[雙語翻譯]文化旅游外文翻譯--文化旅游-近期研究與趨勢綜述

1、7600 英文單詞， 英文單詞，4.3 萬英文字符，中文 萬英文字符，中文 1.3 萬字 萬字文獻(xiàn)出處： 文獻(xiàn)出處：Richards G. Cultural tourism: A review of recent research and trends[J]. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 2018, 36: 12-21.Cultural tourism: A review

2、 of recent research and trendsGreg RichardsAbstract This review article traces the development of cultural tourism as a field of research over the past decade, identifying major trends and research areas. Cultural touri

3、sm has recently been re-affirmed by the UNWTO as a major element of international tourism consumption, accounting for over 39% of tourism arrivals. Cultural tourism research has also grown rapidly, particularly in fields

4、 such as cultural consumption, cultural motivations, heritage conservation, cultural tourism economics, anthropology and the relationship with the creative economy. Major research trends include the shift from tangible t

5、o intangible heritage, more attention for indigenous and other minority groups and a geographical expansion in the coverage of cultural tourism research. The field also reflects a number of ‘turns’ in social science, inc

6、luding the mobilities turn, the performance turn and the creative turn. The paper concludes with a number of suggestions for future research directions, such as the development of trans-modern cultures and the impacts of

7、 new technologies.Keywords: Cultural tourism; Tangible heritage; Intangible heritage; Indigenous tourism; Cultural consumption1. IntroductionCulture and tourism have always been inextricably linked. Cultural sights, attr

8、actions and events provide an important motivation for travel, and travel in itself generates culture. But it is only in recent decades that the link between culture and tourism has been more explicitly identified as a s

9、pecific form of consumption: cultural tourism.The emergence of cultural tourism as a social phenomenon and as an object of academic study can be traced back to the surge in post-World War 2 leisure travel. In Europe, tra

10、vel helped to increase cultural understanding as well as rebuild shattered economies. As incomes and consumption continued to rise in the 1960s and 1970s, so did international travel, and the consumption of culture. By t

11、he 1980s the flow of international tourists to major sites and attractions began to attract enough attention for the label ‘cultural tourism’ to be attached to an emerging niche market. Early academic studies of cultural

12、 tourism also surfaced at this time, and the World Tourism Organisation (WTO, as it was then) produced its first definition of the phenomenon. In the early 1990s the first estimate of the size of this ‘new’ market also e

13、merged (at 37% of all international tourism) and were attributed to the WTO, even though Bywater (1993) comments that it was not clear how this estimate was derived.Interest in cultural tourism continued to grow througho

14、ut the 1980s and 1990s, driven by the ‘heritage boom’ (Hewison, 1987), the growth of international and domestic travel and the identification of cultural tourism as a ‘good’ form of tourism that would stimulate the econo

15、my and help conserve culture (Richards, 2001). The beginning of the 1990s indicates a period of transformation of cultural tourism which, unlike the original orientation towards elite clientele, found a new opportunity f

16、or development in the orientation towards the mass market. Cultural tourism became a well-established phenomenon in many tourism destinations, and was review to do justice to the increasing breadth and diversity of cultu

17、ral tourism research, but it is hoped that at least some of the main themes can be traced.2. Major themes in the literatureThe growing body of cultural tourism scholarship is confirmed by a literature search on the term

18、“cultural tourism” on Google Scholar. As Fig. 1 indicates, cultural tourism sources have risen from less than 100 in 1990 to over 6000 in 2016. Growth was particularly sharp between 2005 and 2015, and cultural tourism pu

19、blications have risen as a proportion of all tourism publications, to reach nearly 5% by 2017. This growth has also been supported by a number of flourishing sub-themes in the field. These also tend to relate to some maj

20、or academic disciplines, such as sociology, economics, anthropology and psychology. The current review covers first some of the major research areas related to these fields, before summarising some of the major emerging

21、research trends. Because of the vast scope of the literature most attention has been paid to research articles published since 2010. Other sources can provide overviews of the literature up to this date (e.g. Du Cros Sm

22、ith & Richards, 2013). A search of the literature reveals, however, that the current review is the first to cover the cultural tourism field as a whole. Some of the major research themes that emerge from our review o

23、f publications listed in Google Scholar and Scopus include cultural tourism as a form of cultural consumption, motivations for cultural tourism, the economic aspects of cultural tourism, the relationship between tourism

24、and cultural heritage, the growth of the creative economy, and the links between anthropology and cultural tourism.Fig. 1. Cultural tourism publications 1990e2016 (source: Google scholar).2.1. Cultural consumptionCultura

25、l tourism as a form of cultural consumption has been a particularly important topic for sociological studies in the field. Much of this research has sought to understand the cultural tourism audience and in particular th

26、e variation and stratification within it. Early discussions of cultural tourism also developed a division between ‘general’ and ‘specific’ cultural tourists, with the former consuming culture as part of a general holiday

27、 experience, and the latter travelling purposefully to engage in some aspect of the culture of the destination (Richards, 1996). This simple dichotomy was later extended to cover different typologies of cultural tourists