簡介：一、單項選擇題一、單項選擇題每小題每小題1分，共分，共10分1．下列我出口單價的寫法，哪個是正確的A．每公斤100德國馬克CIFC2漢堡；B．每噸1，000美元CFR凈價；C．每打L，000法郎FOB；D．每箱10，000日元廣州；2．出口生絲計算重量的方法，一般采用A．毛重；B．凈重；C．以毛作凈；D．公量。3．下列有關國際多式聯(lián)運的說法，是錯誤的。A．由多個經營人聯(lián)合負責貨物的全程運輸B．將陸、海、空各種運輸方式，多個運輸工具有機結合起來Ｃ．僅需一份包括全程的多式聯(lián)運單據D．全程實施單一運費4．已裝船海運提單的簽發(fā)日期A．可以是船舶進港后裝船完畢至啟航日的任何一天；B．可以滿足發(fā)貨人的要求，根據合同規(guī)定的裝運期簽發(fā)；C．可以滿足出口人要求，在船未到港前，按信用證規(guī)定的最遲裝運日簽發(fā)；D．上述任何日期均可。5．按CIF價格條件對外發(fā)盤，我方負責投保，請你選擇應以哪種險別作為保險條款A．平安險、一切險、戰(zhàn)爭險；B．偷竊險、戰(zhàn)爭險、罷工險；C．水漬險、淡水雨淋險、戰(zhàn)爭險；D．一切險、受潮受熱險、鉤損險；6．使用無牌中性包裝出口商品就是A．用外國商標注明中國生產；B．既不注明生產國名、地名和廠名，也不注明原有商標牌號；C．無商標或牌號，只注明中國產；D．用雙方同意的包裝材料進行生產。7．以D／P付款交單對外成交，價格條件應爭取報A．FOB；B．CFR；C．CIF；D．CIFC8．國外來證規(guī)定匯票付款人為開證申請人，貨物裝船后，收益人獲得已裝船清潔提單，但尚未送銀行議付，聞悉開證申請人已破產倒閉，憑該證所開匯票A．只要單證相符，受益人仍可從開證行得到貨款；B．由于付款人破產，貨款將落空；C．受益人應立即通知承運人行使停運權；D．受益人可通知銀行改為托收。9．國際貿易雙方發(fā)生爭執(zhí)，如事先有仲裁協(xié)議，可通過仲裁解決，仲裁裁決A．是終局的；B．對雙方均無約束力；C．如不服可以再向法院訴訟；D．如不服可以再向上一級仲裁庭提出。10．我對英商出口貨物一批，來證規(guī)定適用國際商會跟單信用證統(tǒng)一慣例，裝運期規(guī)定為L0月份，信用證有效期規(guī)定為11月15日，如該批貨物于10月初裝船，提單日期為10月7日，我方最遲應于下列日期向銀行交單議付A．10月7日；B．10月28日；C．10月31日；D．11月15日。二、判斷題每題1分，共10分L．在托收方式下，為防止進口人拒付貨款，出口人應將貨物直接發(fā)給銀行或以銀行為收貨人。2．在出口合同中如果規(guī)定了憑樣買賣，又規(guī)定有品質說明的情況，賣方應承擔所交貨物既符合合同有關品質說明的規(guī)定，又與樣就受其約束的意思，即構成發(fā)盤。四、1．烏拉圭回合反傾銷協(xié)議的主要內容（1）傾銷的確定；2）產業(yè)損害的確定；（3）傾銷與損害之間的因果關系；（4）反傾銷協(xié)議的程序規(guī)定包括反傾銷調查的提起與受理；初步裁決；價格承諾；臨時措施；征收反傾銷稅2．進出口合同的主要交易條件包括品名、品質、數量、包裝、價格、支付方式、交貨地點和時間等。3．包銷與獨家代理的異同相同點都具有三定的特點（定商品、定期限、定地區(qū)）；都有專營權；不同點交易的性質不同；交易的目的不同；專營權的內容不同4．提單的性質和作用（1）是承運人或其代理人出據的貨物收據，證實已按提單的記載收到托運人的貨物；（2）是代表貨物所有權的憑證；（3）是承運人和托運人雙方訂立的運輸契約的證明。五、案例分析1．我方應從此事件中吸取的主要教訓（1）規(guī)定裝運期時應考慮將裝運期和開證日期有機銜接起來。（2）審證時，應依據合同進行認真的核對與審查，發(fā)現(xiàn)問題，影響我方安全收匯時，必須要求國外客戶通過開證行進行修改后才能對外發(fā)貨。2．1本案中，我方遭受了出口商品倉庫發(fā)生雷擊火災，致使一半左右的出口家具燒毀，屬于不可抗力事故，我方可以發(fā)生不可抗力事故為由，向對方提出延期履行合同的要求，但不能提出解除合同的要求。2美方的索賠要求不合理。因為，既然發(fā)生了不可抗力事故，且已備好的貨物半被燒毀。這必然影響我方的交貨時間。另外，不可抗力是一項免責條款，可免除遭受不可抗力事故一方不能如期履約的責任。美方應考慮實際情況同意延期履行合同。因此，美方的索賠要求是不合理的。國際貿易理論與實務試卷二國際貿易理論與實務試卷二一、單項選擇題一、單項選擇題每小題每小題1分，共分，共10分1．下列包裝標志中，屬于指示性標志的是（）。A．小心輕放B．有毒品C．易燃物D．爆炸物2完全可以脫離世界自由市場價格，由跨國公司自行決定的價格是（）。A．壟斷價格B．管理價格C．協(xié)定價格D．轉移價格3在合同中規(guī)定“中國桐油，良好平均品質，游離脂肪酸不超過4％“。這種表示商品品質的方法屬于（）。A．品質公差B．品質機動幅度C．數量機動幅度D．增減價條款4某國對某種商品規(guī)定全年進口額在2OO萬美元以內者征稅10％，超過2OO萬美元以上的部分，除原征關稅外，再加征6O％的關稅，這種措施稱為（）。A．混合稅B．進口附加稅C．關稅配額D．罰款5按照出票人不同，匯票可以分為（）。A．商業(yè)匯票和銀行匯票B．即期匯票和遠期匯票C．光票和跟單匯票D．商業(yè)承兌匯票和銀行承兌匯票6．貨物生產國與貨物消費國通過第三國進行的貿易，對第三國而言是A過境貿易B轉口貿易C直接貿易D多邊貿易7經濟一體化程度最低級、組織最松散的一種形式是A優(yōu)惠貿易安排B自由貿易區(qū)C經濟同盟D關稅同盟8在接受遲到的情況下，決定接受是否有效的主動權在

簡介：英文文獻翻譯1畢業(yè)論文英文資料翻譯學院商學院專業(yè)國際經濟與貿易班級國貿0804姓名學號0811200330指導教師2012年6月英文文獻翻譯3GRILICHES1998JORGENSONANDSTIROH2000DIFFUSIONOFNEWTECHNOLOGYKARSHENASANDSTONEMAN1995GEROSKI2000THEEFFECTOFMARKETSTRUCTUREONINNOVATIONSCHERER1986SUTTON1998MARKETFAILURESRELATEDTOINNOVATIONANDAPPROPRIATEPOLICYRESPONSESMARTINANDSCOTT2000THEECONOMICEFFECTSOFTHEPATENTSYSTEMJAFFE2000ANDTHEROLEOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGEINENDOGENOUSMACROECONOMICGROWTHROMER1994GROSSMANANDHELPMAN1994INTHISPARTOFTHEARTICLE,WEPROVIDEAVERYBRIEFGUIDETOSOMEOFTHISRESEARCHINPARTICULAR,WEINTRODUCEAPPROACHESFORMEASURINGTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE,WEEXAMINECRITICALASPECTSOFTHEPROCESSOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGE,ANDWEDESCRIBEMODELINGAPPROACHESANDPOTENTIALMARKETFAILURESRELATINGTOTECHNOLOGYINNOVATIONANDDIFFUSION11MEASUREMENTOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGETHEMEASUREMENTOFTHERATEANDDIRECTIONOFTECHNOLOGICALCHANGERESTSFUNDAMENTALLYONTHECONCEPTOFTHETRANSFORMATIONFUNCTION,10,,?TIYTWHEREYREPRESENTSAVECTOROFOUTPUTS,IREPRESENTSAVECTOROFINPUTS,ANDTISTIMEEQUATION1DESCRIBESAPRODUCTIONPOSSIBILITYFRONTIER,THATIS,ASETOFCOMBINATIONSOFINPUTSANDOUTPUTSTHATARETECHNICALLYFEASIBLEATAPOINTINTIMETECHNOLOGICALCHANGEISREPRESENTEDBYMOVEMENTOFTHISFRONTIERTHATMAKESITPOSSIBLEOVERTIMETOUSEGIVENINPUTVECTORSTOPRODUCEOUTPUTVECTORSTHATWERENOTPREVIOUSLYFEASIBLEINMOSTAPPLICATIONS,SEPARABILITYANDAGGREGATIONASSUMPTIONSAREMADETHATMAKEITPOSSIBLETOREPRESENTTHEECONOMY’SPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGYWITHAPRODUCTIONFUNCTION,2,,,TELKFY?WHEREISNOWAMEASUREOFAGGREGATEOUTPUTFOREXAMPLE,GROSSDOMESTICPRODUCT,YANDTHELISTOFINPUTSONTHERIGHTHANDSIDEOFTHEPRODUCTIONFUNCTIONCANBEMADEARBITRARILYLONGFORILLUSTRATIVEPURPOSES,WECONCEIVEOFOUTPUTASBEINGMADEFROMASINGLECOMPOSITEOFCAPITALGOODS,,ASINGLECOMPOSITEOFLABORINPUTS,,ANDAKLSINGLECOMPOSITEOFENVIRONMENTALINPUTS,FOREXAMPLE,WASTEASSIMILATIONAGAIN,ETECHNOLOGICALCHANGEMEANSTHATTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTHESEINPUTSANDPOSSIBLEOUTPUTLEVELSCHANGESOVERTIMELOGARITHMICDIFFERENTIATIONOFTHEPRODUCTIONFUNCTIONEQUATION2WITH

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設計論文外文翻譯譯文譯文俄羅斯經濟轉型期的銀行體系和貨幣政策（節(jié)選）作者保羅繆林MOCTMOST553701992年1月，俄羅斯開始實施所謂“大爆炸”（休克療法）模式的激進的經濟轉型。該模式的理論基礎主要建立在三個力量的快速和同時活化作用上，即自由化、穩(wěn)定化和私有化。這個合并策略的預期效果是在一個合理的價格體系、工業(yè)調整和國外競爭的刺激下，積極地反映總供給。主要會從三個方面控制緩解過度的直接的通貨膨脹壓力從供給與需求的關系作用來影響市場價格；通過開放的匯率制度的經常性往來帳戶的名義錨效應影響；而最重要的方式是通過財政政策來對貨幣供應量和預算支出額進行制約。在俄羅斯，由于產業(yè)結構調整的直接后果，在轉型的初期階段，產量下降和通貨膨脹的情況并沒有排除。同時，這個階段預期又是健康的，因為它會關注那些生產不需要產品的過時的商品生產企業(yè)，而短期內，市場力量又會快速地促使解放的資源用于新私有化和高效率的部門?！按蟊ā蹦Ｊ降恼卫碚摶A是1991年底的一個事實，即蘇聯(lián)的解體為俄羅斯的經濟轉型創(chuàng)造了必要和獨特的條件，時間對于改革者來說是一種缺乏而珍貴的資源。這個機會的窗口有可能隨時關閉，為了保證經濟變革過程的不可逆性，俄羅斯認為只有“大爆炸”模式能夠引進一開始所需要的變化。表面上，政治理論基礎強于經濟理論基礎，但是后來的事實證明，那些走施加了政治考慮的路線和步調的經濟改革，很少產生預定的效果。事實上，對于俄羅斯經濟轉型三年多過程的觀察，我們無法避免地感到深深的不安。從1992年到1994年，國民生產總值以年均12的速度下降，物價水平幾乎上漲到了1992年水平的40倍，預算赤字從國民生產總值的4飆升到了15。家庭和企業(yè)的金融性資產實質上都被粉碎了，盧布的匯率貶值超過了10倍，并且境外帳戶和外債大大惡化到了危險的程度。在這樣的一個戲劇性的宏觀經濟情況下，公開失業(yè)率的增加少于本來的預期，然而，這完全不是一個好消息，這確實地翻印了繼續(xù)生存體系中直接援助的某個組成部分，通過保持高的隱蔽性失業(yè)率來變相地體現(xiàn)自己。這種情況的存在主要歸結于俄羅斯當局沒有能力及時地建立一個社會安全網，來解放零邊際生產率的工人，和允許工人建立的工業(yè)體系，從而實現(xiàn)更有效率的勞動力比率。實際上，這意味著，俄羅斯還沒有進行真正的產業(yè)結構調整。而且私有化迄今為止尚未對資源的有效率的重新分配作出重大的貢獻。一些分析師給了這些消極負面的事態(tài)發(fā)展一個直截了當的解釋，他們認為，自由化、私有化正確的提出和發(fā)揮了他們的作用，但是穩(wěn)定化的部分應該阻止或減弱前兩股力量運作時的不平穩(wěn)，而不是一貫的被追求。貨幣政策仍然保持寬松。這反過來又使通貨膨脹偏差在經長期的的借貸業(yè)務。這種結構從制度上來說是正確的，有著許多功能性的特點。由于缺乏這方面的經驗，主體規(guī)則和條例還都不完善，尤其是缺少關于這方面的最低標準的銀行會計，這使得俄羅斯中央銀行不能有效的實施對銀行的監(jiān)管。中央銀行對商業(yè)銀行的再融資過程，因為缺乏金融資產而受到阻礙，通常會構成這些抵押品商業(yè)票據和政府證券。特別是如果沒有后者，會使融資國庫發(fā)生系統(tǒng)性的通貨膨脹。此外，也還沒有真正的支付和結算系統(tǒng)，這使得該系統(tǒng)高度分割，還會阻礙出現(xiàn)一個高效率的銀行市場。商業(yè)銀行也遭受到了一系列的相互關聯(lián)的結構和功能的問題。這在很大程度上是俄羅斯系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)的特點這一原罪所引發(fā)的后果。19891991年在CBR登記的幾乎所有的銀行，公共機構或者公共機構式的，要建立一個自己的金融機構，這將能夠使他們收集他們所產生的存款，并延伸到他們所需要的部分，這產生了獨特的情況，即成了數量有限的法人為主要股東、存款人和借款人的銀行。在這些領域有效地進行干預并不是一件容易的任務，因為它意味著校準混合行動的政策和機構。如果俄羅斯當局最終能夠認識到工業(yè)的結構調整是一個能夠成功轉型的關鍵變量，執(zhí)行這項任務就可能會變得更加容易，而且為了實現(xiàn)這個目標，光靠自由化和私有化，甚至是在框架內的限制性的貨幣政策都是不夠的。而必要的條件是建立能夠執(zhí)行革命原則的體系、方法和政策，如貨幣和信貸，作為索賠的真正資源是稀缺的資產，它的使用比例不足時就必須支付價格。反過來，建立這樣的機構、方法和政策，將極大地推動一個適當的和一致的流量技術來援助西部，特別是國際金融機構。不幸的是，目前這些機構所追求的業(yè)務戰(zhàn)略主要是基于資本轉移，引進外資可以可以彌補像俄羅斯這樣一個結構轉型的大國的財政缺口這件事是值得人們懷疑的。資金流量應伴隨著有技術援助的倡議能夠產生的內在力量所需要掌握的整體經濟的進程。這將加強資金轉移的邊際生產率，并逐步將財政壓力的規(guī)?？刂苹匚鞣缴鐣摀闷鸬谋壤?

簡介：國際貿易專業(yè)剖析報告國際貿易專業(yè)剖析報告江西服裝學院商貿分院國際經濟與貿易本科專業(yè)開設于2012年，招生規(guī)模日益擴大，2012年招收38人，2013年為41人，2014年70人，分為兩個班，截止2014年，在校學生目前已達149人?，F(xiàn)有教師10名，專職教師6人,校外兼職教師4人。對于該專業(yè)的剖析，本文將從3個方面著手，即專業(yè)設置與人才培養(yǎng)模式、課程體系與課程改革以及專業(yè)發(fā)展展望。一、專業(yè)設置與人才培養(yǎng)模式一、專業(yè)設置與人才培養(yǎng)模式（一）專業(yè)基本情況（一）專業(yè)基本情況1、發(fā)展前景目前中國是世界第一出口大國和世界第二進口大國。根據商務部研究院后危機時代中國外貿發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究的分析，未來十年中國將推動貨物和服務貿易雙雙“倍增”，同時繼續(xù)努力推動進出口貿易平衡發(fā)展。到2020年，中國的進出口貿易額將達到53萬億美元左右。在2020年前鞏固我國貿易大國地位，推動貿易強國進程；到2030年前后初步實現(xiàn)貿易強國的目標。對于服裝企業(yè)來說，繼續(xù)擴大進口是未來服裝企業(yè)的外貿發(fā)展走向，而我國外向型經濟的發(fā)展仍需要大量的國際經濟與貿易人才，從目前情況來看，既懂進出口業(yè)務流程操作又懂服裝，還通曉國際市場開拓的復合型人才缺口較大。但市場需求如此大的行業(yè)，最終需要怎樣的人才，該人才需要具備怎樣的專業(yè)能力呢，帶著這些問題，筆者進行了相應的市場調查。實地調查2015年5月底，我院老師前往珠江三角洲、環(huán)渤海地帶進行了為期1周的市場調研，深入企業(yè)了解其對職業(yè)崗位和人才職業(yè)素養(yǎng)的需求。網絡調查由于國際貿易相關工作“面多線廣”等特點，我們通過網絡對行業(yè)及畢業(yè)生就業(yè)職業(yè)崗位進行統(tǒng)計和分析，了解市場需求以及發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀與前景。2、就業(yè)群分析根據調查資料發(fā)現(xiàn)，國際經濟與貿易專業(yè)學生主要從事以下企業(yè)崗位在擁有自營進出口權的生產型企業(yè)的國際貿易部從事單證員、外銷員（或助理）工作；在流通型外貿企業(yè)從事跟單員或外貿業(yè)務員工作；在國際貨代公司從事跟單員、單證員工作；在專業(yè)報關行或外貿企業(yè)從事報關工作；還有其他如外貿日常管理工作或到銀行從事國際結算業(yè)務。就業(yè)方向主要是以基礎性的外貿工作如外貿業(yè)務、單證和跟單為主，以報關員、報檢員等為輔。外貿業(yè)務員從事商務談判、制單、接單、經貿等業(yè)務。國際商務單證員根據銷售合約和信用證條款從事審核、繕制各種貿易結算單據和證書。國際商務跟單員以客戶訂單為依據，跟蹤產品服務運作流向并督促定單落實。報關員能從事報關單證準備與管理、報關作業(yè)實施與管理、報關核算、進出口商品歸類與原產地確定、報關事務管理、海關行政救濟事務管理等工作。報檢員能代表企業(yè)向檢驗檢疫機構做進出口貨物的報檢申報，陪同施檢，領取證單等工作。這些崗位需要具備以下能力校企融合、課證融合、學做融合國際貿易業(yè)務操作能力、英語應用能力、B2B網絡貿易能力面向中小企業(yè)培養(yǎng)高素質的國際貿易技能型人才331人才培養(yǎng)模式三類融合三種能力一個人才培養(yǎng)目標圖11改革人才培養(yǎng)模式改革人才培養(yǎng)模式二、課程體系與課程改革二、課程體系與課程改革1、課程體系課程體系是一個專業(yè)的核心內容，最能體現(xiàn)專業(yè)培養(yǎng)目標以及是否能夠實現(xiàn)目標的方式之一。（1）課程體系形成過程，見圖2圖22課程體系形成課程體系形成

簡介：中文4480字本科畢業(yè)設計（論本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）文）外文翻譯外文翻譯題目姓名專業(yè)國際經濟與貿易學號指導教師二○一三年五月二○一三年五月POLICYMAKERSABOUTTHEHIGHRISKOFOPENINGUPTHECAPITALACCOUNTWITHOUTASOUNDFINANCIALSYSTEMINPLACEACAUTIOUSAPPROACHTOCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONHASGAINEDEVENGREATERCREDIBILITYINTHEAFTERMATHOFTHEASIANFINANCIALTURMOIL,THECHINESEAUTHORITIESINTENSIFIEDTHEIREFFORTSTOREFORMANDSTRENGTHENTHEFINANCIALSECTORINNOVEMBER2001,CHINACONCLUDEDITSACCESSIONTOTHEWORLDTRADEORGANIZATIONWTOASTHERESULTOFTHENEGOTIATIONS,CHINAHASAGREEDTOOPENDOMESTICFINANCIALMARKETSSUBSTANTIALLYTOFOREIGNINVESTMENTWHILEDETAILEDANALYSISISSTILLNEEDEDTOASSESSTHEIMPLICATIONSOFTHOSECOMMITMENTSFORTHECURRENTCAPITALCONTROLREGIME,PRESSUREFORCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONWILLCERTAINLYINCREASECHINAHASMOVEDTOTHELASTFRONTIEROFITSFOREIGNEXCHANGEREFORMPREVIOUSREFORMSHAVEGENERALLYFOCUSEDONGRADUALLIBERALIZATIONOFTHECURRENTACCOUNTANDINWARDDIRECTINVESTMENT,AIMEDATSTRENGTHENINGTHEREALSECTORANDEXPORTCAPACITYOFTHEECONOMY,WHEREASTHENEXTPHASEOFCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONTENDSTOBECLOSELYRELATEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEDOMESTICFINANCIALSECTORCHINAISFACEDWITHAFORMIDABLETASKOFSHAPINGITSFINANCIALSECTORINAWAYTHATWOULDSUSTAINCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONTHEPURPOSEOFTHISPAPERISTWOFOLDFIRST,ITWILLDESCRIBETHEPROCESSOFCHINA’SFOREIGNEXCHANGEREFORMSASTHEYUNFOLDEDSINCE1979SECOND,THEPAPERWILLEXAMINEMAJORPOLICYCHANGESANDASSESSTHEIRIMPACTONTHEECONOMYTHEPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSSECTION2BRIEFLYDESCRIBESTHEPREREFORMFOREIGNTRADEANDEXCHANGEREGIMESTOSERVEASASTARTINGPOINTFORTHEPAPERSECTION3DISCUSSESTHE1979EXTERNALREFORMANDTHEADOPTIONOFTHEINTERNALSETTLEMENTRATEISRFROM1981TO1984SECTION4FOCUSESONTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEFOREIGNEXCHANGESWAPMARKETAFTERTHEMID1980SUNTIL1993SECTION5DESCRIBESTHEMARKETORIENTEDEXCHANGEREFORMIN1994ANDADDITIONALMEASURESTAKENTOACHIEVERMBCURRENTACCOUNTCONVERTIBILITYINLATE1996SECTION6DESCRIBESTHEPOLICYCHANGESBEFOREANDAFTERTHEASIANFINANCIALCRISISANDPOINTSOUTTHECONSTRAINTSOFTHEFINANCIALSECTORFORCHINA’SCAPITALACCOUNTLIBERALIZATIONANDSECTION7PROVIDESASUMMARYANDSOMECONCLUDINGREMARKS

簡介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設計外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無需調整復雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標題CHINA–ASEANECONOMICRELATIONSAFTERESTABLISHMENTOFFREETRADEAREA外文作者MINHUACHIANG文獻出處THEPACIFICREVIEW,2019如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文5710單詞，36058字符字符就是印刷符，中文8412漢字。（如果字數多了，可自行刪減，大多數學校都是要求選取外文的一部分內容進行翻譯的。）CHINA–ASEANECONOMICRELATIONSAFTERESTABLISHMENTOFFREETRADEAREAABSTRACTTHISPAPERAIMSTOCONTRIBUTETOANUNDERSTANDINGABOUTTHEMAJORCHANGESINCHINA–ASEANECONOMICRELATIONSAFTERESTABLISHMENTOFTHECHINA–ASEANFREETRADEAREACAFTAIN2010FIRST,CHINA’SMERCHANDIZETRADEBALANCEWITHASEANHASSHIFTEDFROMDEFICITTOSURPLUSSINCE2012THISREFLECTSCHINA’SIMPROVINGCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEINMANUFACTURINGPRODUCTIONVISAVISASEANASAWHOLESECOND,WITHCHINA’SWAGEHIKE,ASEANINVESTORSCANNOLONGERTAKEADVANTAGEOFCHINA’SCHEAPLABORFORCECONCURRENTLY,CHINA’SINVESTMENTINASEANHASBEENINCREASINGANDBECOMEMOREDIVERSIFIED,RANGINGFROMENERGYTOMANUFACTURINGANDSERVICESSINGAPOREHASREMAINEDTHEMOSTIMPORTANTINVESTMENTDESTINATIONFORCHINESEINVESTORSANDTHELARGESTFOREIGNINVESTORINCHINAAMONGASEANCOUNTRIESTHIRD,CHINAHASCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGESINPROVIDINGCONSTRUCTION,TELECOMMUNICATIONS,COMPUTERANDINFORMATIONSERVICESANDOTHERBUSINESSSERVICESTOASEANONTHEOTHERHAND,ASEAN,LEDBYSINGAPORE,HASOPPORTUNITIESINTHEFINANCIALSERVICESANDTOURISMMARKETSINCHINAFINALLY,THEDEVELOPMENTOFECONOMICREGIONALISM,NOTABLYTHEREGIONALCOMPREHENSIVEECONOMICPARTNERSHIPANDTRANSPACIFICPARTNERSHIP,WILLREMAINCRITICALFORTHECAFTA’SRELEVANCEINREGIONALECONOMICINTEGRATION,ASWELLASCHINA–ASEANRELATIONSINTHEFUTUREOTHERPREFERENTIALTREATMENTSBETWEENCHINAANDASEANONDIFFERENTOFFICIALOCCASIONSTHEASIANFINANCIALCRISISWASANOTHERIMPETUSFORSINOASEANECONOMICRAPPROCHEMENTZHA,2002THECRISISHADALERTEDASIANLEADERSOFTHENEEDTOCONSTRUCTAMORECOOPERATIVEFRAMEWORKAMONGTHESTATESINTHEREGIONSOASTOPREEMPTFUTUREFINANCIALCHAOSMANYASEANCOUNTRIESWEREHARDHITBYTHECRISISATTHESAMETIME,ASEANLEADERSCONSIDEREDTHEUSANDASIAPACIFICECONOMICCOOPERATIONAPECLESSTHANHELPFULDURINGTHECRISISANDTHECONDITIONALITYIMPOSEDBYTHEINTERNATIONALMONETARYFUNDIMFUNPALATABLETHEASEAN3NAMELYASEANPLUSCHINA,JAPANANDSOUTHKOREABECAMEANIMPORTANTMEANSTOREESTABLISHASEAN’SSTATUSANDRELEVANCEOWINGTODISAGREEMENTBETWEENCHINAANDJAPANOVERTHEFUTUREFORMATIONOFREGIONALISM,THEASEAN3DIDNOTMAKESIGNIFICANTADVANCEMENTINTHESUBSEQUENTYEARSCHIANG,2013CHUNG,2010THEPROGRESSIVEDEVELOPMENTOFTHECAFTABECAMEANOUTSTANDINGACHIEVEMENTOFREGIONALECONOMICENGAGEMENTCHENG,2004FROMCHINA’SPERSPECTIVE,ASTABLEANDCOOPERATIVERELATIONWITHASEANISIMPORTANTFORBEIJINGTOMAINTAINITSECONOMICGROWTHANDSOCIALSTABILITYTHECOMMUNISTPARTY’SPOLITICALLEGITIMACYRESTSLARGELYONTHECOUNTRY’SECONOMICSUCCESSSUN,2009THECAFTAALSOCOMPLEMENTSCHINA’S‘GOOUTPOLICY’WHICHAIMSATPROMOTINGCHINESEOUTWARDDIRECTINVESTMENTODITHECHINESEGOVERNMENTBELIEVEDTHATODIINMANUFACTURINGSECTORSWOULDPROMOTEITSEXPORTSOFINTERMEDIATEGOODSTODEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESFORFINALASSEMBLYANDFACILITATEITSDOMESTICINDUSTRIALUPGRADINGMINISTRYOFCOMMERCETHECHEAPLABORFORCE,GEOGRAPHICPROXIMITYANDSIMILARCULTUREMADEASEANANIDEALINVESTMENTDESTINATIONFORCHINESEENTREPRENEURSCHINESEFIRMSCOULDALSOACTIVELYPARTICIPATEINTHEHIGHLYDEVELOPEDREGIONALDIVISIONOFLABORTHROUGHODIINASEANINADDITION,CHINAWASMOTIVATEDBYDEVELOPINGASEAN’SMARKETTHEOVERDEPENDENCEONTHEWESTERNMARKETPROVEDFRAGILEAFTERTHETIANANMENSQUAREINCIDENTIN1989THEECONOMICSANCTIONSAFTER1989FROMTHEWESTERNCOUNTRIESMADECHINESELEADERSREALIZETHENECESSITYTODIVERSIFYITSEXPORTDESTINATIONSWANG,2013THEREWEREALSOCONSIDERATIONSOFACCELERATINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINA’SCENTRALANDWESTERNPROVINCESTHROUGHECONOMICCOOPERATIONWITHASEANCOUNTRIESWHICHSHAREBORDERSWITHCHINACHEN,2017CHENG,2013KUIK,2005ZHA,2002

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簡介：中文中文5200字，字，3200單詞，單詞，17000英文字符英文字符出處出處ARMSTRONGSTHEECONOMICIMPACTOFTHEAUSTRALIA–USFREETRADEAGREEMENTJAUSTRALIANJOURNALOFINTERNATIONALAFFAIRS,2015,695513537THEECONOMICIMPACTOFTHEAUSTRALIA–USFREETRADEAGREEMENTSHIROARMSTRONGTHEAUSTRALIA–UNITEDSTATESFREETRADEAGREEMENTAUSFTACAMEINTOEFFECTIN2005ITWASTHESECONDPREFERENTIALTRADEAGREEMENTTHATAUSTRALIASIGNED,AFTERITSAGREEMENTWITHSINGAPORE,ANDMARKEDADEPARTUREFROMTHEPRIMACYOFAUSTRALIA’SPREVIOUSTRADEPOLICYOFUNILATERALANDMULTILATERALTRADELIBERALISATIONTOWARDPREFERENTIALLIBERALISATIONTHISPAPERASSESSESTHEECONOMICEFFECTSOFAUSFTABYAPPLYINGTHEPRODUCTIVITYCOMMISSION’SGRAVITYMODELOFTRADEFROMITSBILATERALANDREGIONALTRADEAGREEMENTSREVIEWTHEEVIDENCEREVEALSAUSFTARESULTEDINAFALLINAUSTRALIANANDUSTRADEWITHTHERESTOFTHEWORLDTHATTHEAGREEMENTLEDTOTRADEDIVERSIONESTIMATESALSOSHOWTHATAUSFTAISASSOCIATEDWITHAREDUCTIONINTRADEBETWEENAUSTRALIAANDTHEUNITEDSTATESKEYWORDSAUSFTAAUSTRALIAUNITEDSTATESRELATIONSFREETRADEAGREEMENTINTRODUCTIONTHEOPENINGUPANDLIBERALISATIONOFTHEAUSTRALIANECONOMYHASBEENKEYTOITSPROSPERITYANDCOMPETITIVENESSMOSTOFTHATTRADELIBERALISATIONINITIALLYOCCURREDUNILATERALLYTHROUGHOUTTHE1970S,1980SAND1990SASAUSTRALIAANDOTHEREASTASIANECONOMIESREMOVEDSIGNIFICANTTRADEBARRIERSWITHOUTBINDINGAGREEMENTSTHEREWASARECOGNITIONTHATACOUNTRYBENEFITEDFROMREMOVINGITSOWNBORDERANDBEHINDTHEBORDERBARRIERSTOTRADEANDTHATTHOSEBENEFITSWERECOMPOUNDEDIFOTHERSDIDSOASWELLTHISSTRATEGYCONTRIBUTEDPOSITIVELYTOTHEMULTILATERALTRADINGSYSTEMBYLIBERALISINGTRADEINANONDISCRIMINATORYMANNER,ASUNILATERALTRADELIBERALISATIONWASBOUNDTHROUGHSUBSEQUENTMULTILATERALNEGOTIATIONINTHEURUGUAYROUNDTHISCONCERTEDUNILATERALLIBERALISATIONSLOWLYCAMETOANENDAROUNDTHETIMEOFTHEASIANFINANCIALCRISISIN1997/98ASMUCHOFTHERELATIVELYEASYTOREMOVEBORDERBARRIERSHADBEENREDUCEDANDTHEREGIONSTARTEDLOOKINGTONEGOTIATEFURTHERLIBERALISATIONAFTERTHEURUGUAYROUNDAUSTRALIAANDEASTASIAEVENTUALLYJOINEDTHEGLOBALTRENDANDSTARTEDTOSIGNPREFERENTIALTRADEAGREEMENTSTHATLIBERALISETRADEANDINVESTMENTONAPREFERENTIALBASISBETWEENAGREEMENTMEMBERSBEFORESIGNINGANAGREEMENTWITHSINGAPOREIN2003,APARTFROMTHEBILATERALCLOSERECONOMICRELATIONSCERAGREEMENTWITHNEWZEALANDTHATWASSIGNEDINANOTHERERA,AUSTRALIAHADNOTBEENPARTYTOANYPREFERENTIALTRADEAGREEMENTSPTASSINCETHEERAOFBRITISHIMPERIALPREFERENCEALTHOUGHTHESINGAPOREAGREEMENTWASAFIRSTFORAUSTRALIA,ITSECONOMYWASONEOFTHEMOSTOPENINTERNATIONALLY,ITDIDNOTHAVEANAGRICULTURALSECTORANDITWASNOTAMAJORECONOMICPARTNEROFAUSTRALIAAMORESIGNIFICANTPOTENTIALSIGNOFDEPARTUREFROMTHEPRIMACYOFNONDISCRIMINATORYLIBERALISATIONOCCURREDWITHTHENEGOTIATIONOFTHEAUSTRALIAUSFREETRADEAGREEMENTAUSFTA,WHICHCAMEINTOEFFECTONJANUARY1,2005MUCHCONTROVERSY,THEREFORE,SURROUNDEDTHENEGOTIATIONOFTHEAGREEMENTINTHELEADUPTOITSCONCLUSIONTHEREWASDEBATEABOUTTHELIKELYIMPACTONTHEAUSTRALIANECONOMY,THEIMPLICATIONSFORAUSTRALIA’SOTHERTRADEANDINVESTMENTRELATIONSHIPSANDITSUSEINPROMOTINGOTHERNONECONOMICANDDIPLOMATICINTERESTSRANALD2009ASARESULTOFTHEAGREEMENT,97PERCENTOFTARIFFLINESCOVERINGAUSTRALIA’SNONAGRICULTURALEXPORTSTOTHEUNITEDSTATESEXCLUDINGTEXTILESANDCLOTHINGBECAMEDUTYFREE,SUBJECTTOTHEFTASTHATHAVEBEENSEENASAWAYTOREMOVETRADEANDOTHERBARRIERSAMONGCOUNTRIESTHATAREUSUALLYPOLITICALLYCLOSEMOSTAGREEMENTSAREFULLOFEXEMPTIONSANDCARVEOUTSOFSENSITIVESECTORS,INCLUDINGTHEEXCLUSIONOFSUGARINAUSFTA,DEMONSTRATINGTHELIMITATIONSOFTHISARGUMENTINITSREVIEWOFBILATERALANDREGIONALTRADEAGREEMENTS,THEAUSTRALIANPRODUCTIVITYCOMMISSIONCONCLUDEDTHATECONOMICBENEFITSOFFTASAREOFTENOVERSTATEDANDTHATTHEYAREOFTENMOREPOLITICALTHANECONOMICINNATUREPRODUCTIVITYCOMMISSION,2010APTASCANGOBEYONDTRADEINGOODSANDSERVICESANDINVESTMENTINTOAREASOFDOMESTICRULESANDREGULATIONSINDEED,AUSFTAWASSIGNIFICANTFORTHECHANGESITREQUIREDTOAUSTRALIANDOMESTICREGULATIONSANDINSTITUTIONSONELINEOFARGUMENTSUGGESTSTHATMERCHANDISETRADEISNOTAVERYSIGNIFICANTASPECTOFMODERNPTAS,ASMANYTARIFFLINESAREATORCLOSETOZEROINDEVELOPEDCOUNTRIESTHEBENEFITSTHATCIEMODELLINGPREDICTEDWEREDRIVENBYASSUMPTIONSINAREASOUTSIDEOFGOODSTRADEOTHERSHAVEEMPHASISEDTHE‘DEEPERINTEGRATION’ASPECTSOFAUSFTASTOLER2003YETTRADEINGOODSISCLOSELYLINKEDTOTRADEINSERVICES,INVESTMENTANDTHERULES,REGULATIONS,IMPEDIMENTSANDLIBERALISATIONSINTRODUCEDINPTASMOREOVER,GOODSTRADEORMERCHANDISETRADEREMAINSTHEOVERARCHINGCOMPONENTOFECONOMICRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENCOUNTRIESNEGOTIATINGPREFERENTIALMARKETACCESSAMONGMEMBERSONTRADEINGOODSISSTILLCENTRALTOMOSTAGREEMENTSTHEREISTHENTHEIMPORTANTQUESTIONOFWHETHERPREFERENTIALAGREEMENTSCREATETRADEAMONGMEMBERSANDTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEYDIVERTTRADEFROMNONMEMBERSALTHOUGHBORDERBARRIERSINMOSTCOUNTRIES,ESPECIALLYINTHEASIAPACIFIC,HAVEBEENREDUCEDWITHNONDISCRIMINATORYMOSTFAVOUREDNATIONRATESMFNTHATARELOWORZEROFORALARGERANGEOFPRODUCTS,SIGNIFICANTBORDERBARRIERSREMAINYETRULESOFORIGINROOSWHICHADDTOREDTAPE,VARYSUBSTANTIALLYBETWEENAGREEMENTSANDCOMPLICATETRADEDUETODIFFERENTTARIFFRATESBEINGAPPLIEDTOAGOODORSERVICEDEPENDINGONTHECOUNTRYINWHICHVALUEWASADDEDSTILLAFFECTTRADEANDAREASERIOUSTRADEPOLICYANDREGULATORYISSUEINASTUDYUSINGDISAGGREGATEDCUSTOMSDATA,POMFRET,KAUFMANN,ANDFINDLAY2010ANALYSETHEUTILISATIONRATESOFPREFERENCESINAUSTRALIANPTASANDFIN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簡介：濟源職業(yè)技術學院畢業(yè)論文論文題目低碳經濟下我國對外貿易的問題研究學生姓名程艷__________________學生學號10050321_______________________系別經濟管理系_______________________專業(yè)國際經濟與貿易____________________指導教師楊倩_________________________職稱講師_______________________日期2012年11月16日__________________低碳經濟下我國對外貿易的問題研究摘要隨著低碳經濟時代的到來，人們越來越深刻地認識到低碳經濟模式與低碳生活方式對實現(xiàn)社會可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要性，低碳經濟對我國出口貿易也產生著巨大的影響。在全球氣候變暖的背景下，以低能耗、低污染為基礎的“低碳經濟”成為全球熱點。低碳經濟成為21世紀世界經濟發(fā)展的一個重要趨勢，這一趨勢對于全球化環(huán)境中的中國經濟和貿易發(fā)展提出了嚴峻挑戰(zhàn)。在低碳經濟的挑戰(zhàn)面前，我國對外貿易發(fā)展模式應向進一步發(fā)展一般貿易、加工貿易本地化、扶持中小企業(yè)自主創(chuàng)新與出口、尋求市場多元化貿易等方向轉變。關鍵詞低碳經濟；對外貿易；發(fā)展模式一、我國碳排放現(xiàn)狀1我國的碳交易主要通過我國的碳交易主要通過CDM機制進行機制進行碳排放權交易是一種利用市場手段來促進減少碳排放的措施。CDM，全稱為CLEANDEVELOPMENTMECHANISM，即清潔發(fā)展機制。這是京都議定書中引入的三個靈活履約機制之一。CDM的核心是允許發(fā)達國家和發(fā)展中國家進行項目級的減排量抵銷額的轉讓與獲得。對參與的雙方來說，CDM是一種雙贏的機制。對發(fā)達國家而言，CDM給予其一些履約的靈活性，使其得以較低成本履行義務。另一方面，對發(fā)展中國家而言，協(xié)助發(fā)達國家能夠利用減排成本低的優(yōu)勢從發(fā)達國家獲得資金和技術，促進其可持續(xù)發(fā)展。中國作為一個發(fā)展中大國，具有全球最為豐富的減排資源。自2005年2月16日京都議定書生效以來，CDM在中國獲得了長足發(fā)展，從2005年剛開始的被質疑，2006年以后蓬勃發(fā)展，一直到現(xiàn)在取得了巨大的成就。綜合EB（聯(lián)合國CDM執(zhí)行理事會）網站數據，截止到2011年3月15日，全球通過EB注冊的CDM項目數為2911個，增幅為495，中國通過EB注冊的CDM項目數為1273個，增幅為816。在新增的通過EB注冊的CDM項目中中國的占比從2007年的28上升到59。3碳排放使我國貿易結構惡化碳排放使我國貿易結構惡化我國傳統(tǒng)對外貿易發(fā)展模式是出口導向型，出口商品以勞動密集型為主，具有高投入高消耗低效益的特點。從我國目前的貿易結構看，出口產品集中在低技術、高耗能、高污染的勞動密集型和資源密集型產業(yè)上，這些商品中礦物燃料、化學產品、原料制成品和高耗能金屬制品及一般低端機械設備等產品占出口的比重較高，而這些產品對生態(tài)環(huán)境的影響很大，均屬于低端加工產業(yè)鏈條中環(huán)境污染密集型、能源耗費密集型產業(yè)。同時，美、歐、日等發(fā)達國家的高耗能高污染產業(yè)面臨著失去競爭優(yōu)勢和價值貶損的局面，有可能借機以廉價的條件，向我國轉移，而某些地方政府有對環(huán)境問題和長遠利益考慮不足，從而容易給這些發(fā)達國家的轉移帶來機會。此外，發(fā)達國家有對環(huán)保節(jié)能核心技術進行封鎖，對于關鍵領域，嚴格防止進口的技術外溢效應，這可能會使我國在進

簡介：第1頁共34頁2010201120102011學年度第二學期復習大綱學年度第二學期復習大綱（期末考試的題型和題量和此模擬題相同，但復習內容以公告欄里的復習題為主。）20102011年第一學期大學英語大學英語11期末考試說明一、考試范圍大學英語（1）LESSON110。教材版本大學英語一謝毅斌主編2008年4月第一版。二、考試題型II單項選擇題單項選擇題（STRUCTURESTRUCTUREVOCABULARYVOCABULARY）DIRECTIONSDIRECTIONSEACHEACHOFOFTHETHEFOLLOWINGFOLLOWINGSENTENCESSENTENCESISISPROVIDEDPROVIDEDWITHWITHFOURFOURCHOICESCHOICESCHOOSECHOOSETHETHEONEONETHATTHATBESTBESTCOMPLETESCOMPLETESTHETHESENTENCESENTENCE每題每題1分,共5050題IIII辨錯題辨錯題ERRORERRORIDENTIFICATIONIDENTIFICATIONCHOOSECHOOSETHETHEONEONEWORDWORDORORPHRASEPHRASETHATTHATMUSTMUSTBEBECHANGEDCHANGEDININORDERORDERFORFORTHETHESENTENCESENTENCETOTOBEBECORRECTCORRECT每題每題1515分,共1010題IIIIII完型填空完型填空DIRECTIONSDIRECTIONSFORFOREACHEACHBLANKBLANKTHERETHEREAREAREFOURFOURCHOICESCHOICESMARKEDMARKEDA,A,B,B,C,C,ANDANDDDCHOOSECHOOSETHETHEONEONETHATTHATBESTBESTFITSFITSINTOINTOTHETHEPASSAGEPASSAGE每題每題1515分,共1010題IVIV閱讀理解閱讀理解DIRECTIONSDIRECTIONSEACHEACHPASSAGEPASSAGEISISFOLLOWEDFOLLOWEDBYBYTENTENSTATEMENTSSTATEMENTSPLEASEPLEASEDECIDEDECIDEWHETHERWHETHERTHETHESTATEMENTSSTATEMENTSAREARETRUETRUEORORFALSEFALSE每題每題2分,共1010題三、出題比例課內占70％，課外30％。復習時要以熟悉課文內容、認真完成課后練習以及公告欄中的練習題為重點，同時還要加強課外閱讀。四、期末復習題（請在本課程答疑信箱中的公告欄里下載）。五、考試時間90分鐘附部分模擬題及答案在公告欄里。第3頁共34頁6ONLYWHENYOUHAVEACQUIREDAGOODKNOWLEDGEOFGRAMMAR,___C__WRITECORRECTLYACANYOUBCAN’TYOUCYOUCANDYOUWILL7__B___THECHILDSAIDWASWHISPEREDFROMONETOTHEOTHERAWHATBTHATCWHICHDWHEN8YESTERDAYIWASTOOBUSYTOGOSHOPPINGIHADMYSISTER__C___ATOGOBGOCGONEDGOING9IWASUSED_____A_______INANOISYROOMATOWORKINGBTOWORKCWORKDWORKING10YETMUCHOFTHEWORLDISSTILLRAGINGWAR__C________WOMENAFORBWITHCAGAINSTDBY11____D_____THEPOLICY,THEBANKMUSTMAKEITWORKAHAVINGDESIGNEDBDESIGNEDCDESIGNDBEINGDESIGNED12ITDIFFERSFROMOTHERFORMSOFPAYMENT__C________ITOFFERSBOTHTHEBUYERANDTHESELLERAMEANSOFSECURITYAINITBINTHATCINWHICHDINWHAT13LEAVEYOURUMBRELLAINTHESTANDINTHE___B__________ASTAIRSBHALLCSTALLDDESK