesvolumessoftharethedomainofastrophysicists.Theseadvancesalsorequireincreasinglysophisticatedmeansofexplation.Mannedunmannedexplatyprobesaredesignedbymechanicalelectricalcompu

14、terengineers.tobuildenablethesetechnologiesrequirestheacumensavvyofbusinessleadersmanagerspoliticians.Evendiplomatsmightplayaroleinsofarasmajspaceprojectsrequireinternationalcooperativeefftsamongthewldsscientistsgovernme

15、nts.ultimatelyitisourphilosopherswhoseexpertisehelpsprovidemeaningtowhatwelearnaboutouruniverse.Insumnoareaofintellectualinquiryoperatesinavacuum.Becausethesciencesareinextricablyrelatedtoadvanceourknowledgeinanyoneareaw

16、emustundersttheinterplayamongthemall.Meoveritisournonscientistswhomakepossiblethesciencewhobringmeaningtowhatwelearnfromit.Issue5“Anationshouldrequireallitsstudentstostudythesamenationalcurriculumuntiltheyentercollegerat

17、herthanallowschoolsindifferentpartsofthenationtodeterminewhichacademiccoursestooffer.“Thespeakerwouldpreferanationalcurriculumfallchildrenupuntilcollegeinsteadofallowingschoolsindifferentregionsthefreedomtodecideontheiro