城市規(guī)劃外文翻譯--關(guān)于在伊朗城市系統(tǒng)中建造新城鎮(zhèn)的必要性的調(diào)查（英文）

1、 Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 4 No. 8 (Aug 2011) ISSN: 0974- 6846 Edu. Sust. Devpt.

2、 “Iran Urban System” S.M.S.Fatemi 2Urban planning, Urban Planning Department, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran m.seyedfatemi@yahoo.com, nzali@Guilan.ac.ir* (corres

3、ponding author) Abstract In different countries, new towns are constructed based on necessity and their functions. Nowadays, making new towns is not of course performed with the aim of realizing the notion of ideal habit

4、ation or Utopia, rather decentralization of large cities is its purpose and main goal. Nonetheless, this topic is differently viewed in Iran in comparison with other countries, and its utility and function in Iran is n

5、ot the same as the real purpose of making new towns in the world. This article studies the country’s population variations in recent decades and considers urban system of the country. It also analyzes the activities of

6、 new towns in recent years and eventually argues the necessity to make new towns in Iran. The agreement of this strategy with alternative ones, especially with the strategy of middle cities reinforcement, is argued as

7、well. Keywords: New towns, urban system, Iran, population Introduction During the early years after the Islamic revolution of Iran and occurrence of the imposed war, extensive migrations started all over the country.

8、 Many farmers came to cities progressively because of economic stagnation in villages resulted from land reform and waning of seasonal economy. In addition to farmers’ migrations, there were widespread migrations fro

9、m towns to large cities, mainly to the center of provinces. Configuration of the country’s population was changed by these migrations which led to fast growth of urbanization in the country. According to these condit

10、ions and upon evaluating the trends, demographers predicted that the population of cities in Iran will double through the next 20 years (Miran, 2007). Such a prediction could have different meanings for planners and d

11、ecision makers; first, constructing towns through the next 20 years should be accomplished equal to present cities with regard to area, volume and space in order to reside applicant population, primarily the migrants

12、. Second, composition of the country’s population balance between city and village had a drastic change and through next years, city population would outweigh village population, therefore the problem required a

13、specific planning approach. Third, lack of planning and foresight for the great number of migrants to cities would result in doubled pressure on large cities, occurrence of different cultural, economic and social side

14、 effects, occurrence of serious social abnormalities, and vanishing of large cities’ identity (Ardeshiri, 2007). Based upon the mentioned facts, during 1982-1992, Iranian ministry of accommodation formulated three sig

15、nificant strategies in order to encounter with problems of city population of the country (Ostrofski, 2000): a) Improving the texture of inner cities with the purpose of attracting population proportional to their cap

16、acities and preventing the evacuation of old textures, b) accommodation of city outskirts together with maintenance of agricultural land and bio-environmental resources, and c) constructing new towns. Accord

17、ing to the above strategies, identifying the capabilities and restrictions, determination of requirements, and establishing the laws based on native and national merits, the first act for making new towns was procl

18、aimed in 1986 and subsequently the New Towns Company was established in 1990 (Miran, 2007). Improvement and renovation of inner texture of the existing cities for optimal exploitation of the city space has the highest

19、 priority among city extending methods. This model is also called “new town within a town“. Such a notion indicates large-scale improvement, modernization, and revival of city core extension (Mohammad Rahmi, 1997)

20、. In the case that improvement and renewal of inner texture of present cities is not sufficient for the increased city population, it is suggested to carry out continuous extension of these cities in places without any

21、 natural or artificial limits. In addition, when neither of the two mentioned suggestions satisfies the city extension requirements, it would be necessary to perform discontinuous extension of the cities (Ebrahim-Zad

22、eh, 2003). An issue of significance considering the population changes and fast increase in the number of citizens is the necessity to plan for population overflow and their accommodation. If no proper planning is ach

23、ieved for their accommodation, the result would be cities with uncontrolled mushroom growth and it will be consequently inevitable to pay the large cost of solving the problems of these accommodation places and

24、their resultant social abnormalities. Population evolution of Iran Considering the available statistics and accomplished estimates of the country’s population from 1882 to 1922, the rate of population growth has been

25、very low in Iran. This is attributed to natural inappropriate conditions, famines, and deadly infectious diseases. Low constant rate of population growth continued until 1922 while these conditions changed from 1927.

26、 An increase took place in population until 1957 and a growth rate of 3.1% Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 4 No. 8 (Aug 2011) IS

27、SN: 0974- 6846 Edu. Sust. Devpt. “Iran Urban System” S.M.S.Fatemi & N.Zali ?Indian Society for Education and

28、 Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Technol. 992After Islamic revolu

29、tion, based on enactment of the cabinet in 1986, construction of numerous new towns was enacted and in 2008, this number reached 21 new towns. The sum of population capacities of these towns has been 3,880,000 persons

30、 and according to predictions of the fourth development program, these towns should accommodate 800,000 persons until 2010. These towns have so far accommodated 356,900 persons up to first half of 2008. This means th

31、at, 44.6% of the fourth development program’s objective has been accomplished in population attraction. The maximum population among new towns was accommodated by Poulad Shahr around Isfahan with 90,000 persons

32、 and Andishe around Tehran with a population equal to 75,000 persons. With regard to the latest census, other new towns had populations less than 25,000 persons. (Table 3). Function of new towns from start

33、until first half of 2008 The accomplished activities in construction of residential units were carried out by cooperative companies, mass construction, and individual parts, where a number of these projects were

34、completed and the rest are yet in progress. Mass constructors, cooperative companies, and individual parts have gained 47%, 39%, and 13.9% of construction portion in new towns, respectively. Altogether, 275,342 resi

35、dential units were constructed or are yet in progress. Besides, 7,654 non- residential service units were completed and 5,422 of such units are in progress till the first half of 2008. In other words, 13,076 non-resi

36、dential units and 275,342 residential units were completed or are in progress in new Table 3. Settled population until 2008 in new towns (http://ntoir.gor.ir). Sum Population settlement in first half of 2007 Population

37、 until 2008 Population predict until 2010 Population acceptance ability New town No. 17,000 881 16,119 100,000 500,000 Hashtgerd 1 76,122 446 75,676 100,000 132,000 Andishe 2 30,000 4283 25,717 100,000

38、 200,000 Pardis 3 8000 500 7500 50,000 150,000 Parand 4 60,000 10,000 50,000 110,000 500,000 Baharestan 5 91120 1120 90,000 110,000 500,000 Poolad Shahr 6 4250 50 4200 30000 140000 Majlesi 7 73

39、87 23 7364 40,000 400,000 Golbahar 8 3651 3387 264 10,000 113,000 Binalood 9 17,984 659 17,325 45,000 200,000 Sadra 10 15,992 603 15,389 45,000 100,000 Sahand 11 14,700 200 14,500 30,000 60,00

40、0 Mohajeran 12 10474 3090 7384 25,000 100,000 Alishahr 13 100 0 100 2000 65,000 Ramshar 14 0 0 0 0 120,000 Ramin 15 120 0 120 1000 100,000 Alavi 16 0 0 0 2000 110,000 Shirin Shahr 17 0 0

41、 0 0 100,000 Amir Kabir 18 0 0 0 0 120,000 Siraf 19 0 0 0 0 50,000 Ivanikey 20 0 0 0 0 120,000 Pars (Liyan) 21 356,900 25,242 331,658 800,000 3,880,000 Sum Table 4. Down activations in construc

42、tion of house in new towns until 2008 (http://ntoir.gor.ir) No. New town Cooperative Mass construction Singular Sum Under construction Completed Under construction Completed Under construction Completed 1 Hasht

43、gerd 17,058 8150 18,139 2582 796 640 47,363 2 Andishe 4191 13,318 1010 2840 930 1704 24,056 3 Pardis 6948 9778 11,669 615 184 95 29,299 4 Parand 3117 869 16,416 8054 140 600 29,196 5 Bahar

44、estan 1612 3507 2965 10,621 6641 6654 32,000 6 Poolad Shahr 5785 13,514 7924 14,847 2494 3888 48,452 7 Majlesi 330 0 1268 66 116 174 1954 8 Golbahar 2387 1370 2257 1217 462 852 8545 9 Bina

45、lood 686 2 388 196 71 12 1355 10 Sadra 3579 1309 11,727 2265 2802 3153 24,835 11 Sahand 705 705 5311 1949 1750 783 12,034 12 Mohajeran 1380 1380 412 1490 100 2155 6714 13 Alishahr 692 69

46、2 913 1329 730 473 8324 14 Ramshar - 0 26 123 0 0 149 15 Alavi 52 52 148 0 0 0 250 16 Ramin - 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 Shirin Shahr - 0 816 0 0 0 816 Sum 52,643 54,719 81,389 48,194 17,21