中國節(jié)能照明的問題及展望【外文翻譯】

1、<p><b>　　外文翻譯</b></p><p><b>　　原文</b></p><p>　　Energy-efficient Lighting in China:problems and prospects</p><p>　　Material Source: International manageme

2、nt magazine　　　Author: Fu Min</p><p>　　China’s choices of energy demand and supply technologies have a large impact on the world’s energy market and the environment. Of its 920 billion kWh electric power prod

3、uction in 1993, it is estimated that 15% was used for lighting consumption (~120 billion kWh). This figure is likely to grow as the country develops, and so improving the energy efficiency of lighting in China could have

4、 a tremendous impact on China’s energy consumption. This paper describes key components of the energy-efficient</p><p>　　With the world’s largest population and the fastest growing economy, meeting the growi

5、ng demand for energy is one of the most important and difficult tasks for China [1]. Because of energy savings programs in the industrial sector during the last two decades, China is one of the few developing countries t

6、hat has limited its energy demand growth to half of its GNP growth rate. However, energy production and use still impose significant economic and environmental costs on China. Given the ever gro</p><p>　　Thi

7、s nation of 1.2 billion people has the third largest economy in the world after the United States and Japan. Lighting is responsible for about 15% of total Chinese electricity usage. The ~120 billion kWh is equivalent to

8、 the output of about one hundred 250-megawatt electric power plants. Despite the enormous energy demand, lighting energy use in China on average is less than 100 kWh/capita-year, versus about 2 000 kWh/capita each year i

9、n the United States. Additionally, recommended light leve</p><p>　　The continuing shortfall between electricity demand and supply, the escalating cost of building new power plants and competing needs for inv

10、estment capital are just some of the obvious reasons why China is ripe for improved energy efficiency in lighting and other end-use areas. Moreover, power shortages are attributable in part to peak demands caused by ligh

11、ting and air conditioning in the major cities. Although electricity prices vary widely around China from 3 to 12 US cents/kWh, they are typi</p><p>　　However, even with such indisputable market potential, en

12、ergy-efficient lighting products have had their share of difficulties in the marketplace. Lack of clear direction and comprehensive policy from the central and local governments, lack of financial structure and incentive

13、s for energy-efficient products, and insufficiently advanced technology and materials to manufacture high-quality, high-performance products are some of the factors limiting the growth of energy-efficient technologies. B

14、eca</p><p>　　The Chinese lighting energy savings potential has not been rigorously estimated. Based on the product characteristics discussed below, one notes a potential of 45% to 70% efficiency improvement

15、simply by comparing the best-available lamp efficacies in China with those in the West. Luminaire and ballast technologies lag behind western standards, offering a similar degree of saving potential. Elevating product qu

16、ality (as measured by lamp lifetime) to western standards would dramatically improve t</p><p>　　Trends in the mix of lamp types being produced in China suggest that by the year 2000 the ratio of fluorescent

17、to incandescent lamps will increase from 1/9 to 1/4. Over this same time period, combined CFL, T8, and T10 production will increase from 10% of all light sources to 70%, and the share of HIDs will increase from 1% to 10%

18、. These “structural” changes will in themselves lead to energy savings, even without efficiency improvements within a given lamp type. Advanced lighting control systems—</p><p>　　Until recently, little atten

19、tion has been paid to light luminaire design or efficiency in China. Luminaires for outdoor applications (especially highway lighting or high-beam reflector flood systems for industry and commercial settings) are the mos

20、t advanced. If luminaires are used at all, the main goal is to achieve a certain decorative effect without regard for efficiency. This is particularly true in the residential and commercial sectors. Luminaire production

21、standards lag behind those used </p><p>　　Luminaire manufacturing occurs mostly in small factories (about 1 500 in total), with total production of 170 million units per year. With improved relations between

22、 mainland China and Taiwan, many Taiwanese and Hong Kong luminaire manufacturers are moving their production to mainland China (although much of the product is re-exported). This trend will bring improved technology, man

23、ufacturing quality control, and marketing expertise to the Chinese marketplace. The highest quality luminaires are </p><p>　　Even given the great market potential for energy-efficient lighting, promoting eff

24、icient lighting products in China is still a very difficult task. A number of joint ventures between foreign companies and Chinese partners, and a number involving the Chinese government have had problems penetrating the

25、 market. Cutting corners on quality can have serious market consequences. For example, the national utility in Ireland purchased Chinese-made CFLs for a pilot rebate program—the CFLs had the best p</p><p>　

26、　Lamp quality—both in terms of efficacy, color rendition, maintenance of initial light output, and service life—is poorer in China than in many other parts of the world. Only 20% to 30% of the lamps produced meet interna

27、tional quality standards. For example, standard linear fluorescent lamp lifetimes in China range from 3 000 to 5 000 hours, compared with 10 000 to 20 000 for their western-made equivalents. Efficiencies are 25 to 40 lum

28、ens/watt versus 40 to 100 lumens/watt in the West. Good phosp</p><p>　　At first glance, the problem seems to be a simple technical one. If the Chinese manufacturers use a higher quality glass, perhaps import

29、ed, and other better raw materials, they could make good lamps and save more energy in China. Indeed, many of those 20 to 30% lamps that meet international standards use better materials. However, the current “high-end”

30、products are exported to U.S. and European markets that can absorb the additional costs of production. Only if the manufacturers can export the </p><p>　　For typical households, the price of electricity is n

31、ot high enough to justify the purchase of a 30 to 40 RMB (~US$ 5) CFL since the price of a CFL is about 1/4 to 1/6 of monthly family income (or about 5% for the relatively affluent urban households). Additionally, the of

32、ten poor quality of domestic-made lamps makes it even harder to justify the economic benefits.</p><p>　　Most utility companies are subsidized or run by the government in ways that offer no incentive to promo

33、te energy efficiency or to change the electricity price to reflect true costs. This is a direct result of lack of appropriate energy policies. In a cost-driven mass market, lack of standards for quality and performance,

34、and difficulty justifying cost-effectiveness lead to poor-quality, poor performance and cheap products flooding into the market that would not only undermine energy saving benef</p><p>　　If China is to becom

35、e a competitive exporter of lighting products and save energy domestically, quality standards will have to be improved. The shift to a market economy is likely to accelerate the process of improving the economic benefits

36、 of energy-efficient lighting products. Following are some examples of preliminary efforts:</p><p>　　(1)To give consumers and exporters an easy way of assessing the quality of lighting products, China’s Nati

37、onal Center for Supervision and Inspection issues the “Great Wall Mark” certifying product safety. The organization also spot checks products already in the market. Work is underway to explore adoption of the IEC standar

38、ds.</p><p>　　(2)The State Economic and Trade Commission (SETC) plans to launch a “Green Lights” program in China, loosely modeled after the successful US EPA’s program. Several quality products produced by C

39、hinese-owned factories and foreign joint ventures have been selected for utilization in the program. As currently conceived, the program would award special labels for products meeting a minimum efficiency threshold.<

40、/p><p>　　(3)As a form of reward, some city governments have given CFLs to the departments that have achieved energy savings. Today, some cities are considering rebate programs. More complex systems in which loa

41、ns would be made to companies wishing to invest in efficient lighting retrofits are also under consideration. Loan payments would be indexed to energy savings. </p><p>　　(4)The SETC–sponsored Energy-Efficien

42、t Technology Investment Corporation is active in making loans and investment in energy-efficient technologies and products from co-generation to variable-speed motor drives and energy-efficient lighting. </p><

43、p>　　(5)The Beijing Energy Efficiency Center, co-founded by the Chinese State Planning Commission, the US Department of Energy, and the US Environmental Protection Agency through Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Pacifi

44、c Northwest Laboratory, is leading many projects in the area of Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) and Demand Side Management (DSM). ShenZhen, the first city to lead the way in running its own market-oriented utility, ha

45、s already finished the first phase study of a IRP program proposal.</p><p>　　Joint ventures are also introducing the necessary technical expertise and capital or other financial arrangements with foreign com

46、panies to achieve western quality standards. About 100 joint ventures for lighting have already been established in China. Most are small to midsized and involve Taiwanese and Hong Kong companies. Lighting giants such as

47、 GE Lighting, Philips, Osram, and several other Japanese lighting manufacturers have also established joint ventures in China. Many of them have start</p><p>　　China is an immense lighting market with nearly

48、 one-quarter of the World’s population and the world’s fastest-growing economy. China has a hearty appetite for light and is already one of the world’s largest producers and consumers of lighting products. Current growth

49、 in the lighting market will create an upward pressure on energy demand as well as associated costs and environmental impacts. Improving the efficiency and quality of its lighting products is one way in China can offset

50、its shortfall</p><p>　　Manufacturers recognize that the “market pull” for efficient lighting products is still weak in China. Government policies to promote energy-efficient lighting are a new feature on the

51、 Chinese landscape. Several fundamental problems remain:</p><p>　　(1) There is not enough emphasis on educating energy users and decision makers about efficiency options available to them.</p><p&g

52、t;　　(2) It is still difficult to obtain capital and justify the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency projects.</p><p>　　(3) Primitive manufacturing process and poor quality raw materials are just some of

53、the factors that contribute to the poor performance of most Chinese-made lighting products.</p><p>　　(4) There are strong incentives to export energy efficient products manufactured in China, with the result

54、 that domestic energy savings are not captured.</p><p>　　However, actions in the right direction have been taken in the last few years. Governments have been active in promoting energy efficiency, and higher

55、 performance and quality standards. Utilities around the country have started to work with local governments, manufacturers and end users to encourage more efficient products. Foreign companies and their joint ventures i

56、n the Chinese market have an opportunity to contribute to quality and performance improvements by providing technical expertise.</p><p><b>　　譯文</b></p><p>　　中國節(jié)能照明的問題及展望</p>&

57、lt;p>　　資料來源：國際管理雜志　　　　　　　　 作者：付敏</p><p>　　中國的能源需求和供應技術的選擇對世界的能源市場和環(huán)境有巨大影響。在1993年電力就可生產920億千瓦時,據估計,15%是用于電耗(約120億千瓦時)。這個數(shù)字有可能隨著國家的發(fā)展增長,因而在中國提高照明能源利用效率對我國的能源消耗會有一個很大的影響。本文是從技術、營銷的觀點介紹節(jié)能照明行業(yè)

58、的關鍵部件。我們找出一些關鍵問題區(qū)域和他們潛能的提升。我們找出國民儲蓄40%的潛力轉移到典型主流的西方練習燈的性能特點,但并沒有改變各種燈光類型的市場份額, 在西部地區(qū)60%采用商業(yè)上最好用的燈。</p><p>　　與世界上最多的人口和最快增長的經濟發(fā)展,在中國滿足不斷增長的能源需求是其中一個最重要也是最困難的任務。由于近二十年來在工業(yè)方面的能源儲蓄計劃,中國是一些能源需求增速限制了一半國民生產總值增長率的發(fā)展

59、中國家之一。然而, 在中國，能源的生產和使用還征收顯著的經濟和環(huán)境成本。給曾經成長的經濟、人口和生活水平,這個通用電力供需關系不能持續(xù)的時間要長得多。</p><p>　　這個12億人口的國家有僅次于美國和日本的世界第三大經濟體。照明負責約整個中國電力使用的15%。120億千瓦時相當于大約一百的產量250兆瓦電力的發(fā)電廠。盡管有巨大的能量需求, 照明能源在中國的使用平均不到人均每年100千瓦小時在美國人均每年大約

60、2萬度。此外,建議燈光亮度公布在中國社會照明工程的只有1/ 6至1/10在日本和西方工業(yè)化國家。例如,在中國醫(yī)院考室的標準是75-100照度相當于德國的500-1000照度。越來越多的燈光設計師使用更高的西方燈光亮度。結合提高的照明水平與人口和建筑的增長將導致照明需求增長太快,可能比整體用電需求還要快。在過去的五年中, 燈的生產平均每年增長約在15%與8-9%電力生產的增加。</p><p>　　電力供需的持續(xù)短

61、缺,建立新發(fā)電廠不斷增加的成本和投資資本的競爭需要都只是中國在照明和其他用途方面提高能源效率成熟了的一些顯而易見的原因。此外,電力短缺在某種程度上是由于主要城市的照明和空調的高峰要求引起的。然后電價格的不同廣泛地涵蓋了中國從3至12美分/千瓦時,往往是迅速發(fā)展的城市會有嚴重的用電需求高峰。</p><p>　　然而,即使這樣無可爭辯的市場潛力，節(jié)能照明產品在市場上交易已經有了其應得的困難。缺少來自中央和地方政府的

62、明確方向和全面政策, 缺少節(jié)能產品的財政結構和激勵，以及不夠先進的技術和材料來制造高品質、高性能的商品，這些都是節(jié)能技術發(fā)展的限制因素。因為高成本和短設備生命中,典型的消費者常常把節(jié)能照明看做是“節(jié)約能源但不節(jié)約金錢”。購買相對便宜但品質較差的產品時,一些消費者對技術失去所有的信心。</p><p>　　中國燈光能源節(jié)省潛力沒有被嚴格地估計過。在產品特點的基礎上討論如下,通過中國存在的最好用的燈和西方存在的最好用

63、的燈的簡單比較，潛在的效率提高45%到70%。燈具及鎮(zhèn)流器的技術落后于西方標準, 它提供了一些節(jié)省潛力的相似程度。對于西方標準，提高生產質量(通過測量燈的壽命)將極大地提高一個給定成本效益的照明措施,從而擴大潛在領域中的應用。同樣,隨著能源價格上升到西方水平,技術經濟潛力也有所增加。照明強度增加和人口增長的趨勢與儲蓄潛能相互抵消到一個未知的程度。</p><p>　　在中國被生產混合燈光類型的趨勢建議，到2000

64、年白熾燈的熒光比例將從1/9增加到1/4。同時,結合緊湊型熒光燈、T8、T10的生產將從光源的10%增加到70%, 而HIDs的比例將從1%增加至10%。這些“結構化”的變化,即使在給定燈類型時沒有有效的改進，對自己仍能節(jié)省能源。目前在中國不太出名的先進的燈光控制系統(tǒng)將增加儲蓄的潛力。</p><p>　　直到最近, 在中國很少注意到已得到的光燈具設計或效率。針對戶外應用的燈具(特別是工業(yè)和商業(yè)的高速公路照明或大

65、洪水反射鏡系統(tǒng)設置)是最先進的。如果所有的燈具都被使用，主要的目標是達到一定的裝飾效果,無視于效率。事實也確實如此,特別是在住宅和商業(yè)部門。燈具生產標準落后于那些被使用的燈。例如,在中國很難找到緊湊型熒光燈兼容的燈具。</p><p>　　燈具制造大多發(fā)生在每年總生產170萬單位的小工廠(共計約1500家)。隨著中國大陸與臺灣的關系改善,許多臺灣和香港的燈具制造商正將他們的生產轉移至中國大陸(盡管許多產品是被重復

66、出口的)。這種趨勢將會帶來對中國市場的技術改進、制造質量控制和市場運作經驗。高質量的燈具被出口到非中國市場，將付出比較高的價格。諷刺的是, 中國許多新的高樓安裝進口優(yōu)質燈具。燈具市場是照明行業(yè)內最不發(fā)達市場。</p><p>　　即便考慮到節(jié)能照明的巨大市場潛力,在中國促進有效的照明產品仍然是一件非常困難的任務。許多在國外公司與中國合作伙伴之間的合資企業(yè),及許多涉及中國政府的在滲透市場時存在問題。在質量上偷工減料

67、可能會引起嚴重的市場結果。例如,愛爾蘭的國家效用為了一名飛行員返利計劃購買中國制造的緊湊型熒光燈，緊湊型熒光燈具有他們在國際市場能找到的所有東西中最好的電能質量特性。不幸的是,早期的失敗率大約是25%,效用已經拒絕了緊湊型的熒光燈,直到他們的質量可以帶到西方標準。</p><p>　　中國的燈具質量比世界其他地區(qū)的較差，不論是從功效、顏色、維護初始光輸出和使用壽命。只有20%至30%的燈具生產符合國際質量標準。例

68、如,在中國, 壽命范圍從3000至5000小時的標準線性日光燈,等同于他們西方制造的1萬到2萬的日光燈。在西方，效率是25至40流明每瓦特與40至100流明每瓦特。良好的磷資源存在于中國，但卻沒有得到很好的發(fā)展?，F(xiàn)在在緊湊型熒光燈中使用的“軟鉛玻璃” 在第一個3000個小時的手術中失去約20%的透明性。最高品質的燈使用“硬玻璃”及/或成本比中國制造商多兩倍價錢的涂層技術。</p><p>　　乍看之下，問題似乎是

69、一個簡單的技術問題。在中國，如果中國制造商使用更優(yōu)質的玻璃（也可進口）和其他更好的原料,他們可以生產出好燈，節(jié)省更多的能源。事實上,很多這些符合國際標準的20%到30%的燈使用更好的材料。然而，目前出口美國和歐洲市場的“高端”產品可以吸收額外的生產成本。只有在制造商可以出口產品并贏得更高的利潤和硬貨，他們才能證明的額外的生產成本。如果優(yōu)質燈具進口，42%的職責適用于白熾燈，30%適用于螢光燈(包括緊湊型熒光燈)。</p>

70、<p>　　對于典型的家庭來說電價不高,一個緊湊型熒光燈的價格是30至40元(約5美元)，約是家庭月收入（或5%較富裕的城市家庭）的1/4到1/6。此外,經常劣質的國產燈總讓人更難證明經濟效益。</p><p>　　大多數(shù)公用事業(yè)公司由政府補助或運行的方式，沒有提供激勵來促進能源效率或改變反映真實成的本電價。這是缺少適當能源政策的直接結果。在一個質量推動型的市場,缺少固定的質量和性能標準，就很難證明是成

71、本效益導致低質量、性能落后、涌進市場的價廉產品，這不僅會破壞節(jié)能效益,最終還摧毀消費者信心和市場本身。</p><p>　　如果中國想成為一個具有競爭力的照明產品出口商并在國內節(jié)約能源,那么質量標準將不得不改進。市場經濟的轉變可能加速提高節(jié)能照明產品經濟效益的過程。以下是一些初步努力的例子:</p><p>　?。?）給消費者和出口商一個容易的方法來評估照明產品的質量, 監(jiān)督檢查的中國民族

72、中心出具“長城標志”來認證產品安全。該組織也抽查已經在市場上的產品。采用IEC標準的工作正在進行探索。</p><p>　?。?）中國國家經濟貿易委員會(國家經貿委)在美國國家環(huán)保局(EPA)計劃的成功之后計劃實施一個“綠色照明”項目。一些優(yōu)質產品由項目選中的屬于中國的工廠和中外合資保險公司生產。就現(xiàn)在的構思,該計劃將授予產品的特殊標簽以滿足最低效率閾值。</p><p>　?。?）作為一

73、種獎勵,一些城市的政府給取得了節(jié)能技術的各部門緊湊型熒光燈。今天,一些城市也正在考慮返利計劃。更復雜的貸款系統(tǒng)也在考慮, 將在節(jié)能照明方面向有希望的公司進行投資。貸款租金要索引節(jié)能技術。</p><p>　?。?）贊助節(jié)能技術投資公司的國家經貿委積極貸款和投資對熱電廠提供變頻器和節(jié)能照明的節(jié)能技術和產品。</p><p>　　（5）在該地區(qū)的綜合資源規(guī)劃(IRP)和需求側管理(DSM) 中

74、，北京能源效率中心，通過中國國家計委、美國能源部及美國環(huán)境保護署共同創(chuàng)立的勞倫斯伯克利實驗室和太平洋西北部地區(qū)實驗室領導許多項目。深圳，運行它自己的以市場為導向的效用，帶頭前進的第一個城市,已經完成了第一階段的學習IRP程序的建議。它也有致力于在深圳和其它城市進行幾個使用緊湊型熒光燈、電子集成電路鎮(zhèn)流器和T8燈的節(jié)能照明示范項目。這個項目包括一個用于影響評價程序。的原型光監(jiān)測器的發(fā)展。</p><p>　　合資企

75、業(yè)也介紹了必要的技術專業(yè)知識和資本或其他與實現(xiàn)了西方質量標準的外國公司的財務安排。在中國，已經建立了大約100名合資照明企業(yè)。絕大多數(shù)比較小,并涉及個中臺灣與香港公司。照明豪門諸如通用電器照明、飛利浦、歐司朗和其他幾個日本光源廠商也建立了在中國的合資企業(yè)。他們中的許多人已經開始為中國國內市場生產產品。例如, 上海EBT正開始第二階段的經營模式,它將為中國生產和銷售電子鎮(zhèn)流器。飛利浦在南京和上海的合資企業(yè)正在生產緊湊型熒光燈和T8燈去供應

76、中國市場除了出口亞洲其它地方。</p><p>　　中國是一個巨大的照明市場，擁有近四分之一的世界人口和世界發(fā)展最快的經濟體。中國對燈光有熱忱的食欲,并已經成為世界上燈飾產品最大的生產者和消費者之一。目前在照明市場的增長將創(chuàng)造一種對能源需求向上的壓力并涉及對費用和環(huán)境的影響。在中國，提高照明產品的效率和質量一種可以抵消短缺的電力供應和快速增長的速度需要的方式。</p><p>　　在中國,

77、制造商認識到有效的照明產品的“市場趨勢”還是不夠的。在中國景觀，促進節(jié)能照明的政府政策是一個新的特色。幾個基本問題是: </p><p>　　(1)沒有足夠的重視教育能源用戶和關于效率選擇的決策者。</p><p>　　(2)仍然難以獲得資金和證明能源效率項目的成本效益。</p><p>　　(3)原始的生產工藝和質量較差的原材料都只是對大多數(shù)中國制造的燈飾產品欠佳

78、表現(xiàn)在起作用的一些因素。</p><p>　　(4)出口在中國生產的能源效益產品有較強的激勵,其結果是國內能源儲蓄沒有被捕獲。</p><p>　　然而,正確方向上的行動在過去幾年已經采取過了。政府一直積極參與促進能源效率、高性能和高質量標準。全國各地的公用事業(yè)也已經開始與地方政府、生產商與最終用戶一起工作,以鼓勵更多的高效的產品。通過提供技術支持，在中國市場的外國公司及其合資企業(yè)也有機會