土木畢業(yè)設計外文文獻翻譯--臺灣的綠色建筑節(jié)約用水評價措施

1、<p>　　English Literature :</p><p>　　Evaluating Water Conservation Measures For Green Building In Taiwan</p><p>　　Green Building evaluation is a new system in which water conservation is pri

2、oritized as one of its seven categories for saving water resources through building equipment design in Taiwan. This paper introduces the Green Building program and proposes a water conservation index with quantitative m

3、ethodology and case study. This evaluation index involves standardized scientific quantification and can be used in the pre-design stage to obtain the expected result. The measure of evaluation index is a</p><

4、p>　　Keywords: Green Building; Evaluation system; Water conservation; Building equipment </p><p>　　1. Introduction</p><p>　　The environment was an issue of deep global concern throughout the

5、latter half of the 20th century. Fresh water shortages and pollution are becoming one of the most critical global problems. Many organizations and conferences concerning water resource policy and issues have reached the

6、consensus that water shortages may cause war in the 21st century,if not a better solution .Actually, Taiwan is already experiencing significant discord over water supply. Building new dams is no longer an acceptab</p&

7、gt;<p>　　Taiwan is located in the Asian monsoon area and has an abundant supply of rainwater. Annual precipitation averages around 2500mm. However, water shortages have recently been a critical problem during the

8、dry season. The crucial, central issue is the uneven distribution of torrential rain, steep hillsides, and short rivers. Furthermore, the heavy demand for domestic water use in municipal areas, and the difficulties in bu

9、ilding new reservoirs are also critical factors. Government departments are </p><p>　　Due to this global trend, the Architecture and Building Research Institute (ABRI), Ministry of Interior in Taiwan, propos

10、ed the “Green Building” concept and built the evaluation system. In order to save water resources through building equipment design, this system prioritizes water conservation as one of its seven categories. This paper f

11、ocuses on the water conservation measures for Green Building in Taiwan and a quantitative procedure for proving water-saving efficiency. The purpose of this wo</p><p>　　2. Water conservation index</p>

12、<p>　　The water conservation index is the ratio of the actual quantity of water consumed in a building to the average water-consumption in general. The index is also called, “the water saving rate”. Evaluations of

13、the water-consumption quantity include the evaluation to the water-saving efficiency within kitchens, bathrooms and all water taps, as well as the recycling of rain and the secondhand intermediate water.</p><p

14、>　　2.1. Goal of using the water conservation index</p><p>　　Although Taiwan has plenty of rain, due to its large population, the average rainfall for distribution to each individual is poor compared to th

15、e world average as shown in Fig. 1.Thus, Taiwan is reversely a country short of water. Yet, the recent improvements in citizens’ standards of living have led to a big increase in the amount of water needed in cities, as

16、shown in Fig. 2, which, accompanied by the difficulty of obtaining new water resources, makes the water shortage problem even worse. Due</p><p>　　The promotion of better-designed facilities which facilitate

17、water-saving will become a new trend among the public and designers, because of concerns for environmental protection. The water conservation index was also designed to encourage utilization of the rain, recycling of wat

18、er used in everyday life and use of water-saving equipment to reduce the expenditure of water and thus save water resources.</p><p>　　2.2. Methodology for efficient use of water resources</p><p>

19、;　　Some construction considerations and building system designs for effective use of water resources are described below.</p><p>　　2.2.1. Use water-conservation equipment</p><p>　　A research of

20、household tap-water consumption revealed that the proportion of the water used in flushing toilets and in bathing, amounts to approximately 50% of the total household water consumption, as given in Table 1. Many construc

21、tion designers have tended to use luxurious water facilities in housing, and much water has thus been wasted. The use of water-saving equipment to replace such facilities is certain to save a large amount of water. For e

22、xample, the amounts of water used in taking a </p><p>　　2.2.2. Set up a rain-storage water supply device</p><p>　　The rain-storage water supply device stores rain using natural landforms or man-

23、made devices, and then uses simple water-cleaning procedures to make it available for use in houses. Rain can be used not only as a substitute water supply, but also for re control. Its use also helps to decrease the pea

24、k-time water load in cities. The annual average rainfall in Taiwan is about 2500 mm, almost triple better than the global average. However, due to geographic limitations, we could not build enough wat</p><p>

25、;　　2.2.3. Establishing the intermediate water system</p><p>　　Intermediate water is that gathered from the rain in cities, and includes the recycled waste-water which has already been disposed of and can be

26、used repeatedly only within a certain range, but not for drinking or human contact. Flushing the toilet consumes 35% of all water. If everyone were to use intermediate water to flush toilets, much water could be efficien

27、tly saved. Large-scale intermediate water system devices are suggested to be built up regularly with in a big area. Each intermediate w</p><p>　　3. Water conservation index and basis</p><p>　　Pr

28、esent research into the utilization of water resources mainly considers residential buildings, while data for other kinds of buildings are comparatively few. Since daily water consumption of the citizen is mainly from th

29、eir private dwellings, the indicator of utilizing water resources thus focuses on the actual water-saving quantity as far as residential buildings are concerned. Research that relates to other kinds of buildings focuses

30、on the adoption rate of simply equipped water-saving equip</p><p>　　3.1. Calculation</p><p>　　The actual water-saving rate(WR) is calculated according to Formula (1). Formula (3) shows that a qu

31、alified value of WR should be <0:8. A building with a qualified WR is eligible to apply for the “Green Building” incentive payment. According to Formula(2),the adoption rate of water-saving equipment (AR) can be used

32、to estimate the water-saving conditions in other kinds of buildings, and the guideline is shown in Formula (4). A qualified value of AR should be higher than 0.8. Except the residenti</p><p>　　WR=(Wd-(Ts (Wc

33、 - Ql )al +Tu(Wu –Q2 )a2+Tw(Wt –Q3 )a3 +Ba4 ))÷Wd –C (1)</p><p>　　The formula of calculating water resources index for other kinds of buildings(the Adoption Rate of water-saving equipment; AR) is as fo

34、llows:</p><p>　　AR=R+C (2)</p><p>　　The standardized qualifying conditions are</p><p>　　WR=0.8 (3)</p><p>　　AR=0.8 (4)</p><p>　　For dentition of the s

35、ymbols in Formulae(1)–(4),seethe nomenclature at the beginning, and Table 2 shows the constant (Wd; Ts ;Wc; Tu ;Wu ;Tw; Wt ) required by the estimate method of evaluation.</p><p>　　3.2. Calculation basis and

36、 regulations</p><p>　　The associated regulations for Formulae (1)–(4) are as follows:</p><p>　　(1) WR (actual Water-saving Rate) = 0.8 is calculated according to the supposition that the average

37、 daily water-consumption of each person is 200l, based on foreign references and experience. Most developed countries control the average daily water-consumption at well under 200l. Accordingly, the provisional water-con

38、sumption standard for Green Buildings in Taiwan is suggested as 200 l for each person per day.</p><p>　　(2) Factor Tu =3.57 and Tw =4.86 in Formula (1) are calculated by the weighted averages method: the hum

39、an body must discharge feces once per day, urine thrice per day during weekdays, and five times per day on Saturdays and Sundays, yielding an average of3.57 times per person per day. The average frequency of people’swash

40、ing hands with in a single day is four times per day during weekdays, and seven times per day on Saturdays and Sundays, yielding an average of 4.86 times per person per day. Bes</p><p>　　(3) Water-consumptio

41、n of Wd=13 L per flush of the toilet, is regarded as the base point consumption for calculating the water-conservation rate of the water-saving toilet in Formula (1), and corresponds to the most popular type of toilet in

42、 existing buildings. In other words, a water-saving toilet reduces the water-consumption each flushing of feces to 9l, saving 4l. Furthermore, the two-sectioned water-saving toilet reduces the water-consumption of flushi

43、ng urine to 4.5l, saving over 8:5 l. The</p><p>　　(4) Water-consumption of Wt=3 l per time within 20 s when using the common water-tap, is regarded as the base point consumption in determining the water-savi

44、ng rate of the water-saving tap in Formula (1). The actual water-consumption of a water-tap should be determined according to the various water-consumption quantities noted in various brand specifications. Herein,1.5 L p

45、er time (50% of the general water-consumption) is suggested for those passing the water-saving proof but without noting the</p><p>　　(5) The determination of B, the water-saving quantity for water-saving bat

46、hing devices in Formula (1), should consider people’s various bathing habits; especially those concerning water-consumption during shower or bath. The water-consumption of a shower is about 70l, and that of a bath exceed

47、s 150 l. Therefore, when calculating B,20 l should be added for a showering device without a bathtub; while the value for common bathtubs remains unchanged, and 20l should be subtracted for the massage bath</p>&l

48、t;p>　　(6) The systems, which use rain or intermediate water, require highly professional designs and the effects are hardly be considered as the same. In order to respect each professional design, a standardized formu

49、la for calculating C is not suggested in this program. A an applying project, the management of those buildings, which use such recycling systems, should report on the recycling rate of the rain or the intermediate water

50、 due to each device. The rain or intermediate water can only be used </p><p>　　(7) Water-conservation equipment, such as water-saving toilets, automatically stopping taps, auto-sensor flushing devices, water

51、-saving shower nozzles and bathtub should get the “water-saving proof” of the Water Resources Bureau ,Ministry of Economic Affairs(MOEA) of Taiwan; or, the proprietor should submit associated certificates. The number of

52、water-saving device should be counted according to the structural drawing of the building. Only the six devices mentioned above which have been announce</p><p>　　3.3. The principles of the accepted standard&

53、lt;/p><p>　　Water-consumption design for a building must follow the principles below to reach the standard of the water-resource index.</p><p>　　(1) Use of water-saving equipment is most effective.

54、 Particularly effective ways are the two-sectioned water-saving toilets and the water-saving showering devices without a bathtub.</p><p>　　(2) The incentive payments for reaching the standard can be easily g

55、ained by using water-saving toilets, water-taps and showering devices throughout the construction development.</p><p>　　(3) Despite its great water-saving efficiency, the system for recycling rain and interm

56、ediate water is not yet economically beneficial, due to the low water fee and the expense of water-disposal equipment. However, systems for recycling the rain are considered more easily adoptable than systems for recycli

57、ng intermediate water, and the method for assessing the recycling of rain is proposed in the next chapter.</p><p>　　3.4. Case study example</p><p>　　References to all the associated devices, inc

58、luding shot drawings, instructional charts, certificates of water-saving quantity, and calculations of the index were all submitted for cases to be considered here. If systems for recycling rain or intermediate water are

59、 adopted, then detailed drawings and water-saving rate reports should be submitted. Such references are omitted in this case study.</p><p>　　Case 1: Brief explanation of the water-saving equipment.</p>

60、<p>　　(1) Construction base is located in Taipei city, and includes a total of five apartment blocks, each of five stories; each story has two residential units for a total of 50 units. Each unit has two toilets.&

61、lt;/p><p>　　(2) Half of the construction project uses water-saving equipment, including two-sectioned water-saving toilets (water consumption when flushing feces is 9 L; urine, 4.5 L) and water saving taps (1.2

62、 L per use). Each bathroom is equipped with a showering nozzle (no bathtub), with a timer device (20 L of water is saved for the showering device without the bathtub, and an extra 10 L of water is saved using the timer d

63、evice.) </p><p>　　The water-resource index is calculated as follows:</p><p>　　(1) Estimated general daily water-consumption is 250 l per person.</p><p>　　(2)WR=(250-((13-9)×0.5

64、+3.57×(13-4.5)×0.5+4.86×(3-1.2)×0.5+(10+20)×0.5))÷250=0.857</p><p>　　WR>0.8; therefore, Case 1 does not achieve the water-resource index, and cannot receive the “Green Buildi

65、ng” incentive payment.</p><p>　　Case 2: Brief explanation of the water-saving equipment.</p><p>　　(1) In the above case, water-saving equipment was used only in half of the construction project.

66、 Calculation data is as follows, if the whole project used such water-saving equipment, then, WR = (250 - ((13 -9)×1.0+3.57×(13-4.5)×1.0+4.86×(3-1.2)×1.0+(10+20)*1.0))/250=0.714</p><p&

67、gt;　　(2) WR<0.8; therefore, Case 2 achieves the water-resource index, and can receive the “Green Building” incentive payment.</p><p>　　Case 3: If the project described in Case 2, could include a system to

68、 recycle the rain, then the situation is as follows:</p><p>　　(1) The roof of the apartment can gather 625 m of rain, and the capacity of the water trough for saving the recycled rain is 35 m. Therefore, usi

69、ng the recycled water for flushing toilets, cleaning and other uses (for example; watering plants and washing cars), can save 30 L of water per person per day.</p><p>　　(2) The ratio of the water-consumption

70、 quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption is 0.12 (C =30÷250=0.12).</p><p>　　(3) Then, the water-resource index is 0.594 (WR=0.714-0.12=0.594). As a result, Case 3 not only achi

71、eves the incentive standard, but is also an exemplary of green building design.</p><p>　　4. Method for assessing the recycling of rain</p><p>　　Systems for recycling rain and intermediate water

72、are not yet economic beneficial, because of the low water fee and the high cost of water-disposal equipment. However, systems for recycling rain are considered more easily adoptable than those for recycling intermediate

73、water. Herein, a method for assessing the recycling of rain is introduced to calculate the ratio (C) of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwater to the total water-consumption.</p><p>　　4.1.

74、Calculation basis of recycling rainwater</p><p>　　The designer of a system for recycling rainwater must first determine the quantity of rainwater and the demand, which will determine the rainwater collection

75、 device area and the storage tank volume. Rainwater quantity can actually be determined by a simple equation involving precipitation and collection device area. However, precipitation does not fall evenly spread over all

76、 days and locations. In particular, rain is usually concentrated in certain seasons and locations. Consequently, the critic</p><p>　　4.2. Evaluation of system for recycling rainwater</p><p>　　In

77、itially, the quantity of rainwater collection and usage must be known. A basic concept of input and output balance enables four parameters to be used to calculate the rainwater use system. The two inputs are rainwater fr

78、om collection devices, and supplementary tap water systems, while the outputs are consumption quantity for the user and overflow from storage devices. Fig. 3 presents this concept. The location of the design object, for

79、example in Taipei, must be confirmed based on the daily pr</p><p>　　(1) The quantity collected (CRW) is determined from daily precipitation (Rd) and collection area (CA).CRW(m3)=CA(m2)×Rd(mm/day)*ξ*10-3

80、 (ξdenotes the flow out coefficient, governed by the character of collection location, and this parameter is usually between 0.85 and 0.95 for a typical roof.)</p><p>　　(2) The overflow quantity (OFV) is det

81、ermined from the collection quantity (CRW), volumes of storage tanks (SV) and quantity remaining in the storage tanks(RSV).</p><p>　　If CRW+RSV>SV (m3); then</p><p>　　OFV =CRW+RSV-SV.</p&g

82、t;<p>　　If CRW+RSV < SV (m3); then OFV=0.</p><p>　　(3) The first remaining quantity in storage tank(RSV )following the above calculation is as follows:</p><p>　　If CRW+RSV > SV; the

83、n RSV′=SV; </p><p>　　If CRW+RSV < SV; then RSV′=CRW+RSV</p><p>　　(4) The quantity of water replenished(CW) from the quantity remaining in the storage tank(RSV′)and consumption for user (UW)

84、is determined thus:</p><p>　　If RSV′-UW < 0; then CW = -( RSV′ -UW).</p><p>　　If RSV′-UW > 0; then CW = 0.</p><p>　　(5) The second remaining quantity in storage tank (RSV) aft

85、er the above calculation is as follows:</p><p>　　If RSV′-UW < 0; then RSV′′ =0;</p><p>　　If RSV′-UW > 0; then RSV′′ = RSV′–UW.</p><p>　　(6) The second remaining quantity in th

86、e storage tank (RSV′′) is used as the initial data of RSV for the next day’s data that add up all parameters and yearly utilization by looping calculation.</p><p>　　(7) The above calculation can be used to o

87、btain annual rainwater utilization quantity(YRU),annual rainwater collection quantity (YRC) and annual consumption quantity (YTU).</p><p>　　YRU=∑(UW-CW); YRC=∑CRW; YTU=∑UW:</p><p>　　(8) Rainwate

88、r utilization rate (PRU%) and tap water substitution rate (PCW%) can be calculated as follows:</p><p>　　PRU(%) = YRU÷YRC×100，</p><p>　　PCW(%) =YRU÷YTC×100</p><p>

89、;　　The above procedure for calculating rainwater assessment was carried out on a computer program, and the simulation results were rapidly obtained. Fig.4 illustrates the program’s flowchart.</p><p>　　4.3. C

90、ase study and analysis</p><p>　　Following the above procedure, a primary school building with a rainwater use system is taken as an example for simulation and to verify the assessment results. This building

91、is located in Taipei city, has a building area of 1260 m and a total floor area of 6960 m ; it is a multi-discipline teaching building. Roofing is estimated to cover 80% of the building area, and the rainwater collection

92、 area covers 1008 m .Rainwater is used as intermediate water for the restrooms, and the utilization condi</p><p>　　The efficiency of rainwater storage tanks is assessed from the utilization rate of rainwater

93、 and the substitution rate of tap water. Differences in annual precipitation and rainfall distribution yield different results. Figs. 5 and 6 illustrate the results of the mentioned calculation procedure, to analyze diff

94、erences in rainwater utilization and efficiency assessment. The simulation runs over a period often years, from 1985 to 1994, and includes storage tanks with four different volumes. When t</p><p>　　In the fo

95、rmula of the water conservation index, C is a special weighting for some water recycling equipment that intermediates water or rain, and is calculated as the ratio of the water-consumption quantity of the recycled rainwa

96、ter to the total water-consumption. Therefore, this assessment procedure can also offer an approximate value of C for the water conservation index.</p><p>　　5. Green building label and policy</p><

97、p>　　“Green Building” is called “Environmental Co-Habitual Architecture” in Japan, “Ecological Building” or “Sustainable Building” in Europe and “Green Building in North American countries. Many fashionable terms such

98、as “Green consumption”, “Green living”, “Green illumination” have been broadly used. In Taiwan, currently, “Green” has been used as a symbol of environmental protection in the country. The Construction Research Departmen

99、t of the Ministry of the Interior of the Executive Yuan has decided</p><p>　　5.1. Principles of evaluation</p><p>　　Green Building is a general and systematic method of design to peruse sustaina