[雙語翻譯]園林景觀設(shè)計外文翻譯--城市公園種植設(shè)計空間句法是一種景觀設(shè)計評估工具（原文）

1、H O S T E D B Ywww.elsevier.com/locate/foarAvailable online at www.sciencedirect.comRESEARCH ARTICLEPlanting design for urban parks: Space syntax as a landscape design assessment toolAyman Hassaan Mahmouda,n, Reham H. O

2、marbaDepartment of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt bThe Canadian International College, EgyptReceived 27 February 2014; received in revised form 31 August 2014; accepted 1 Septem

3、ber 2014KEYWORDS Landscape design; Space syntax; Planting; Urban parks; CairoAbstract Trees are a major factor in defining the spatial qualities of outdoor spaces. This study investigates the influence of spatial configu

4、ration produced by the proposed tree planting design on the visual fields of an urban park using space syntax theory. Space syntax theory assumes that an urban area can be represented as a matrix of connected spaces. The

5、 quantitative properties of this matrix in the form of syntactic measures can be measured using computer simulations. This research investigates how space syntax techniques can help assess the effect of tree configuratio

6、ns on the social structure of a small-scale garden in an urban park. Such techniques are assumed useful in predicting the social structure of the proposed space and in assessing design alternatives. An experimental study

7、 using three different planting design proposals for an urban park is conducted. Data are analyzed using space syntax techniques. Results reveal a significant effect of planting configurations on syntactic measures acros

8、s the three proposals. This study suggests that space syntax techniques may have a significant value in the assessment of schematic planting design, especially at the pedestrian movement level.Foltête and Piombini,

9、2007; Chamberlain and Meitner, 2013) and on the choices of routes in specific places such as public gardens (Loiteron and Bishop, 2005). However, these studies are focused on pedestrian behavior in small and closed space

10、s (Zacharias, 1997; Moskell and Allred, 2013) and in unknown areas (Zacharias, 2006). Generalizing these observations in large, familiar environments is necessary to distinguish the pro- cesses of space perception that a

11、ffect movement. Researchhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2014.09.001 2095-2635/ Hillier and Hanson, 1998; Bafna, 2003; Koohsari et al., 2013). Space syntax is also defined as a graph-based theory used by architects and u

12、rban designers to examine how the spatial layout of buildings and cities influences the economic, social, and environmental outcomes of human movement and social interaction (Dawson, 2002). Its techniques offer precise q

13、uantitative descriptions of the way in which the built spaces of a setting are organized (Hillier et al., 1983). According to Hillier and Hanson (1984), the social meaning of the environment arises from spatial compositi

14、on, and the topological structure of an environment is a primary ele- ment by which a society creates and establishes roles to develop some types of social relationships. Therefore, constructed environmental spatial patt

15、erns incorporate and give shape to social patterns. Space syntax is built on two recognized ideas that attempt to reflect both the objectivity of space and our intuitive engagement (Hillier and Vaughan, 2007). The first

16、idea is that we should think of space not as the background to human activity, as we think of it as the background to objects, but as an essential aspect of everything human beings do in the sense of moving through space

17、. Movement is essentially linear, and interface requires a “convex” space in which all points can see all others and a variably shaped, often sharp, visual field referred to as an “isovist” can be seen from any point in

18、space (Benedikt, 1979a, 1979b). The second idea, called “configuration of space,” indicates that human space is not only about the characteristics of individual spaces but also about the interrelations between the many s

19、paces that make up the spatial layout of a building or a city. The current study investigates the effect of the spatial configuration of trees on the development of design propo- sals for urban parks using space syntax t

20、heory. The resultsof this work could be used to generate a strategic design framework based on a detailed analysis of spatial con- figuration.2.4. Space syntax methodsA fundamental principle within space syntax theory is

21、 that social structure is fundamentally spatial and, inversely, the configuration of populated space has a primarily social logic. This principle is very important in landscape design, which seeks to create an outdoor en

22、vironment for people to accommodate their social interaction. Converting the landscape space to a discrete configura- tion is helpful because different labels can be applied to its individual parts. These parts can then

23、be allocated to different groups, people, or activities. Various rules of behavior and conventions can be related to various parts of the landscape space. Individual parts of a landscape space can carry a specific symbol

24、ic or cultural value. This point of view would usually imply that the planned land- scape space improves the readability of existing social structures. Space syntax theory rejects the straightforward space-as-form and so

25、ciety-as-content distinction (Hillier and Hanson, 1984). The fundamental concepts of space syntax include “integration” and “connectivity.”2.4.1. Integration The “integration” of space is a function of the mean number of

26、 lines and changes in direction required to go from that space to all other spaces in the spatial system. Integration is accordingly about “syntactic” and not “metric” accessibil- ity, and the expression “depth” rather t

27、han “distance” is used to illustrate how far a given space is from another space. All lines in a spatial layout have certain depth values from every other line. The integration value of a line is a mathematical way of ex

28、pressing the depth of a line from all other lines in the system. These values significantly differ from one line to the next but are one of the most significant properties of architectural, urban, and landscape spatial c

29、onfigurations (Hillier and Hanson, 1984, 1998; Hillier, 1996). According to Ortega-Andeane et al. (2005), a space is “integrated” when the other spaces have a relative shallowness in relation to it. A space is “segregate

30、d” when the other spaces have a relative depth in relation to it.2.4.2. Connectivity The connectivity of a node can be defined as the number of other nodes directly connected to it. Connectivity, path length, and cluster

31、ing coefficient are three key measures for a topological analysis of a given space. They constitute essential measures for exploring small-world and scale-free properties. Some studies have pointed out that integration i

32、s closely related to human spatial behavior. A consistent relationship has been found to exist between the spatial integration measure of an urban space and the observed human movement that flows in it (Hillier et al., 1

33、993a, 1993b). Kim and Penn (2005) reported a consistent relation- ship between spatial cognition and syntactic integration in urban areas. A pedestrian movement rate in an outdoor space can be predicted with other syntac