簡介：2900英文單詞，英文單詞，16400英文字符，中文英文字符，中文4870字出處出處AYMAN,HASSAAN,MAHMOUD,ETALPLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLJFRONTIERSOFARCHITECTURALRESEARCH,2015,413545PLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLAYMAN，HASSAAN，MAHMOUD，REHAM，OMARABSTRACTTREESAREAMAJORFACTORINDEFININGTHESPATIALQUALITIESOFOUTDOORSPACESTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEINFLUENCEOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONPRODUCEDBYTHEPROPOSEDTREEPLANTINGDESIGNONTHEVISUALFIELDSOFANURBANPARKUSINGSPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXTHEORYASSUMESTHATANURBANAREACANBEREPRESENTEDASAMATRIXOFCONNECTEDSPACESTHEQUANTITATIVEPROPERTIESOFTHISMATRIXINTHEFORMOFSYNTACTICMEASURESCANBEMEASUREDUSINGCOMPUTERSIMULATIONSTHISRESEARCHINVESTIGATESHOWSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESCANHELPASSESSTHEEFFECTOFTREECONFIGURATIONSONTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFASMALLSCALEGARDENINANURBANPARKSUCHTECHNIQUESAREASSUMEDUSEFULINPREDICTINGTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFTHEPROPOSEDSPACEANDINASSESSINGDESIGNALTERNATIVESANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYUSINGTHREEDIFFERENTPLANTINGDESIGNPROPOSALSFORANURBANPARKISCONDUCTEDDATAAREANALYZEDUSINGSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESRESULTSREVEALASIGNIFICANTEFFECTOFPLANTINGCONFIGURATIONSONSYNTACTICMEASURESACROSSTHETHREEPROPOSALSTHISSTUDYSUGGESTSTHATSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESMAYHAVEASIGNIFICANTVALUEINTHEASSESSMENTOFSCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGN,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELKEYWORDSLANDSCAPEDESIGNSPACESYNTAXPLANTINGURBANPARKSCAIRO1INTRODUCTIONTHECURRENTLITERATUREHASINVESTIGATEDTHEINFLUENCEOFLANDSCAPEVEGETATIONONTHEFREQUENCYANDRANGEOFMOVEMENTSHRIVER,1997FOLTêTEANDPIOMBINI,2007CHAMBERLAINANDMEITNER,2013ANDONTHECHOICESOFROUTESINSPECIFICPLACESSUCHASPUBLICGARDENSLOITERONANDBISHOP,2005HOWEVER,THESESTUDIESAREFOCUSEDONPEDESTRIANBEHAVIORINSMALLANDCLOSEDSPACESZACHARIAS,1997MOSKELLANDALLRED,2013ANDINUNKNOWNAREASZACHARIAS,2006GENERALIZINGTHESEOBSERVATIONSINLARGE,FAMILIARENVIRONMENTSISNECESSARYTODISTINGUISHTHEPROCESSESOFSPACEPERCEPTIONTHATAFFECTMOVEMENTRESEARCHONMOVEMENTSINANINTRAURBANENVIRONMENTMUSTINTEGRATEALARGEAMOUNTOFQUALITATIVEDATATOGENERATEUSEFULINPUTSFORURBANPLANNINGR?E,2000STAHLEANDMARCUS,2010,SUCHASLANDSCAPESSUCHAPPROACHWILLHELPINUNDERSTANDINGHOWINDIVIDUALSCHOOSETHEIRROUTINETRIPSINANENVIRONMENTANDHOWSOCIALSTRUCTUREISAFFECTEDBYPEDESTRIANTRIPSVISUALREPRESENTATIONANDSIMULATIONTECHNIQUESARETRADITIONALLYUSEDTOHELPDESIGNERSINTHEDESIGNPROCESSTHESETECHNIQUESHELPINVISUALIZINGDESIGNCONCEPTSANDINEXPLORINGHOWPROPOSEDLAYOUTSMIGHTWORKINREALITYTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEUSEOFIDENTIFYINGTHEVISUALPROPERTIESOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONSINITIATEDBYPLANTINGDESIGNSINALANDSCAPESETTING11AIMOFTHESTUDYTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEEFFECTOFTHEPLANTINGDESIGNOFURBANPARKSBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONSOFASPACESYNTAXMODEL,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELTHISMETHODMAYHAVEANEXTENSIVEVALUEINTHEEVALUATIONPROCESSATTHESCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGNSTAGETHEMAINQUESTIONMOTIVATINGTHISSTUDYISWHETHERAPLANTINGDESIGNMETHODCANBEDEVELOPEDBYUSED“AGENTS”THATNAVIGATETHROUGHVRENVIRONMENTSTORETRIEVEISOVISTS,WHICHREPRESENTTHEMEASURESOFVISIBLESPACETHROUGHOUTCONFIGURATIONSANDTHEASSOCIATEDVISUALFIELDSTHROUGHTHESPACETHATTHEYPRODUCEBENEDIKT,1979A,1979BONTHECONTRARY,BATTYANDJIANG1999DEVELOPEDAPARALLEL“AGENTSYSTEM”TOCONSTRUCTISOVISTSEXTENDINGTHEWORKONISOVISTS,CONROY2001INVESTIGATEDTHEFORMALVISUALPROPERTIESOFPATHSTHATPEOPLETAKEWITHINCONTROLLEDEXPERIMENTSINVRENVIRONMENTSFISHERGEWIRTZMANANDWAGNER2002SUGGESTEDTHATVISIBILITYANALYSISSHOULDCOVERANDQUANTIFYTHETHIRDDIMENSIONASBENEDIKT1979A,1979BMANAGEDTOACHIEVEFORTWODIMENSIONSTHEYPROPOSEDATHREEDIMENSIONALANALYSISOFTHE“SPATIALOPENNESS”O(jiān)RISOVISTVOLUMEOFVIEWSFROMFLATSHOWEVER,THEYRESTRICTEDTHEMSELVESTOATWODIMENSIONALISOVISTAREABECAUSEOFINADEQUATECOMPUTINGPROCESSINGCAPACITYTELLER2003SUGGESTEDANINNOVATIVESOLUTIONTOOVERCOMETHEPROBLEMOFCOMPUTATIONALCOMPLEXITYINATHREEDIMENSIONALANALYSISHEINVESTIGATEDTHEANGULARAREAOFTHESKYOBSERVABLETHROUGHOUTTHEURBANENVIRONMENTTOANALYZE“SKYOPENING”FROMLOCATIONSTHISMETHODOFFERSASCALEINVARIANTMEASUREOFTHEENVIRONMENT,WHICHTELLERRECOMMENDEDASAPRACTICALWAYTOAVOIDTHESCALEDEPENDENCYOFMANYMEASURESOFISOVISTS,SUCHASAREAORVISUALINTEGRATIONHESUGGESTEDTHATAPARTFROMOFFERINGEXAMPLESOFTYPICALVALUES,THEMETHODISALSOUSEFULFORCLASSIFYINGTOWNSQUARESANDINVESTIGATINGTHEEFFECTOFNEWBUILDINGSONTHEPERCEPTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTARELATEDAPPROACHWASESTABLISHEDBYRATTI2002,WHOMAPPEDTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFPERCEIVEDSKYAREAFROMVARIOUSPOSITIONSTHATGIVEAWEIGHTEDDIRECTIONALMEASUREOFVISUALOPENNESSTURNER2003A,2003BARGUEDTHATALTHOUGHTHESEINNOVATIVETECHNIQUESADDATHREEDIMENSIONALQUALITY,THEYCANNOTBEBROKENDOWNINTOTHERECENTUSESOFVISIBILITYANALYSIS,WHICHCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOCATEGORIES1CLASSIFICATIONAND2ASSESSMENTOFTHEPERCEPTUALQUALITIESOFTHEENVIRONMENTTHEPRESENTSTUDYEXTENDSTHEARGUMENTTHATTHEVISIBILITYANALYSISOFTHEPROPOSEDPLANTINGDESIGNSCOULDDETECTTHESPECIFICEFFECTSOFSPATIALPROPERTIESCAUSEDBYVARIOUSPLANTINGARRANGEMENTSINLANDSCAPEDESIGN23SPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXISARESEARCHPROGRAMTHATSTUDIESTHECORRELATIONBETWEENHUMANSOCIETIESANDSPACEFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHEGENERALTHEORYOFTHESTRUCTUREOFPOPULATEDSPACEINALLITSDIFFERENTFORMSBUILDINGS,SETTLEMENTS,CITIES,ANDLANDSCAPESHILLIER,1996HILLIERANDHANSON,1998BAFNA,2003KOOHSARIETAL,2013SPACESYNTAXISALSODEFINEDASAGRAPHBASEDTHEORYUSEDBYARCHITECTSANDURBANDESIGNERSTOEXAMINEHOWTHESPATIALLAYOUTOFBUILDINGSANDCITIESINFLUENCESTHEECONOMIC,SOCIAL,ANDENVIRONMENTALOUTCOMESOFHUMANMOVEMENTANDSOCIALINTERACTIONDAWSON,2002ITSTECHNIQUESOFFERPRECISEQUANTITATIVEDESCRIPTIONSOFTHEWAYINWHICHTHEBUILTSPACESOFASETTINGAREORGANIZEDHILLIERETAL,1983ACCORDINGTOHILLIERANDHANSON1984,THESOCIALMEANINGOFTHEENVIRONMENTARISESFROMSPATIALCOMPOSITION,ANDTHETOPOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFANENVIRONMENTISAPRIMARYELEMENTBYWHICHASOCIETYCREATESANDESTABLISHESROLESTODEVELOPSOMETYPESOFSOCIALRELATIONSHIPSTHEREFORE,CONSTRUCTEDENVIRONMENTALSPATIALPATTERNSINCORPORATEANDGIVESHAPETOSOCIALPATTERNSSPACESYNTAXISBUILTONTWORECOGNIZEDIDEASTHATATTEMPTTOREFLECTBOTHTHEOBJECTIVITYOFSPACEANDOURINTUITIVEENGAGEMENTHILLIERANDVAUGHAN,2007THEFIRSTIDEAISTHATWESHOULDTHINKOFSPACENOTASTHEBACKGROUNDTOHUMANACTIVITY,ASWETHINKOFITASTHEBACKGROUNDTOOBJECTS,BUTASANESSENTIALASPECTOFEVERYTHINGHUMANBEINGSDOINTHESENSEOFMOVINGTHROUGHSPACEMOVEMENTISESSENTIALLYLINEAR,ANDINTERFACEREQUIRESA“CONVEX”SPACEINWHICHALLPOINTSCANSEEALLOTHERSANDAVARIABLYSHAPED,OFTENSHARP,VISUALFIELDREFERREDTOASAN“ISOVIST”CANBE

簡介：2900英文單詞，英文單詞，16400英文字符，中文英文字符，中文4870字出處出處AYMAN,HASSAAN,MAHMOUD,ETALPLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLJFRONTIERSOFARCHITECTURALRESEARCH,2015,413545PLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLAYMAN，HASSAAN，MAHMOUD，REHAM，OMARABSTRACTTREESAREAMAJORFACTORINDEFININGTHESPATIALQUALITIESOFOUTDOORSPACESTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEINFLUENCEOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONPRODUCEDBYTHEPROPOSEDTREEPLANTINGDESIGNONTHEVISUALFIELDSOFANURBANPARKUSINGSPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXTHEORYASSUMESTHATANURBANAREACANBEREPRESENTEDASAMATRIXOFCONNECTEDSPACESTHEQUANTITATIVEPROPERTIESOFTHISMATRIXINTHEFORMOFSYNTACTICMEASURESCANBEMEASUREDUSINGCOMPUTERSIMULATIONSTHISRESEARCHINVESTIGATESHOWSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESCANHELPASSESSTHEEFFECTOFTREECONFIGURATIONSONTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFASMALLSCALEGARDENINANURBANPARKSUCHTECHNIQUESAREASSUMEDUSEFULINPREDICTINGTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFTHEPROPOSEDSPACEANDINASSESSINGDESIGNALTERNATIVESANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYUSINGTHREEDIFFERENTPLANTINGDESIGNPROPOSALSFORANURBANPARKISCONDUCTEDDATAAREANALYZEDUSINGSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESRESULTSREVEALASIGNIFICANTEFFECTOFPLANTINGCONFIGURATIONSONSYNTACTICMEASURESACROSSTHETHREEPROPOSALSTHISSTUDYSUGGESTSTHATSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESMAYHAVEASIGNIFICANTVALUEINTHEASSESSMENTOFSCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGN,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELKEYWORDSLANDSCAPEDESIGNSPACESYNTAXPLANTINGURBANPARKSCAIRO1INTRODUCTIONTHECURRENTLITERATUREHASINVESTIGATEDTHEINFLUENCEOFLANDSCAPEVEGETATIONONTHEFREQUENCYANDRANGEOFMOVEMENTSHRIVER,1997FOLTêTEANDPIOMBINI,2007CHAMBERLAINANDMEITNER,2013ANDONTHECHOICESOFROUTESINSPECIFICPLACESSUCHASPUBLICGARDENSLOITERONANDBISHOP,2005HOWEVER,THESESTUDIESAREFOCUSEDONPEDESTRIANBEHAVIORINSMALLANDCLOSEDSPACESZACHARIAS,1997MOSKELLANDALLRED,2013ANDINUNKNOWNAREASZACHARIAS,2006GENERALIZINGTHESEOBSERVATIONSINLARGE,FAMILIARENVIRONMENTSISNECESSARYTODISTINGUISHTHEPROCESSESOFSPACEPERCEPTIONTHATAFFECTMOVEMENTRESEARCHONMOVEMENTSINANINTRAURBANENVIRONMENTMUSTINTEGRATEALARGEAMOUNTOFQUALITATIVEDATATOGENERATEUSEFULINPUTSFORURBANPLANNINGR?E,2000STAHLEANDMARCUS,2010,SUCHASLANDSCAPESSUCHAPPROACHWILLHELPINUNDERSTANDINGHOWINDIVIDUALSCHOOSETHEIRROUTINETRIPSINANENVIRONMENTANDHOWSOCIALSTRUCTUREISAFFECTEDBYPEDESTRIANTRIPSVISUALREPRESENTATIONANDSIMULATIONTECHNIQUESARETRADITIONALLYUSEDTOHELPDESIGNERSINTHEDESIGNPROCESSTHESETECHNIQUESHELPINVISUALIZINGDESIGNCONCEPTSANDINEXPLORINGHOWPROPOSEDLAYOUTSMIGHTWORKINREALITYTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEUSEOFIDENTIFYINGTHEVISUALPROPERTIESOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONSINITIATEDBYPLANTINGDESIGNSINALANDSCAPESETTING11AIMOFTHESTUDYTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEEFFECTOFTHEPLANTINGDESIGNOFURBANPARKSBASEDONTHEASSUMPTIONSOFASPACESYNTAXMODEL,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELTHISMETHODMAYHAVEANEXTENSIVEVALUEINTHEEVALUATIONPROCESSATTHESCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGNSTAGETHEMAINQUESTIONMOTIVATINGTHISSTUDYISWHETHERAPLANTINGDESIGNMETHODCANBEDEVELOPEDBYUSED“AGENTS”THATNAVIGATETHROUGHVRENVIRONMENTSTORETRIEVEISOVISTS,WHICHREPRESENTTHEMEASURESOFVISIBLESPACETHROUGHOUTCONFIGURATIONSANDTHEASSOCIATEDVISUALFIELDSTHROUGHTHESPACETHATTHEYPRODUCEBENEDIKT,1979A,1979BONTHECONTRARY,BATTYANDJIANG1999DEVELOPEDAPARALLEL“AGENTSYSTEM”TOCONSTRUCTISOVISTSEXTENDINGTHEWORKONISOVISTS,CONROY2001INVESTIGATEDTHEFORMALVISUALPROPERTIESOFPATHSTHATPEOPLETAKEWITHINCONTROLLEDEXPERIMENTSINVRENVIRONMENTSFISHERGEWIRTZMANANDWAGNER2002SUGGESTEDTHATVISIBILITYANALYSISSHOULDCOVERANDQUANTIFYTHETHIRDDIMENSIONASBENEDIKT1979A,1979BMANAGEDTOACHIEVEFORTWODIMENSIONSTHEYPROPOSEDATHREEDIMENSIONALANALYSISOFTHE“SPATIALOPENNESS”O(jiān)RISOVISTVOLUMEOFVIEWSFROMFLATSHOWEVER,THEYRESTRICTEDTHEMSELVESTOATWODIMENSIONALISOVISTAREABECAUSEOFINADEQUATECOMPUTINGPROCESSINGCAPACITYTELLER2003SUGGESTEDANINNOVATIVESOLUTIONTOOVERCOMETHEPROBLEMOFCOMPUTATIONALCOMPLEXITYINATHREEDIMENSIONALANALYSISHEINVESTIGATEDTHEANGULARAREAOFTHESKYOBSERVABLETHROUGHOUTTHEURBANENVIRONMENTTOANALYZE“SKYOPENING”FROMLOCATIONSTHISMETHODOFFERSASCALEINVARIANTMEASUREOFTHEENVIRONMENT,WHICHTELLERRECOMMENDEDASAPRACTICALWAYTOAVOIDTHESCALEDEPENDENCYOFMANYMEASURESOFISOVISTS,SUCHASAREAORVISUALINTEGRATIONHESUGGESTEDTHATAPARTFROMOFFERINGEXAMPLESOFTYPICALVALUES,THEMETHODISALSOUSEFULFORCLASSIFYINGTOWNSQUARESANDINVESTIGATINGTHEEFFECTOFNEWBUILDINGSONTHEPERCEPTIONOFTHEENVIRONMENTARELATEDAPPROACHWASESTABLISHEDBYRATTI2002,WHOMAPPEDTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFPERCEIVEDSKYAREAFROMVARIOUSPOSITIONSTHATGIVEAWEIGHTEDDIRECTIONALMEASUREOFVISUALOPENNESSTURNER2003A,2003BARGUEDTHATALTHOUGHTHESEINNOVATIVETECHNIQUESADDATHREEDIMENSIONALQUALITY,THEYCANNOTBEBROKENDOWNINTOTHERECENTUSESOFVISIBILITYANALYSIS,WHICHCANBEDIVIDEDINTOTWOCATEGORIES1CLASSIFICATIONAND2ASSESSMENTOFTHEPERCEPTUALQUALITIESOFTHEENVIRONMENTTHEPRESENTSTUDYEXTENDSTHEARGUMENTTHATTHEVISIBILITYANALYSISOFTHEPROPOSEDPLANTINGDESIGNSCOULDDETECTTHESPECIFICEFFECTSOFSPATIALPROPERTIESCAUSEDBYVARIOUSPLANTINGARRANGEMENTSINLANDSCAPEDESIGN23SPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXISARESEARCHPROGRAMTHATSTUDIESTHECORRELATIONBETWEENHUMANSOCIETIESANDSPACEFROMTHEPERSPECTIVEOFTHEGENERALTHEORYOFTHESTRUCTUREOFPOPULATEDSPACEINALLITSDIFFERENTFORMSBUILDINGS,SETTLEMENTS,CITIES,ANDLANDSCAPESHILLIER,1996HILLIERANDHANSON,1998BAFNA,2003KOOHSARIETAL,2013SPACESYNTAXISALSODEFINEDASAGRAPHBASEDTHEORYUSEDBYARCHITECTSANDURBANDESIGNERSTOEXAMINEHOWTHESPATIALLAYOUTOFBUILDINGSANDCITIESINFLUENCESTHEECONOMIC,SOCIAL,ANDENVIRONMENTALOUTCOMESOFHUMANMOVEMENTANDSOCIALINTERACTIONDAWSON,2002ITSTECHNIQUESOFFERPRECISEQUANTITATIVEDESCRIPTIONSOFTHEWAYINWHICHTHEBUILTSPACESOFASETTINGAREORGANIZEDHILLIERETAL,1983ACCORDINGTOHILLIERANDHANSON1984,THESOCIALMEANINGOFTHEENVIRONMENTARISESFROMSPATIALCOMPOSITION,ANDTHETOPOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFANENVIRONMENTISAPRIMARYELEMENTBYWHICHASOCIETYCREATESANDESTABLISHESROLESTODEVELOPSOMETYPESOFSOCIALRELATIONSHIPSTHEREFORE,CONSTRUCTEDENVIRONMENTALSPATIALPATTERNSINCORPORATEANDGIVESHAPETOSOCIALPATTERNSSPACESYNTAXISBUILTONTWORECOGNIZEDIDEASTHATATTEMPTTOREFLECTBOTHTHEOBJECTIVITYOFSPACEANDOURINTUITIVEENGAGEMENTHILLIERANDVAUGHAN,2007THEFIRSTIDEAISTHATWESHOULDTHINKOFSPACENOTASTHEBACKGROUNDTOHUMANACTIVITY,ASWETHINKOFITASTHEBACKGROUNDTOOBJECTS,BUTASANESSENTIALASPECTOFEVERYTHINGHUMANBEINGSDOINTHESENSEOFMOVINGTHROUGHSPACEMOVEMENTISESSENTIALLYLINEAR,ANDINTERFACEREQUIRESA“CONVEX”SPACEINWHICHALLPOINTSCANSEEALLOTHERSANDAVARIABLYSHAPED,OFTENSHARP,VISUALFIELDREFERREDTOASAN“ISOVIST”CANBE

簡介：字數(shù)英文字數(shù)英文25072507單詞，單詞，1379813798字符；中文字符；中文41044104漢字漢字出處出處N?ITAVSKA,ITAVSKA,AMENGOTSDIGITALMENGOTSDIGITALTOOLSTOOLSININLANDSCAPELANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREJARCHITECTUREJSCIENTIFICSCIENTIFICJOURNALJOURNALOFOFLATVIALATVIAUNIVERSITYUNIVERSITYOFOFAGRICULTUREAGRICULTURELANDSCAPELANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREARCHITECTUREANDANDART2017,11114250ART2017,11114250外文文獻外文文獻DIGITALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREABSTRACTNOWADAYSPROFESSIONALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREAREMORERELATEDTODIGITALTOOLSLANDSCAPEARCHITECTS’HANDPOWEREDTOOLSHAVEBEENREPLACEDBYCOMPUTERSANDDIGITALTOOLSWHERETHETRADITIONALTECHNIQUESARESUPPLEMENTEDWITH3DMODELLINGANDANIMATIONFORLANDSCAPEPLANNINGINDIFFERENTSCALESANDFORDIFFERENTPROJECTSLEVELSTHEMAINAIMOFTHISPAPERISTOUNDERSTANDANDANALYSETHEUSEOFDIGITALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDPLANNINGINLATVIAFORTHECOLLECTIONOFDATAFORTHISSTUDYAQUESTIONNAIREWASDESIGNEDANDSENTTOLATVIANLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPLANNERSTHEQUESTIONSITINCLUDEDWEREONHOWLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPLANNERSUSEDIGITALTOOLSFORTHEREPRESENTATIONOFTHEIRSKETCHESANDIDEASANDONWHATKINDOFDIGITALTOOLSTHEYUSEINDIFFERENTLANDSCAPETYPESANDSCALESRESULTSSHOWEDTHATALLTHESURVEYEDLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSUSEDIGITALTOOLSINTHEIREVERYDAYPROFESSIONALPRACTICE–FORLANDSCAPEDESIGNORASSESSMENTMOSTOFTHEMALSOSTILLUSETHETRADITIONALDRAWINGSBYHANDFORDRAFTSKETCHESANDIDEAS,BUTFORCOMMUNICATIONWITHPUBLIC,PROJECTSANDDESIGNSELABORATEDBYDIGITALTOOLSAREUSEDLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSHAVEEMPHASIZEDTHEGREATPOTENTIALOFDIGITALTOOLSFORENHANCINGCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTANDTHEPOTENTIALUSERDIGITALTOOLSVISUALIZATIONS,ANIMATIONS,3DMODELS,ETCALLOWTHEPOTENTIALUSERTOPARTICIPATEINTHELANDSCAPEPLANNINGPROCESSANDEASILYIMAGINETHELANDSCAPEBEFOREITISCREATEDTODAYLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSUSEDIGITALTOOLSTOPRODUCETHEFINALPROJECTPRESENTATIONINPLANNINGANDCOMMUNICATINGABOUTLANDSCAPEPLANNING,CONSERVATION,RENOVATION,ORINSTALLINGISSUESINSEVERALSTUDIESTHEUSEOFDIGITALTOOLSHASBEENPARTICULARLYEMPHASIZEDINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDPLANNINGINORDERTOIMPROVETHEPROJECTPERCEPTIONANDCOMMUNICATIONAMONGLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPROFESSIONALS,RESIDENTS,CLIENTSASWELLASCOLLEAGUESTHEUSEOFTHESEDIGITALTOOLSISDIVERSE,ANDITISADJUSTABLETOTHEPROJECTSOFDIFFERENTSCALESANDCOMPLEXITYINDIFFERENTSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENTILLUSTRATIVE,IMMERSIVE,INTERACTIVE,INTUITIVEANDINTENSIVESO,ONEOFTHEASPECTSISTHECOMMUNICATIONWITHCLIENTSANDRESIDENTSAPARTOFTHISCOMMUNICATIONISTHEEMOTIONALDESIGNWHICHDOESNOTDEPICTTHEREALFUNCTIONOFLANDSCAPEORREALPROPORTIONS,BUTINFLUENCETHECLIENTSANDRESIDENTSTHROUGHARTISTICTOOLSATTHEEMOTIONALLEVELTHEAUTHORSINTHEIRSTUDYCALLTHATKINDOFEMOTIONALDESIGNA“WOWEFFECT”WHICHWORKSNOTONLYINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREBUTALSOINALLTHEDESIGNFIELDSTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDANDITISMOREORIENTEDTOWARDSSELLINGOFTHEPRODUCTOVERALL,THERESULTOFTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECT’SWORK–APROJECTORANINSTALLEDOBJECT–INCLUDESTHEEMOTIONALASPECTOFART,THEREFOREITALWAYSINVOLVESASUBJECTIVEEVALUATIONEXACTLYWHATLANDSCAPEELEMENTSORPROJECTPARTSMUSTTHECLIENTSANDRESIDENTSMOSTOFTENEVALUATEORREADFROMTHEDESIGNSMADEBYLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSDOESTHEUSEOFVERSATILEDIGITALTOOLSMAKEITEASIERANDWITHHIGHERQUALITATYTOPERCEIVETHELANDSCAPEELEMENTSCOMMUNICATIONHASALWAYSBEENACKNOWLEDGEDTOBEONEOFTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTASPECTSINTHEPROCESSOFLANDSCAPEDESIGNTHECOMMUNICATIONPROCESSMAINLYTAKESPLACEBETWEENTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTANDTHECLIENTS,ASWELLASBETWEENTWOPROFESSIONALSITISESSENTIALWHENAPROJECTISBEINGPREPAREDFORREALCONSTRUCTIONMOSTOFTENINLANDSCAPECHARACTERISATIONSUCHELEMENTSASTERRAIN,BUILDINGORARCHITECTURALOBJECTS,VEGETATION,ROADS,SURFACING,WATERELEMENTSAREUSED,WHICHOVERALLCHARACTERISETHEVERSATILEESSENCEOFTHELANDSCAPEINITSELEMENTSBUTALSO,SUCHFACTORSASTHEACCESSIBILITYOFTHELANDSCAPE,ITSSCALE,COLOUR,TEXTUREANDTHE

簡介：SCIENTIFICJOURNALOFLATVIAUNIVERSITYOFAGRICULTURELANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDART,VOLUME11,NUMBER1142DIGITALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTURENATALIJA?ITAVSKA,ARTūRSMENGOTS,LATVIAUNIVERSITYOFAGRICULTUREABSTRACTNOWADAYSPROFESSIONALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREAREMORERELATEDTODIGITALTOOLSLANDSCAPEARCHITECTS’HANDPOWEREDTOOLSHAVEBEENREPLACEDBYCOMPUTERSANDDIGITALTOOLSWHERETHETRADITIONALTECHNIQUESARESUPPLEMENTEDWITH3DMODELLINGANDANIMATIONFORLANDSCAPEPLANNINGINDIFFERENTSCALESANDFORDIFFERENTPROJECTSLEVELSTHEMAINAIMOFTHISPAPERISTOUNDERSTANDANDANALYSETHEUSEOFDIGITALTOOLSINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDPLANNINGINLATVIAFORTHECOLLECTIONOFDATAFORTHISSTUDYAQUESTIONNAIREWASDESIGNEDANDSENTTOLATVIANLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPLANNERSTHEQUESTIONSITINCLUDEDWEREONHOWLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPLANNERSUSEDIGITALTOOLSFORTHEREPRESENTATIONOFTHEIRSKETCHESANDIDEASANDONWHATKINDOFDIGITALTOOLSTHEYUSEINDIFFERENTLANDSCAPETYPESANDSCALESRESULTSSHOWEDTHATALLTHESURVEYEDLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSUSEDIGITALTOOLSINTHEIREVERYDAYPROFESSIONALPRACTICE–FORLANDSCAPEDESIGNORASSESSMENTMOSTOFTHEMALSOSTILLUSETHETRADITIONALDRAWINGSBYHANDFORDRAFTSKETCHESANDIDEAS,BUTFORCOMMUNICATIONWITHPUBLIC,PROJECTSANDDESIGNSELABORATEDBYDIGITALTOOLSAREUSEDLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSHAVEEMPHASIZEDTHEGREATPOTENTIALOFDIGITALTOOLSFORENHANCINGCOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTANDTHEPOTENTIALUSERDIGITALTOOLSVISUALIZATIONS,ANIMATIONS,3DMODELS,ETCALLOWTHEPOTENTIALUSERTOPARTICIPATEINTHELANDSCAPEPLANNINGPROCESSANDEASILYIMAGINETHELANDSCAPEBEFOREITISCREATEDTODAYLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSUSEDIGITALTOOLSTOPRODUCETHEFINALPROJECTPRESENTATIONIMAGESVISUALIZATIONSINTHELANDSCAPEPLANNINGPROCESSESFORSELLINGOFTHEPROJECTHOWEVER,WEBELIEVETHATINFUTURETHEREISAPOTENTIALFORUSINGDIGITALTOOLSMOREASACOMMUNICATIONTOOL,WHICHCANHELPINCONTACTINGCLIENTSATVARIOUSLEVELSOFTHEPROJECTIMPLEMENTATION,ESPECIALLYINTHEEARLYSTAGESOFTHEDESIGNKEYWORDSDIGITALTOOLS,VISUALCOMMUNICATION,LANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREINTRODUCTIONTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECT’SDAILYWORKISASSOCIATEDWITHLANDSCAPINGPROJECTSOFVARYINGSCALES,SPECIFICSANDLEVELS,LANDSCAPERESEARCHORLANDSCAPEMANAGEMENTPLANNINGTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTSPROFESSIONISCOMPARATIVELYNEW–DATINGBACKALITTLEOVERAHUNDREDYEARSAGO,WHENIN1863THEBOARDOFCENTRALPARKCOMMISSIONINNEWYORKCITYAPPROVEDALANDSCAPEARCHITECTSPOSITIONSINCETHEN,THISNEWPROFESSIONHADOFFICIALLYGAINEDMORESTABILITYANDRECOGNITIONINITSDEVELOPMENTINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREARTSANDPROFESSIONALKNOWLEDGEINTHEFIELDOFLANDSCAPEPLANNINGASWELLASSOCIAL,ECOLOGICALANDMENTALASPECTSARECLOSELYINTERTWINEDTHERESULTSOFDAYTODAYLANDSCAPEARCHITECT’SWORKAREOFTENSUBJECTTOPUBLICCRITICISMANDPERCEPTION,THUSINFLUENCINGTHEIVOLVEMENTOFTHERESIDENTSINTHEISSUESOFLANDSCAPECONSERVATION,PLANNING,DESIGNANDINSTALLATION1HOWDOINFORMATIONTRANSFERANDCOMMUNICATIONTAKEPLACEWHATTOOLSCANALANDSCAPEARCHITECTUSETOMOREEFFECTIVELYPREPAREQUALITYINFORMATION,SIMULTANEOUSLYMAKINGITEASIERFORTHERESIDENTSANDCLIENTSTOPERCEIVETHEIDEASNOWADAYSMOREANDMOREDIGITALTOOLSAREBEINGUSEDINTHEFIELDOFLANDSCAPEARCHITECTURE,WHICH,ONTHEONEHANDFACILITATESTHEPRESENTATIONOFTHERESULTSOFTHEREMOTELANDSCAPEARCHITECTSWORK,BUTONTHEOTHERHANDREDUCESTHEPOSSIBILITYOFUSINGTRADITIONALDRAWINGMETHODSWITHOUTADDITIONALPROCESSINGANDALSOLEAVESNOROOMFORDIRECTCOMMUNICATIONDIGITALTOOLSALLOWTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECTSTOUSENEWAPPROACHESANDMETHODSINPLANNINGANDCOMMUNICATINGABOUTLANDSCAPEPLANNING,CONSERVATION,RENOVATION,ORINSTALLINGISSUES2INSEVERALSTUDIESTHEUSEOFDIGITALTOOLSHASBEENPARTICULARLYEMPHASIZEDINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDPLANNINGINORDERTOIMPROVETHEPROJECTPERCEPTIONANDCOMMUNICATIONAMONGLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSANDPROFESSIONALS,RESIDENTS,CLIENTSASWELLASCOLLEAGUES3456THEUSEOFTHESEDIGITALTOOLSISDIVERSE,ANDITISADJUSTABLETOTHEPROJECTSOFDIFFERENTSCALESANDCOMPLEXITYINDIFFERENTSTAGESOFDEVELOPMENTILLUSTRATIVE,IMMERSIVE,INTERACTIVE,INTUITIVEANDINTENSIVE7SO,ONEOFTHEASPECTSISTHECOMMUNICATIONWITHCLIENTSANDRESIDENTSAPARTOFTHISCOMMUNICATIONISTHEEMOTIONALDESIGNWHICHDOESNOTDEPICTTHEREALFUNCTIONOFLANDSCAPEORREALPROPORTIONS,BUTINFLUENCETHECLIENTSANDRESIDENTSTHROUGHARTISTICTOOLSATTHEEMOTIONALLEVELTHEAUTHORSINTHEIRSTUDYCALLTHATKINDOFEMOTIONALDESIGNA“WOWEFFECT”WHICHWORKSNOTONLYINLANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREBUTALSOINALLTHEDESIGNFIELDSTHROUGHOUTTHEWORLDANDITISMOREORIENTEDTOWARDSSELLINGOFTHEPRODUCT8OVERALL,THERESULTOFTHELANDSCAPEARCHITECT’SWORK–APROJECTORANINSTALLEDOBJECT–INCLUDESTHEEMOTIONALASPECTOFART,THEREFOREITALWAYSINVOLVESASUBJECTIVEEVALUATIONEXACTLYWHATLANDSCAPEELEMENTSORPROJECTPARTSMUSTTHECLIENTSANDRESIDENTSMOSTOFTENEVALUATEORREADFROMTHEDESIGNSMADEBYLANDSCAPEARCHITECTSDOESTHEUSEOFVERSATILEDIGITALTOOLSMAKEITEASIERANDWITHHIGHERQUALITATYTOPERCEIVETHELANDSCAPEELEMENTSCOMMUNICATIONHASALWAYSBEENACKNOWLEDGEDTOBEONEOFTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTASPECTSINTHEPROCESSOFLANDSCAPEDESIGNDOI1022616/JLANDARCHART20171105SCIENTIFICJOURNALOFLATVIAUNIVERSITYOFAGRICULTURELANDSCAPEARCHITECTUREANDART,VOLUME11,NUMBER1144FIG1THESTAGESOFTHEEVALUATIONPROCESSOFTHEPERCEPTIONASPECTSOFVISUALISATIONTYPESCREATEDBYTHEAUTHORS,2017THEVISUALMATERIALSWEREPREPAREDFORTRADITIONSQUAREOFTHETOWNOFPLAVINAS,INLATVIADURINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHETECHNICALPROJECTINJANUARY/FEBRUARYO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簡介：HOSTEDBYWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/FOARAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOMRESEARCHARTICLEPLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKSSPACESYNTAXASALANDSCAPEDESIGNASSESSMENTTOOLAYMANHASSAANMAHMOUDA,N,REHAMHOMARBADEPARTMENTOFARCHITECTURE,FACULTYOFENGINEERING,CAIROUNIVERSITY,GIZA12211,EGYPTBTHECANADIANINTERNATIONALCOLLEGE,EGYPTRECEIVED27FEBRUARY2014RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM31AUGUST2014ACCEPTED1SEPTEMBER2014KEYWORDSLANDSCAPEDESIGNSPACESYNTAXPLANTINGURBANPARKSCAIROABSTRACTTREESAREAMAJORFACTORINDEFININGTHESPATIALQUALITIESOFOUTDOORSPACESTHISSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEINFLUENCEOFSPATIALCONFIGURATIONPRODUCEDBYTHEPROPOSEDTREEPLANTINGDESIGNONTHEVISUALFIELDSOFANURBANPARKUSINGSPACESYNTAXTHEORYSPACESYNTAXTHEORYASSUMESTHATANURBANAREACANBEREPRESENTEDASAMATRIXOFCONNECTEDSPACESTHEQUANTITATIVEPROPERTIESOFTHISMATRIXINTHEFORMOFSYNTACTICMEASURESCANBEMEASUREDUSINGCOMPUTERSIMULATIONSTHISRESEARCHINVESTIGATESHOWSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESCANHELPASSESSTHEEFFECTOFTREECONFIGURATIONSONTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFASMALLSCALEGARDENINANURBANPARKSUCHTECHNIQUESAREASSUMEDUSEFULINPREDICTINGTHESOCIALSTRUCTUREOFTHEPROPOSEDSPACEANDINASSESSINGDESIGNALTERNATIVESANEXPERIMENTALSTUDYUSINGTHREEDIFFERENTPLANTINGDESIGNPROPOSALSFORANURBANPARKISCONDUCTEDDATAAREANALYZEDUSINGSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESRESULTSREVEALASIGNIFICANTEFFECTOFPLANTINGCONFIGURATIONSONSYNTACTICMEASURESACROSSTHETHREEPROPOSALSTHISSTUDYSUGGESTSTHATSPACESYNTAXTECHNIQUESMAYHAVEASIGNIFICANTVALUEINTHEASSESSMENTOFSCHEMATICPLANTINGDESIGN,ESPECIALLYATTHEPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTLEVELFOLTêTEANDPIOMBINI,2007CHAMBERLAINANDMEITNER,2013ANDONTHECHOICESOFROUTESINSPECIFICPLACESSUCHASPUBLICGARDENSLOITERONANDBISHOP,2005HOWEVER,THESESTUDIESAREFOCUSEDONPEDESTRIANBEHAVIORINSMALLANDCLOSEDSPACESZACHARIAS,1997MOSKELLANDALLRED,2013ANDINUNKNOWNAREASZACHARIAS,2006GENERALIZINGTHESEOBSERVATIONSINLARGE,FAMILIARENVIRONMENTSISNECESSARYTODISTINGUISHTHEPROCESSESOFSPACEPERCEPTIONTHATAFFECTMOVEMENTRESEARCHHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JFOAR20140900120952635/HILLIERANDHANSON,1998BAFNA,2003KOOHSARIETAL,2013SPACESYNTAXISALSODEFINEDASAGRAPHBASEDTHEORYUSEDBYARCHITECTSANDURBANDESIGNERSTOEXAMINEHOWTHESPATIALLAYOUTOFBUILDINGSANDCITIESINFLUENCESTHEECONOMIC,SOCIAL,ANDENVIRONMENTALOUTCOMESOFHUMANMOVEMENTANDSOCIALINTERACTIONDAWSON,2002ITSTECHNIQUESOFFERPRECISEQUANTITATIVEDESCRIPTIONSOFTHEWAYINWHICHTHEBUILTSPACESOFASETTINGAREORGANIZEDHILLIERETAL,1983ACCORDINGTOHILLIERANDHANSON1984,THESOCIALMEANINGOFTHEENVIRONMENTARISESFROMSPATIALCOMPOSITION,ANDTHETOPOLOGICALSTRUCTUREOFANENVIRONMENTISAPRIMARYELEMENTBYWHICHASOCIETYCREATESANDESTABLISHESROLESTODEVELOPSOMETYPESOFSOCIALRELATIONSHIPSTHEREFORE,CONSTRUCTEDENVIRONMENTALSPATIALPATTERNSINCORPORATEANDGIVESHAPETOSOCIALPATTERNSSPACESYNTAXISBUILTONTWORECOGNIZEDIDEASTHATATTEMPTTOREFLECTBOTHTHEOBJECTIVITYOFSPACEANDOURINTUITIVEENGAGEMENTHILLIERANDVAUGHAN,2007THEFIRSTIDEAISTHATWESHOULDTHINKOFSPACENOTASTHEBACKGROUNDTOHUMANACTIVITY,ASWETHINKOFITASTHEBACKGROUNDTOOBJECTS,BUTASANESSENTIALASPECTOFEVERYTHINGHUMANBEINGSDOINTHESENSEOFMOVINGTHROUGHSPACEMOVEMENTISESSENTIALLYLINEAR,ANDINTERFACEREQUIRESA“CONVEX”SPACEINWHICHALLPOINTSCANSEEALLOTHERSANDAVARIABLYSHAPED,OFTENSHARP,VISUALFIELDREFERREDTOASAN“ISOVIST”CANBESEENFROMANYPOINTINSPACEBENEDIKT,1979A,1979BTHESECONDIDEA,CALLED“CONFIGURATIONOFSPACE,”INDICATESTHATHUMANSPACEISNOTONLYABOUTTHECHARACTERISTICSOFINDIVIDUALSPACESBUTALSOABOUTTHEINTERRELATIONSBETWEENTHEMANYSPACESTHATMAKEUPTHESPATIALLAYOUTOFABUILDINGORACITYTHECURRENTSTUDYINVESTIGATESTHEEFFECTOFTHESPATIALCONFIGURATIONOFTREESONTHEDEVELOPMENTOFDESIGNPROPOSALSFORURBANPARKSUSINGSPACESYNTAXTHEORYTHERESULTSOFTHISWORKCOULDBEUSEDTOGENERATEASTRATEGICDESIGNFRAMEWORKBASEDONADETAILEDANALYSISOFSPATIALCONFIGURATION24SPACESYNTAXMETHODSAFUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLEWITHINSPACESYNTAXTHEORYISTHATSOCIALSTRUCTUREISFUNDAMENTALLYSPATIALAND,INVERSELY,THECONFIGURATIONOFPOPULATEDSPACEHASAPRIMARILYSOCIALLOGICTHISPRINCIPLEISVERYIMPORTANTINLANDSCAPEDESIGN,WHICHSEEKSTOCREATEANOUTDOORENVIRONMENTFORPEOPLETOACCOMMODATETHEIRSOCIALINTERACTIONCONVERTINGTHELANDSCAPESPACETOADISCRETECONFIGURATIONISHELPFULBECAUSEDIFFERENTLABELSCANBEAPPLIEDTOITSINDIVIDUALPARTSTHESEPARTSCANTHENBEALLOCATEDTODIFFERENTGROUPS,PEOPLE,ORACTIVITIESVARIOUSRULESOFBEHAVIORANDCONVENTIONSCANBERELATEDTOVARIOUSPARTSOFTHELANDSCAPESPACEINDIVIDUALPARTSOFALANDSCAPESPACECANCARRYASPECIFICSYMBOLICORCULTURALVALUETHISPOINTOFVIEWWOULDUSUALLYIMPLYTHATTHEPLANNEDLANDSCAPESPACEIMPROVESTHEREADABILITYOFEXISTINGSOCIALSTRUCTURESSPACESYNTAXTHEORYREJECTSTHESTRAIGHTFORWARDSPACEASFORMANDSOCIETYASCONTENTDISTINCTIONHILLIERANDHANSON,1984THEFUNDAMENTALCONCEPTSOFSPACESYNTAXINCLUDE“INTEGRATION”AND“CONNECTIVITY”241INTEGRATIONTHE“INTEGRATION”O(jiān)FSPACEISAFUNCTIONOFTHEMEANNUMBEROFLINESANDCHANGESINDIRECTIONREQUIREDTOGOFROMTHATSPACETOALLOTHERSPACESINTHESPATIALSYSTEMINTEGRATIONISACCORDINGLYABOUT“SYNTACTIC”ANDNOT“METRIC”ACCESSIBILITY,ANDTHEEXPRESSION“DEPTH”RATHERTHAN“DISTANCE”ISUSEDTOILLUSTRATEHOWFARAGIVENSPACEISFROMANOTHERSPACEALLLINESINASPATIALLAYOUTHAVECERTAINDEPTHVALUESFROMEVERYOTHERLINETHEINTEGRATIONVALUEOFALINEISAMATHEMATICALWAYOFEXPRESSINGTHEDEPTHOFALINEFROMALLOTHERLINESINTHESYSTEMTHESEVALUESSIGNIFICANTLYDIFFERFROMONELINETOTHENEXTBUTAREONEOFTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTPROPERTIESOFARCHITECTURAL,URBAN,ANDLANDSCAPESPATIALCONFIGURATIONSHILLIERANDHANSON,1984,1998HILLIER,1996ACCORDINGTOORTEGAANDEANEETAL2005,ASPACEIS“INTEGRATED”WHENTHEOTHERSPACESHAVEARELATIVESHALLOWNESSINRELATIONTOITASPACEIS“SEGREGATED”WHENTHEOTHERSPACESHAVEARELATIVEDEPTHINRELATIONTOIT242CONNECTIVITYTHECONNECTIVITYOFANODECANBEDEFINEDASTHENUMBEROFOTHERNODESDIRECTLYCONNECTEDTOITCONNECTIVITY,PATHLENGTH,ANDCLUSTERINGCOEFFICIENTARETHREEKEYMEASURESFORATOPOLOGICALANALYSISOFAGIVENSPACETHEYCONSTITUTEESSENTIALMEASURESFOREXPLORINGSMALLWORLDANDSCALEFREEPROPERTIESSOMESTUDIESHAVEPOINTEDOUTTHATINTEGRATIONISCLOSELYRELATEDTOHUMANSPATIALBEHAVIORACONSISTENTRELATIONSHIPHASBEENFOUNDTOEXISTBETWEENTHESPATIALINTEGRATIONMEASUREOFANURBANSPACEANDTHEOBSERVEDHUMANMOVEMENTTHATFLOWSINITHILLIERETAL,1993A,1993BKIMANDPENN2005REPORTEDACONSISTENTRELATIONSHIPBETWEENSPATIALCOGNITIONANDSYNTACTICINTEGRATIONINURBANAREASAPEDESTRIANMOVEMENTRATEINANOUTDOORSPACECANBEPREDICTEDWITHOTHERSYNTACTICRESULTSFROMSPACESYNTAXANALYSISSEVERALSTUDIESHAVEBEENCONDUCTED37PLANTINGDESIGNFORURBANPARKS

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簡介：點擊查看更多[雙語翻譯]--園林景觀建筑設(shè)計外文翻譯---民族、文化及公園設(shè)計： 城市公園案例研究精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：點擊查看更多園林碎枝機設(shè)計【農(nóng)業(yè)機械】【12張cad圖紙】【優(yōu)秀】精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：園林景觀設(shè)計施工合同甲方棗莊市電力公司乙方XXXX綠地建設(shè)有限責任公司甲方因工程需要將在臺兒莊古城賓館項目的景觀工程委托給乙方進行設(shè)計，為有利雙方的友好合作，先簽訂以下合同一、甲方將臺兒莊古城賓館景觀工程項目委托給乙方進行設(shè)計；二、甲方應(yīng)向乙方提供現(xiàn)場平面圖、標高圖、地下管線圖及整體鳥瞰圖；三、乙方應(yīng)派出專業(yè)的設(shè)計人員到現(xiàn)場實地察看，并在10天內(nèi)向甲方做出方案匯報，方案一旦確定，乙方確保在30日內(nèi)提交施工圖供甲方審核；四、該工程的景觀設(shè)計費用為人民幣玖萬元，方案確定后，甲方向乙方先支付設(shè)計費用人民幣伍萬元。如該工程甲方交給乙方施工并雙方能夠達成施工協(xié)議，乙方免收該工程設(shè)計費用，已付的伍萬元設(shè)計費從乙方的工程款中扣除（如甲乙雙方不能達成施工協(xié)議，甲方應(yīng)向乙方付清剩余的設(shè)計費用人民幣肆萬元）。乙方應(yīng)向甲方提供必要的設(shè)計服務(wù)，直至工程竣工驗收簽字；五、雙方未盡事宜，可以再協(xié)商解決；六、合同一旦簽訂，即具有法律效應(yīng)，任何一方違約將賠償對方所有經(jīng)濟損失；七、如發(fā)生經(jīng)濟糾紛，雙方協(xié)調(diào)不妥，將上訴人民法院2協(xié)助甲方編制硬景、軟景工程進度安排。3乙方應(yīng)按設(shè)計周期要求提交下列詳細的硬景設(shè)計文件，供施工之用。包括1）硬質(zhì)景觀詳圖和施工圖（包括各園林小品的立面圖、剖面圖，重點鋪裝圖，詳細的園景節(jié)點大樣圖），景觀配置指引圖及定位圖。A總平面圖；B鋪裝設(shè)計圖；C土方工程和斜坡等D標高設(shè)計圖；E局部的平面圖和剖面圖；F燈具照明圖；G噴泉水景相應(yīng)的水電設(shè)備圖；2）軟景施工圖包括以下內(nèi)容A喬木和灌木布置圖；B草地和地被植物；C土方工程和斜坡等；D景觀用給、排水平面、系統(tǒng)圖；E景觀配電平面圖及系統(tǒng)圖；F特殊的移植規(guī)范和圖則；G其他如小品參考圖片、具體尺寸、及部分供應(yīng)商名稱甲方簽章乙方簽章年月日年月日

簡介：點擊查看更多園林景觀供電·照明設(shè)計施工手冊 [田建林 著] 2012年精彩內(nèi)容。

簡介：目錄第一章第一章編制說明編制說明第一節(jié)編制原則第二節(jié)編制依據(jù)第二章第二章工程目標工程目標第三章第三章工程概況及特點工程概況及特點第一節(jié)工程概況第二節(jié)工程特點第四章第四章施工部署施工部署第五章第五章主要分項工程施工方法主要分項工程施工方法第一節(jié)園林綠化工程第二節(jié)鋪裝工程第三節(jié)園路工程（瀝青混凝土道路）第四節(jié)園林景觀建筑施工第五節(jié)園林電氣施工第六節(jié)園林給排水工程施工第六章第六章施工總平面布置及平面管理施工總平面布置及平面管理第一節(jié)施工總平面布置第二節(jié)施工平面管理第三節(jié)施工安全管理措施第七章第七章勞動力計劃及主要施工機械計劃勞動力計劃及主要施工機械計劃第一節(jié)勞動力安排計劃第二節(jié)主要施工機械設(shè)備進場計劃第三節(jié)農(nóng)忙、節(jié)假日施工安排及勞動力保證措施第八章第八章施工進度計劃及保障措施施工進度計劃及保障措施第一章第一章編制說明編制說明第一節(jié)第一節(jié)編制原則編制原則本施工組織設(shè)計是根據(jù)招標人提供的設(shè)計圖紙、招標文件和現(xiàn)場考察結(jié)果，根據(jù)現(xiàn)行國家規(guī)范、標準，結(jié)合我公司多年來的施工經(jīng)驗，針對本工程的具體情況和要求，經(jīng)多次研究論證和方案比較，提出了我方中標將如何組織施工的總體框架構(gòu)想。本方案主要從“主要施工方案”、“技術(shù)措施”、“質(zhì)量保證體系及措施”、“施工進度計劃及保證措施”、“勞動力安排及主要機械設(shè)備配備計劃”、“文明安全施工措施”等幾大方面提出構(gòu)想，宗旨是能為招標人更好地服務(wù)。如我公司中標，將在施工中進一步深化完善。為實現(xiàn)本工程“優(yōu)質(zhì)、快速、安全、低耗”的施工目標，我們將“用我們的智慧和行動，實現(xiàn)對用戶的承諾”。目前，我公司已作好了相應(yīng)的技術(shù)、資源準備，一旦我公司中標，即可開赴施工現(xiàn)場，立刻展開施工。第二節(jié)第二節(jié)編制依據(jù)編制依據(jù)1工程招標文件、現(xiàn)場實地考察情況以及招標人提供的工程全部施工圖紙和其他文獻資料等。2國家和行業(yè)頒布的有關(guān)法律、規(guī)范和標準。主要法律法規(guī)表主要法律法規(guī)表表11序號類別法規(guī)名稱編號1國家中華人民共和國建筑法2國家中華人民共和國環(huán)境保護法3國家中華人民共和國水污染防治法4國家中華人民共和國固體廢物污染環(huán)境防治法5國家中華人民共和國環(huán)境噪聲污染防治法6國家中華人民共和國大氣污染防治法7國家中華人民共和國水法8國家中華人民共和國節(jié)約能源法9國家中華人民共和國消防法10國家建設(shè)工程安全生產(chǎn)管理條例

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簡介：ICSP江蘇省風景園林協(xié)會團體標準T/江蘇省風景園林規(guī)劃與設(shè)計收費標準江蘇省風景園林規(guī)劃與設(shè)計收費標準（征求意見稿）發(fā)布實施江蘇省風景園林協(xié)會江蘇省勘察設(shè)計行業(yè)協(xié)會發(fā)布CHSLA江蘇省風景園林協(xié)會公告第號江蘇省風景園林協(xié)會關(guān)于發(fā)布江蘇省團體標準江蘇省風景園林規(guī)劃與設(shè)計收費標準的公告現(xiàn)批準江蘇省風景園林規(guī)劃與設(shè)計收費標準為江蘇省團體標準，編號為T/,自201年月1日起實施。本標準由我協(xié)會組織出版社出版發(fā)行。江蘇省風景園林協(xié)會年月日

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