土木工程外文翻譯--土木工程簡介

1、<p>　　Introduction to Civil Engineering Papers</p><p>　　Civil Engineering for the development of a key role, first as a material foundation for the civil engineering construction materials, followed by

2、the subsequent development of the design theory and construction technology. Every time a new quality of building materials, civil engineering will be a leap-style development. </p><p>　　People can only rely

3、 on the early earth, wood and other natural materials in the construction activities, and later appeared in brick and tile that artificial materials, so that the first human to break the shackles of natural building mate

4、rials. China in the eleventh century BC in the early Western Zhou Dynasty created the tile. The first brick in the fifth century BC to the third century BC, when the tomb of the Warring States Period. Brick and tile bett

5、er than the mechanical properties of soi</p><p>　　The brick and tile so that people began to appear widely, to a large number of housing construction and urban flood control project, and so on. This civil en

6、gineering technology has been rapid development. Up to 18 to the 19th century, as long as two thousand years, brick and tile has been a major civil engineering construction materials, human civilization has made a great

7、contribution to the even was also widely used in the present. </p><p>　　The application of a large number of steel products is the second leap in civil engineering. Seventeen 1970s the use of pig iron, the e

8、arly nineteenth century, the use of wrought iron bridges and the construction of housing, which is a prelude to the emergence of steel. </p><p>　　From the beginning of the mid-nineteenth century, metallurgic

9、al industry, smelting and rolling out high tensile and compressive strength, ductility, uniformity of the quality of construction steel and then produce high-strength steel wire, steel cables. As a result of the need to

10、adapt to the development of the steel structure have been flourishing. In addition to the application of the original beam, arch structure, the new truss, a framework, the structure of network, cable structures to promo&

11、lt;/p><p>　　From the brick building long-span structures, stone structures, a few meters of wood, steel structure to the development of tens of meters, a few hundred meters, until modern km above. So in the riv

12、er, cross the bridge from shelves, on the ground since the construction of skyscrapers and high-rise tower, even in the laying of underground railway, to create an unprecedented miracle. </p><p>　　In order t

13、o meet the needs of the development of steel works, on the basis of Newton's mechanics, material mechanics, structural mechanics, structural engineering design theory came into being, and so on. Construction machiner

14、y, construction technology and construction organization design theory also development, civil engineering from the experience of rising to become science, engineering practice and theoretical basis for both is a differe

15、nt place, which led to more rapid development of civil</p><p>　　During the nineteenth century, 20, made of Portland cement, concrete has come out. Concrete can aggregate materials, easy-to-concrete structure

16、s forming, but the tensile strength of concrete is very small, limited use. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the surge in steel production, with the emergence of this new type of reinforced concrete composite con

17、struction materials, which bear the tension steel, concrete bear the pressure and play their own advantages. Since the beginning of the 2</p><p>　　From the beginning of the 1930s, there have been pre-stresse

18、d concrete. Pre-stressed concrete structure of the crack resistance, rigidity and carrying capacity, much higher than the reinforced concrete structure, which uses an even wider area. Civil Engineering into the reinforce

19、d concrete and prestressed concrete dominant historical period. Concrete buildings to bring about the emergence of new economic, aesthetic structure in the form of engineering, civil engineering so that a new constructio

20、</p><p>　　The characteristics of Civil Engineering </p><p>　　A project to build the facilities in general to go through the investigation, design and construction in three stages, require the us

21、e of geological prospecting projects, hydro-geological survey, engineering survey, soil mechanics, mechanical engineering, engineering design, building materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building t

22、he economy , And other disciplines and construction technology, construction and other fields of knowledge, as well as computer and mechanical test</p><p>　　Civil Engineering is accompanied by the developmen

23、t of human society developed. It works in the construction of facilities reflect the various historical periods of socio-economic, cultural, scientific, technological development outlook, which civil society has become o

24、ne of the historical development of the witness. </p><p>　　In ancient times, people began to build simple houses, roads, bridges and still water channel to meet the simple life and production. Later, in orde

25、r to adapt to the war, production and dissemination of religious life, as well as the needs of the construction of the city, canals, palaces, temples and other buildings. </p><p>　　Many well-known works show

26、n in this historical period of human creativity. For example, the Great Wall of China, Dujiangyan, the Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge, Yingxian Wooden Tower, the pyramids of Egypt, Greece's Parthenon, Rome's water

27、supply project, colosseum amphitheater (Rome large animal fighting Field), as well as many other well-known churches, palaces and so on. </p><p>　　After the industrial revolution, especially in the 20th cent

28、ury, on the one hand, civil society to put forward a new demand; On the other hand, all areas of society for the advancement of civil engineering to create good conditions. Thus this period of civil engineering has been

29、advanced by leaps and bounds. All over the world there have been large-scale modernization of industrial plants, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span bridges, and large-diameter pipelines l

30、</p><p>　　Civil Engineering is a very practical subjects. In the early days, through the civil engineering practice, summing up successful experience, in particular, to draw lessons from the failure of devel

31、oped. From the beginning of the 17th century, with Galileo and Newton as a pilot with the mechanics of the modern civil engineering practice, gradually formed the mechanical, structural mechanics, fluid mechanics, rock m

32、echanics, civil engineering as the basis of theoretical subjects. This experience i</p><p>　　In the course of the development of civil engineering, engineering practice often first experience in theory, engi

33、neering accidents often show a new unforeseen factors, triggering a new theory of the research and development. So far a number of projects dealing with the problem, is still very much rely on practical experience. </

34、p><p>　　Civil Engineering Technology with the main reason for the development of engineering practice and not by virtue of scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: First, some of the obj

35、ective situation is too complicated and difficult to faithfully carry out laboratory or field testing and analysis. For example, the foundation, tunnel and underground engineering and deformation of the state and its cha

36、nges over time, still need to refer to an analysis of engineering experience t</p><p>　　In the long-term civil engineering practice, it is not only building great attention to the arts, has made outstanding

37、achievements; and other works, but also through the choice of different materials, such as the use of stone, steel and reinforced concrete, with natural Environmental art in the construction of a number of very beautiful

38、, very functional and good works. Ancient Great Wall of China, the modern world, many of the television tower and the bridge ramp Zhang, are cases in point.</p><p><b>　　土木工程簡介</b></p><

39、p>　　對土木工程的發(fā)展起關(guān)鍵作用的，首先是作為工程物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)的土木建筑材料，其次是隨之發(fā)展起來的設(shè)計理論和施工技術(shù)。每當(dāng)出現(xiàn)新的優(yōu)良的建筑材料時，土木工程就 會有飛躍式的發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　人們在早期只能依靠泥土、木料及其它天然材料從事營造活動，后來出現(xiàn)了磚和瓦這種人工建筑材料，使人類第一次沖破了天然建筑材料的束縛。中國在公元前十一世紀(jì) 的西周初期制造出瓦。最早的磚出現(xiàn)在公元前五世紀(jì)至公元前三世紀(jì)

40、戰(zhàn)國時的墓室中。磚和瓦具有比土更優(yōu)越的力學(xué)性能，可以就地取材，而又易于加工制作。 </p><p>　　磚和瓦的出現(xiàn)使人們開始廣泛地、大量地修建房屋和城防工程等。由此土木工程技術(shù)得到了飛速的發(fā)展。直至18～19世紀(jì)，在長達(dá)兩千多年時間里，磚和瓦一直是土木工程的重要建筑材料，為人類文明作出了偉大的貢獻(xiàn)，甚至在目前還被廣泛采用。 </p><p>　　鋼材的大量應(yīng)用是土木工程的第二次飛躍。 十

41、七世紀(jì)70年代開始使用生鐵、十九世紀(jì)初開始使用熟鐵建造橋梁和房屋，這是鋼結(jié)構(gòu)出現(xiàn)的前奏。 </p><p>　　從十九世紀(jì)中葉開始，冶金業(yè)冶煉并軋制出抗拉和抗壓強(qiáng)度都很高、延性好、質(zhì)量均勻的建筑鋼材，隨后又生產(chǎn)出高強(qiáng)度鋼絲、鋼索 。于是適應(yīng)發(fā)展需要的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)得到蓬勃發(fā)展。除應(yīng)用原有的粱、拱結(jié)構(gòu)外，新興的桁架、框架、網(wǎng)架結(jié)構(gòu)、懸索結(jié)構(gòu)逐漸推廣，出現(xiàn)了結(jié)構(gòu)形式百花爭艷的局面。 </p><p>

42、　　建筑物跨徑從磚結(jié)構(gòu)、石結(jié)構(gòu)、木結(jié)構(gòu)的幾米、幾十米發(fā)展到鋼結(jié)構(gòu)的百米、幾百米，直到現(xiàn)代的千米以上。于是在大江、海峽上架起大橋，在地面上建造起摩天大樓和高聳鐵塔，甚至在地面下鋪設(shè)鐵路，創(chuàng)造出前所未有的奇跡。 </p><p>　　為適應(yīng)鋼結(jié)構(gòu)工程發(fā)展的需要，在牛頓力學(xué)的基礎(chǔ)上，材料力學(xué)、結(jié)構(gòu)力學(xué)、工程結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計理論等就應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。施工機(jī)械、施工技術(shù)和施工組織設(shè)計的理論也隨之發(fā)展，土木工程從經(jīng)驗(yàn)上升成為科學(xué)，在工程實(shí)踐

43、和基礎(chǔ)理論方面都面貌一新，從而促成了土木工程更迅速的發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　十九世紀(jì)20年代，波特蘭水泥制成后，混凝土問世了。混凝土骨料可以就地取材，混凝土構(gòu)件易于成型，但混凝土的抗拉強(qiáng)度很小，用途受到限制。 十九世紀(jì)中葉以后，鋼鐵產(chǎn)量激增，隨之出現(xiàn)了鋼筋混凝土這種新型的復(fù)合建筑材料，其中鋼筋承擔(dān)拉力，混凝土承擔(dān)壓力，發(fā)揮了各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 二十世紀(jì)初以來，鋼筋混凝土廣泛應(yīng)用于土木工程的各個領(lǐng)域。 </p

44、><p>　　從三十年代開始，出現(xiàn)了預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土。預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)的抗裂性能、剛度和承載能力，大大高于鋼筋混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)，因而用途更為廣闊。土木工程進(jìn)入了鋼筋混凝土和預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土占統(tǒng)治地位的歷史時期。混凝土的出現(xiàn)給建筑物帶來了新的經(jīng)濟(jì)、美觀的工程結(jié)構(gòu)形式，使土木工程產(chǎn)生了新的施工技術(shù)和工程結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計理論。這是土木工程的又一次飛躍發(fā)展。 </p><p>　　建造一項(xiàng)工程設(shè)施一般要經(jīng)過勘察、設(shè)計和施工

45、三個階段，需要運(yùn)用工程地質(zhì)勘察、水文地質(zhì)勘察、工程測量、土力學(xué)、工程力學(xué)、工程設(shè)計、建筑材料、建筑設(shè)備、工程機(jī)械、建筑經(jīng)濟(jì)等學(xué)科和施工技術(shù)、施工組織等領(lǐng)域的知識 ，以及電子計算機(jī)和力學(xué)測試等技術(shù)。因而土木工程是一門范圍廣闊的綜合性學(xué)科。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和工程實(shí)踐的發(fā)展，土木工程這個學(xué)科也已發(fā)展成為內(nèi)涵廣泛、門類眾多、結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的綜合體系。 </p><p>　　土木工程是伴隨著人類社會的發(fā)展而發(fā)展起來的。它所建造

46、的工程設(shè)施反映出各個歷史時期社會經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、科學(xué)、技術(shù)發(fā)展的面貌，因而土木工程也就成為社會歷史發(fā)展的見證之一。 </p><p>　　遠(yuǎn)古時代，人們就開始修筑簡陋的房舍、道路、橋梁和溝澶，以滿足簡單的生活和生產(chǎn)需要。后來，人們?yōu)榱诉m應(yīng)戰(zhàn)爭、生產(chǎn)和生活以及宗教傳播的需要，興建了城池、運(yùn)河、宮殿、寺廟以及其他各種建筑物。 </p><p>　　許多著名的工程設(shè)施顯示出人類在這個歷史時期的創(chuàng)造力

47、。例如，中國的長城、都江堰、大運(yùn)河、趙州橋、應(yīng)縣木塔，埃及的金字塔，希臘的巴臺農(nóng)神廟，羅馬的給水工程、科洛西姆圓形競技場(羅馬大斗獸場)，以及其他許多著名的教堂、宮殿等。 </p><p>　　產(chǎn)業(yè)革命以后，特別是到了20世紀(jì)，一方面社會向土木工程提出了新的需求；另一方面，社會各個領(lǐng)域?yàn)橥聊竟こ痰那斑M(jìn)創(chuàng)造了良好的條件。因而這個時期的土木工程得到突飛猛進(jìn)的發(fā)展。在世界各地出現(xiàn)了現(xiàn)代化規(guī)模宏大的工業(yè)廠房、摩天大廈，核

48、電站、高速公路和鐵路、大跨橋梁、大直徑運(yùn)輸管道長隧道、大運(yùn)河、大堤壩、大飛機(jī)場、大海港以及海洋工程等等。現(xiàn)代土木工程不斷地為人類社會創(chuàng)造嶄新的物質(zhì)環(huán)境，成為人類社會現(xiàn)代文明的重要組成部分。 </p><p>　　土木工程是具有很強(qiáng)的實(shí)踐性的學(xué)科。在早期，土木工程是通過工程實(shí)踐，總結(jié)成功的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，尤其是吸取失敗的教訓(xùn)發(fā)展起來的。從17世紀(jì)開始，以伽利略和牛頓為先導(dǎo)的近代力學(xué)同土木工程實(shí)踐結(jié)合起來，逐漸形成材料力學(xué)、結(jié)

49、構(gòu)力學(xué)、流體力學(xué)、巖體力學(xué)，作為土木工程的基礎(chǔ)理論的學(xué)科。這樣土木工程才逐漸從經(jīng)驗(yàn)發(fā)展成為科學(xué)。 </p><p>　　在土木工程的發(fā)展過程中，工程實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)常先行于理論，工程事故常顯示出未能預(yù)見的新因素，觸發(fā)新理論的研究和發(fā)展。至今不少工程問題的處理，在很大程度上仍然依靠實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 </p><p>　　土木工程技術(shù)的發(fā)展之所以主要憑借工程實(shí)踐而不是憑借科學(xué)試驗(yàn)和理論研究，有兩個原因：一是

50、有些客觀情況過于復(fù)雜，難以如實(shí)地進(jìn)行室內(nèi)實(shí)驗(yàn)或現(xiàn)場測試和理論分析。例如，地基基礎(chǔ)、隧道及地下工程的受力和變形的狀態(tài)及其隨時間的變化，至今還需要參考工程經(jīng)驗(yàn)進(jìn)行分析判斷。二是只有進(jìn)行新的工程實(shí)踐，才能揭示新的問題。例如，建造了高層建筑、高聳塔桅和大跨橋梁等，工程的抗風(fēng)和抗震問題突出了，才能發(fā)展出這方面的新理論和技術(shù)。 </p><p>　　在土木工程的長期實(shí)踐中，人們不僅對房屋建筑藝術(shù)給予很大注意，取得了卓越的成就