防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)外文翻譯

1、<p>　　What are antilock brakes system? </p><p>　　Antilock brakes are designed to help drivers avoid crashes. Without anti-locks, hard braking can cause wheels to lock, sending a vehicle into a skid. Whe

2、el lockup can result in longer stopping distances, loss of steering control and, when road friction is uneven, loss of stability if the vehicle begins to spin.</p><p>　　The main advantage of anti-locks is th

3、at they can reduce these problems on wet and slippery roads. Anti-locks work with a vehicle's normal service brakes to decrease stopping distance and increase the control and stability of the vehicle during hard brak

4、ing.</p><p>　　The principle behind anti-locks is that a skidding wheel provides less stopping force and control than a wheel that is rotating. Anti-locks prevent wheels from skidding by monitoring the speed

5、of each wheel and automatically pulsing the brake pressure on any wheels where skidding is detected. Anti-locks don't make much difference in stopping distances on dry roads, although they can enhance vehicle stabili

6、ty and allow drivers to maintain steering control during emergency stops when conventional </p><p>　　How do antilock brakes system?</p><p>　　Since most cars on the road today have some form of A

7、ntilock Brakes (ABS) I think we should take a look at how they work and clear up some mis-information about them.</p><p>　　As always, what I describe here is how most systems work in general. Since different

8、 manufactures have their own versions of ABS their values, specifications and part names will differ. If you are having a problem with the ABS on your vehicle you should always refer to the specific service and repair ma

9、nuals for your vehicle.</p><p>　　The ABS is a four-wheel system that prevents wheel lock-up by automatically modulating the brake pressure during an emergency stop. By preventing the wheels from locking, it

10、enables the driver to maintain steering control and to stop in the shortest possible distance under most conditions.</p><p>　　During normal braking, the ABS and non-ABS brake pedal feel will be the same. <

11、;/p><p>　　During ABS operation, a pulsation can be felt in the brake pedal, accompanied by a fall and then rise in brake pedal height and a clicking soundAnti-locks differ among vehicles, but there are some bas

12、ic similarities. Each system has sensors that monitor the rotational speeds of selected wheels when brakes are applied. When one of these wheels approaches lockup, a control unit reduces brake pressure to that wheel (or

13、set of wheels) just enough to allow rotation again. This typically happens many </p><p>　　Differences among antilock brake systems include the following:</p><p>　　Cars and many SUVs have four-wh

14、eel systems with wheel-speed sensors on each wheel. In one type of system, the anti-locks reduce brake pressure to both rear wheels whenever one approaches lockup. Brake pressure to the front wheels of four-wheel systems

15、 is controlled independently to maximize stopping power, which is concentrated in the front. In four-wheel independent systems, each wheel is controlled individually, so when any one approaches lockup, the anti-locks red

16、uce brake pressure to that wh</p><p>　　Some pickups and cargo vans have rear-wheel-only antilock systems to address different braking needs when vehicles are loaded versus unloaded. The anti-locks monitor th

17、e rotational speeds of rear wheels only and release pressure to both when either is about to lock. </p><p>　　Tractor-trailers have separate antilock systems for the tractors and the trailers. Ideally, both t

18、he tractor and trailer of a combination rig should have antilock brakes, but putting anti-locks on either component should produce improvement compared with conventional brakes. With anti-locks on the tractor only, a dri

19、ver can maintain better steering control even if trailer wheels lock and the trailer swings. If only the trailer has anti-locks, trailer swing can be reduced even if steering control</p><p>　　Why don't a

20、nti-locks reduce stopping distances as much on dry roads as wet ones?</p><p>　　Adequate braking is easy to achieve on dry roads with or without antilock brakes. Even if wheels lock, the coefficient of fricti

21、on between tires and road surface still is relatively high, so a vehicle stops relatively quickly. It is even possible on some surfaces to stop sooner without anti-locks than with them, although such instances are rare.

22、They occur, for example, when loosely packed snow or gravel creates a "dam" effect in front of locked wheels, shortening the stopping distance more than</p><p>　　Do car antilocks reduce crashes? &l

23、t;/p><p>　　Although car anti-locks perform well on the test track, it is unclear whether they have made significant reductions in the number of on-the-road crashes. A 1994 Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) stu

24、dy1 and a subsequent 1995 study2 compared insurance claims for groups of otherwise identical cars with and without anti-locks, finding no differences in the overall frequency or cost of crashes for which insurance claims

25、 for vehicle damage are filed. Because anti-locks should make the most difference</p><p>　　According to one federal report, "the overall, net effect of antilock brakes" on both police-reported cras

26、hes and fatal crashes "was close to zero."5 A more recent federal report concluded that anti-locks reduce overall crash involvement risk by 6 percent for cars and 8 percent for pickups and SUVs, but they have n

27、o effect on fatal crash risk.6 Leonard Evans, a researcher with General Motors, reported that antilock-equipped cars were less likely to rear-end other vehicles but more likely to have</p><p>　　Why aren'

28、t car anti-locks reducing crashes as expected?</p><p>　　No one knows for sure why their test performance has not translated into a substantial reduction in real-world crashes. A possible reason is that the a

29、verage motorist rarely experiences total loss of vehicle control, which anti-locks are designed to prevent. There also is evidence that many car owners do not know how to use antilock brakes effectively. A 1994 Institute

30、 survey of drivers with antilock-equipped cars found that more than 50 percent in North Carolina and 40 percent in Wisconsin inco</p><p>　　Are motorcycle antilock braking systems (ABS) effective at reducing

31、crashes?</p><p>　　Yes. Results from recent studies by the Institute and HLDI compared crash rates for motorcycles equipped with optional ABS against the same models without the option. The rate of fatal cras

32、hes per 10,000 registered vehicle years was 37 percent lower for motorcycles equipped with optional ABS than for those same motorcycles without ABS. In crashes of all severities, the frequency at which collision claims w

33、ere filed was 22 percent lower for the ABS models.10,11 Based on these findings, the Instit</p><p>　　Are anti-locks a new idea? Are they widely available?</p><p>　　The idea of anti-locks has bee

34、n around for years. They first were used on airplanes in the 1950s. A rear-wheel system was developed for the 1969 Ford Thunderbird, and the 1971 Chrysler Imperial had four-wheel anti-locks.</p><p>　　Modern

35、anti-locks were first introduced on 1985 models. By the 1987 model year, they were standard or optional on about 30 domestic and foreign car models. Availability soared to 90 models the next year. In the 2010 model year,

36、 anti-locks were on about 89 percent of all new cars sold and 99 percent of light trucks.12</p><p>　　Are anti-locks required on big truck rigs?</p><p>　　In March 1995, the National Highway Traff

37、ic Safety Administration issued a rule requiring antilock brakes for heavy trucks, tractors, trailers, and buses. All new truck tractors were required to have anti-locks after March 1, 1997, and they were mandatory on ne

38、w air-braked trailers and single-unit trucks and buses after March 1, 1998. New single-unit trucks and buses with hydraulic brakes had to be equipped with anti-locks after March 1, 1999. This was not the first antilock s

39、tandard for US truc</p><p>　　Anti-locks are important for big trucks because of the poor braking capabilities of these vehicles compared with passenger cars. On dry roads, big trucks take much farther to sto

40、p — 47 percent farther in Institute tests. On wet and slippery roads, the stopping distance disparity is even worse. Tractor-trailer combinations also have the potential for loss of control and jackknifing on both dry an

41、d, especially, slippery roads. (Jackknifing occurs when the rear wheels of a tractor lock up, allowing</p><p>　　The standard for tractors requires antilock control on the front axle and at least one rear axl

42、e. On at least one of the tractor axles, each wheel must be independently controlled by an antilock modulator. This ensures that a wheel provides shorter stopping distances and optimal braking force on all surfaces, espe

43、cially on roads where one side is slipperier than the other. For semi-trailers, at least one axle must have anti-locks. Full trailers must have anti-locks for at least one front and one</p><p>　　A 2010 repor

44、t by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration concluded that anti-locks on tractors reduced crash involvement by 3 percent.13 However, there was no significant effect on fatal crashes.</p><p>　　Are

45、 anti-jackknifing devices a substitute for truck antilock?</p><p>　　No. Some devices marketed for trucks purportedly would prevent jackknifing in emergency braking situations. One device on the market mechan

46、ically limits the amount a trailer can swing around the pin that connects it to the tractor. This kind of device is less effective than antilock brakes. Although it may prevent jackknifing, it does not prevent a truck

47、9;s wheels from locking up, nor does it provide equivalent handling stability on wet or dry roads</p><p>　　防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)是什么？</p><p>　　防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)是幫助司機(jī)避免發(fā)生事故。在沒有防抱死系統(tǒng)的情況下，硬制動(dòng)可能導(dǎo)致車輪鎖死，導(dǎo)致車輛打滑。如果車輛打滑車輪鎖死，會(huì)

48、導(dǎo)致更長的制動(dòng)距離，轉(zhuǎn)向失控，路面摩擦不平衡時(shí)，會(huì)減少車輛的穩(wěn)定性。</p><p>　　的防抱死的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn)是，在濕滑道路上他們可以減少這些問題。 防抱死工作是減少車輛的正常的剎車制動(dòng)距離，在急剎車時(shí)，增加車輛的控制性和穩(wěn)定性。</p><p>　　防抱死的原則是當(dāng)車輛在告訴旋轉(zhuǎn)而儲(chǔ)量打滑時(shí)，減少制動(dòng)力來提高控制。 防抱死監(jiān)測每個(gè)車輪的速度，并自動(dòng)脈沖任何檢測打滑的車輪上的制動(dòng)壓力，防止車

49、輪打滑。防抱死系統(tǒng)在干燥道路上的制動(dòng)距離和沒有該系統(tǒng)的剎車距離相差不大，但是他們可以在緊急停車時(shí)提高車輛的穩(wěn)定性，并讓司機(jī)在緊急情況下能夠保持轉(zhuǎn)向控制，然而普通的剎車系統(tǒng)可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致車輪鎖死和打滑。</p><p>　　防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)怎么工作？</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在在道路上行駛的大部分轎車都裝備了ABS系統(tǒng)，我認(rèn)為我們有必要了解ABS怎么工作以及一些ABS的誤導(dǎo)</p>&

50、lt;p>　　一直以來，我們只是描述大概描述大部分系統(tǒng)怎么工作，由于不同的生產(chǎn)商在ABS上有不同的商業(yè)價(jià)值定位和有些部分的叫法不同。如果你車子的ABS有問題的話你應(yīng)該參考自己車上的特殊服務(wù)和維修手冊。</p><p>　　ABS系統(tǒng)是四驅(qū)系統(tǒng)在緊急剎車時(shí)防止車輪鎖死的制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。免于車輪即將抱死的危險(xiǎn)，它能保持車輪的總體控制以及在大部分情況下以最短距離剎車。</p><p>　　雖然防

51、抱死系統(tǒng)因車而異，但也有一些基本的相同之處。每個(gè)系統(tǒng)都有監(jiān)控選定的車輪施加制動(dòng)時(shí)的轉(zhuǎn)速傳感器。當(dāng)其中一個(gè)車輪接近鎖定，控制單元減少了制動(dòng)輪（或車輪），剛夠再次允許旋轉(zhuǎn)的壓力。這通常發(fā)生每秒多次，可以改進(jìn)控制，在許多濕滑的表面使得制動(dòng)距離更短。</p><p>　　防抱死為什么在干燥道路和潮濕道路上減少的制動(dòng)距離不同呢？</p><p>　　汽車和許多越野車有四個(gè)輪速傳感器即每個(gè)車輪上都有輪

52、速傳感器。在一個(gè)系統(tǒng)類型中，無論什么時(shí)候有那個(gè)輪子接近鎖定，剎車系統(tǒng)都會(huì)使每個(gè)輪子減少制動(dòng)力。獨(dú)立控制四輪系統(tǒng)前輪制動(dòng)壓力，制動(dòng)力集中在前面時(shí)可以以最大限度地減少制動(dòng)力。四輪獨(dú)立的系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)車輪單獨(dú)控制，所以，當(dāng)任何一個(gè)輪子接近鎖定，防抱死減少該輪的制動(dòng)壓力。</p><p>　　一些皮卡和小型貨車的只有后輪擁有防抱死系統(tǒng)，通過車輛裝載與卸載，以滿足不同的制動(dòng)需求。無論是否鎖定，防抱死通過監(jiān)測后輪的轉(zhuǎn)速來釋放壓力

53、。</p><p>　　拖拉機(jī)拖車的拖拉機(jī)和拖車有獨(dú)立防抱死系統(tǒng)。理想的情況下，拖拉機(jī)和拖車的組合鉆機(jī)應(yīng)該有防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，但把兩種成分防抱死相比與傳統(tǒng)的制動(dòng)器。拖拉機(jī)防抱死只能保證司機(jī)可以保持較好的轉(zhuǎn)向控制，即使拖車車輪鎖和拖車擺動(dòng)。如果只有拖車防抱死，拖車擺動(dòng)可以減少即使方向盤失去控制。</p><p>　　汽車防抱死能減少事故嗎？</p><p>　　雖然汽車

54、防抱死執(zhí)行測試賽道上的結(jié)果讓人滿意，目前還不清楚他們是否能夠使道路交通事故數(shù)量顯著減少。提出1994年的公路損失資料研究所（HLDI）研究和隨后的1995年研究二的，相同的車組相比，保險(xiǎn)理賠只有防抱死系統(tǒng)的有無，發(fā)現(xiàn)在整體頻率無顯著差異。 因?yàn)榉辣乐辉跐窕缆飞嫌酗@著差異，研究人員還研究在29個(gè)州在冬季幾個(gè)月的保險(xiǎn)理賠經(jīng)驗(yàn)。即使在這里，他們沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)任何與防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的車輛在保險(xiǎn)索賠的頻率差異。 1997年的研究所study3和200

55、1年update4報(bào)告沒有在整體汽車的致命交通意外介入沒有防抱死的差異。</p><p>　　根據(jù)一項(xiàng)聯(lián)邦報(bào)告“，防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的整體凈效應(yīng)”兩個(gè)警察報(bào)告事故和致命事故“接近于零”。最近的一個(gè)聯(lián)邦報(bào)告的結(jié)論，防抱死減少了參與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)車6％整體崩潰和8％皮卡和SUV，但它們不會(huì)影響致命交通意外。倫納德?埃文斯，通用汽車公司的研究員，報(bào)告說，配備防抱死，汽車不太可能追尾其他車輛，更可能其他車輛追尾他們。凈結(jié)果是影響不大，

56、整體崩潰的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。在汽車制造商進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究，失效分析協(xié)會(huì)報(bào)告非致命性死機(jī)的防抱死凈有利影響，但沒有致命效果</p><p>　　為什么有防抱死系統(tǒng)的汽車不能減少事故的期望？</p><p>　　沒有人知道為什么他們的測試表現(xiàn)沒有反映到現(xiàn)實(shí)的事故中。一個(gè)可能的原因是，一般駕駛者很少有車輛失控的經(jīng)歷而車輛失控是防抱死系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)避免的，許多車主不知道如何有效使用防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)。 1994年的研究所

57、的調(diào)查，50％以上，在北卡羅萊納州和威斯康星州的40％防抱死設(shè)備齊全發(fā)現(xiàn)車司機(jī)錯(cuò)誤地認(rèn)為他們應(yīng)該泵剎車</p><p>　　摩托車防抱死制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)（ABS），能有效減少事故</p><p>　　是。從最近的研究結(jié)果相比，該研究所和HLDI配備可選的ABS對(duì)沒有選擇同型號(hào)的摩托車撞車率。每10,000登記車輛年致命事故率降低37％，配備可選的ABS比不帶ABS相同摩托車摩托車。在所有的嚴(yán)重的碰

58、撞事故中，在碰撞索賠被提起的頻率降低22％的ABS models.10，基于這些發(fā)現(xiàn)11，研究所于2010年4月全國公路交通安全管理局請?jiān)?，要求制造商所有新裝備與此技術(shù)的摩托車</p><p>　　摩托車裝備ABS對(duì)減少事故的發(fā)生有效嗎？</p><p>　　是的，最近的研究表明，裝備了ABS與沒有裝備的摩托車進(jìn)行對(duì)比發(fā)現(xiàn)裝備ABS的發(fā)生事故的嚴(yán)重程度，致命事故的概率為37/10000遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)

59、低于沒有裝備ABS的摩托車發(fā)生的嚴(yán)重程度和致命事故概率?；?1個(gè)模型的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)裝備ABS的摩托車發(fā)生事故的賠償額減少了22%。根據(jù)這些調(diào)查結(jié)果的基礎(chǔ)上，學(xué)院在2010年4月向美國國家公路交通安全管理局要求所有摩托車生產(chǎn)商裝備ABS系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　防抱死是新方法嗎？他們被廣泛使用嗎？</p><p>　　防抱死的產(chǎn)生想法已經(jīng)有很多年了。在20世紀(jì)50年代，他們首先在飛機(jī)上使用。

60、 1969年福特雷鳥后輪系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)，并在1971年克萊斯勒帝國裝備了四輪防抱死系統(tǒng)。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)代防抱死于1985年被引進(jìn)車型。在1987年車型出來，他們在國內(nèi)和國外的車型，約30標(biāo)準(zhǔn)可選。下一年升級(jí)到90模型。在2010年車型年，防抱死系統(tǒng)裝備了約89％和99％的輕型卡車.在銷售中的新車</p><p>　　大卡車裝備了防抱死系統(tǒng)嗎？</p><p>

61、　　在1995年3月，國家公路交通安全管理局頒布一項(xiàng)規(guī)定，，重型卡車，拖拉機(jī)，拖車和公共汽車。所有新的卡車拖拉機(jī)必須有防抱死系統(tǒng)。1997年3月1日以后生產(chǎn)的所有卡車必須裝備該系統(tǒng)，單股的卡車和客車是1998年3月1日之后開始實(shí)行。新的空氣制動(dòng)掛車和單機(jī)卡車和公共汽車強(qiáng)制裝備的時(shí)間是1999年3月1日。這不是美國卡車的第一個(gè)防抱死標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在1975年聯(lián)邦制動(dòng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)開始生效，但1978年訴訟后暫停其防抱死制動(dòng)距離要求。在日本和歐盟，防抱死制動(dòng)

62、系統(tǒng)已要求所有新的卡車，公共汽車和拖車裝備。</p><p>　　防抱死是重要的，因?yàn)榇筘涇嚺c轎車相比，這些車輛的制動(dòng)能力較弱。在干燥路面上，大卡車的制動(dòng)距離要比測試時(shí)元47%。在濕滑的路面，制動(dòng)距離差距是雪上加霜。拖車的組合也要失去控制在干燥的路面，濕滑的路面更嚴(yán)重。 （Jackknifing發(fā)生當(dāng)拖拉機(jī)后輪鎖住，使拖拉機(jī)打滑和旋轉(zhuǎn)，以便它折疊拖車。這也可能發(fā)生拖車車輪時(shí)，鎖定并導(dǎo)致拖拉機(jī)拖車左右擺動(dòng)。）防抱死

63、制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)不僅減少濕滑的道路上停距離，而且還幫助司機(jī)保持控制。</p><p>　　拖拉機(jī)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求防抱死前軸和后軸至少有一個(gè)控制。至少在一個(gè)拖拉機(jī)車橋，必須獨(dú)立控制每個(gè)車輪防抱死調(diào)制器。這將確保車輪提供更短的制動(dòng)距離和所有的表面的最佳制動(dòng)，特別是在道路上，有一邊比另外一邊更滑。拖車，至少有一個(gè)軸必須有anti-locks。全掛車至少一前一后橋有anti-locks。</p><p>　　防

64、折疊裝置能代替防抱死裝置嗎？</p><p>　　2010年由國家公路交通安全管理局的報(bào)告得出結(jié)論，對(duì)拖拉機(jī)防抱死減少3%然而，重大影響的致命交通意外效果不大。</p><p>　　防折疊設(shè)備能代替汽車防抱死嗎？</p><p>　　據(jù)稱號(hào)卡車銷售的一些設(shè)備，將防止在緊急制動(dòng)情況下折疊。市場上的一個(gè)設(shè)備，機(jī)械限制的金額可以左右搖擺的引腳，它連接到拖拉機(jī)拖車。它不能防