ap微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)梳理

1、濟(jì)寧孔子國(guó)際學(xué)校濟(jì)寧孔子國(guó)際學(xué)校AP微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)知識(shí)點(diǎn)梳理I.BasicEconomicConcepts經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)概念經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)基礎(chǔ)概念(8–14%)選擇選擇A.Scarcitychoiceopptunitycost稀缺性（概念），選擇（概念），機(jī)會(huì)成本（計(jì)算）a.Scarcity(Unlimitedwantvs.Limitedresources)→Makechoices→Economicsb.Opptunitycost(

2、Thebestchoiceyougiveup)includeexplicitimplicitcosttheslope公式：OpptunityCostofdoingA=lossinBgaininAc.Factsofproductionsareresources.B.Productionpossibilitiescurve生產(chǎn)可能性邊界曲線（識(shí)圖，計(jì)算）生產(chǎn)可能性邊界曲線（識(shí)圖，計(jì)算）橫縱坐標(biāo)軸分別是兩種產(chǎn)品的產(chǎn)量，斜率是機(jī)會(huì)成本。a.曲線

3、彎:lawofincreasingopptunitycost（生產(chǎn)鞋和電腦的資源不可相互替代）；becausetheresourcesarenotperfectlyadaptable.b.直的:生產(chǎn)兩種物品的資源可完全替代，也就是說(shuō)資源完全可以通用，機(jī)會(huì)成本恒定。C.Comparativeadvantageabsoluteadvantagespecializationtrade比較優(yōu)勢(shì)（計(jì)算），絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)（計(jì)算），專業(yè)化（概念），貿(mào)易（概

4、念）比較優(yōu)勢(shì)（計(jì)算），絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)（計(jì)算），專業(yè)化（概念），貿(mào)易（概念）a.絕對(duì)優(yōu)勢(shì)：meproductive.生產(chǎn)一單位lesstimelessinput。（或者單位time或input生產(chǎn)更多）如果給的是時(shí)間，則不用換算b.比較優(yōu)勢(shì)：loweropptunitycost.xxxhour別忘了是與本國(guó)生產(chǎn)另一產(chǎn)品的opptunitycost相比較c.Specializationtradecanincreaseproductivityout

5、put.Economicgrowthcouldbeachievedby:IncreaseinthequantityofresourcesIncreaseinthequalityofexistingresourcesTechnologicaladvancementsd.Tradecanbegoodtobothcountriesevenifonecountryhastheabsoluteadvantageinallproducts.Twoc

6、ountriestradeonlywhentheyhavecomparativeadvantageondifferentgood.Aftertradingcountriesgainmeproductionatlowercost.D.EconomicsystemsPropertyrightstheroleofincentives計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)（概念），產(chǎn)權(quán)（概念），激勵(lì)的作用（概念）計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)（概念），產(chǎn)權(quán)（概念），激勵(lì)的作用

7、（概念）Commeconomy:公平equitable，governmentdetermines，butsophisticatedtoallocateproperlylackofincentivesfinnovationFreecapitalismeconomy:privateownershippropertyrightsfreeincentivescompetition供求決定價(jià)格，市場(chǎng)決定生產(chǎn)多少消費(fèi)多少。如果是mixedecono

8、my，則market和government共同決定。F.Marginalanalysis邊際思維（概念）邊際思維（概念）MBMC做這件事。Marginal=additional需求收入彈性正號(hào)表示物品是nmalgoods，負(fù)號(hào)表示inferigoodsd.CrosspriceelasticityofdemExy=(%changeinquantitydemofgoodX)(%changeinpricegoodY)交叉需求彈性正號(hào)表示A和B

9、為substitution，負(fù)號(hào)表示A和B為complementary。5.Consumersurplusproducersurplusmarketefficiency剩余和市場(chǎng)效率剩余和市場(chǎng)效率消費(fèi)者剩余=支付意愿–市場(chǎng)價(jià)格；生產(chǎn)者剩余=市場(chǎng)價(jià)格–生產(chǎn)成本Marketefficiency：MB=MCTotalSurplus最大Supplydothesame（longertimemeelastic）6.Taxincidencedeadw

10、eightloss稅收負(fù)擔(dān)和無(wú)謂損失稅收負(fù)擔(dān)和無(wú)謂損失1.monopolyPerfectlycompetitivemarketPerunitsubsidytaxMC&ATCbothchangeOnlyATCchangeLumpsumsubsidytaxNothingchangeNothingchange2.Tax永遠(yuǎn)是向sellers收的，只是sellers根據(jù)elasticityofdemsupply的不同來(lái)向consumer收錢。3

11、.Taxsubsidynegativepositiveexternality會(huì)造成deadweightlossbutshiftofsupplydemcurve不會(huì)，因?yàn)樗鼈冃纬闪诵碌木恻c(diǎn)。4.收稅之后，suppliers&demersgedifferentmoney.(onebelowoneabove)5.在畫deadweightloss的時(shí)候，尖點(diǎn)永遠(yuǎn)是optimalpointTradeBarriersImptwhenwldpric

12、eislower.Exptwhenwldpriceishigher.CreatedeadweightlossTRofgovernment=quantityimptedexptedxthetariffC.Theyofconsumerchoice消費(fèi)者選擇理論消費(fèi)者選擇理論(5–10%)可能大題可能大題1.Totalutilitymarginalutility總效用和邊際效用總效用和邊際效用Utilityisthesatisfactionh

13、appinesslawofdiminishingmarginalutility2.Utilitymaximization:equalizingmarginalutilityperdollar邊際效用之比等于價(jià)格之比MU1MU2=P1P2，在預(yù)算允許的條件下。3.Incomesubstitutioneffects收入效應(yīng)，替代效應(yīng)收入效應(yīng)，替代效應(yīng)Incomeeffect：nmal:都多買或少買substitutioneffect：nma