[雙語翻譯]智能家居外文翻譯—智能城市的智能家居節(jié)能新加坡家庭的一課（原文）

1、Contents lists available at ScienceDirectEnergy Policyjournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enpolEnergy conservation through smart homes in a smart city: A lesson for Singapore householdsAbhishek Bhati?, Michael Hans

2、en, Ching Man ChanJames Cook University Singapore, SingaporeA R T I C L E I N F OKeywords:Energy conservationHousehold perception, smart homesSingaporeA B S T R A C TEnergy saving is a hot topic due to the proliferation

3、of climate changes and energy challenges globally. However,people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the concept stage. This means thatpeople talk about environmental awareness re

4、adily, yet in reality, they accept to pay the given energy bill. Due tothe availability of electricity and its integral role, modulating consumers’ attitudes towards energy savings canbe a challenge. Notably, the gap in

5、today's smart technology design in smart homes is the understanding ofconsumers’ behaviour and the integration of this understanding into the smart technology. As part of the ParisClimate change agreement (2015), it

6、is paramount for Singapore to introduce smart technologies targeted toreduce energy consumption. This paper focused on the perception of Singapore households on smart technologyand its usage to save energy. Areas of curr

7、ent research include: (1) energy consumption in Singaporehouseholds, (2) public programs and policies in energy savings, (3) use of technology in energy savings, and (4)household perception of energy savings in smart hom

8、es. Furthermore, three case studies are reviewed inrelation to smart homes and smart technology, while discussing the maturity of existing solutions.1. IntroductionClimate change is a global challenge. The change in the

9、globalclimate system is directly caused by human activities, which is givingrise to the highest greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in human history(Pachauri and Meyer, 2014). Studies have shown that GHG haveattributed to e

10、xtreme weather and changes to natural and humansystems (Pachauri and Meyer, 2014). These climate changes includefloods, droughts, and interrupted food production, which ultimatelyforce people to migrate to safer areas. E

11、xtensive exposure to heat wavesalso affect people's health negatively, and may even spread diseasesacross multiple territories (Xu, 2015). According to Pachauri andMeyer (2014), electricity and heat production contri

12、buted to 25% ofthe highest proportion of total global GHG emission. This highlightsthe importance and urgency of sustainable energy consumption toreduce GHG emissions.In line with the Paris agreement under the United Nat

13、ionsFramework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in December2015 (National Climate Change Secretariat, 2016a), Singapore haspledged to reduce 36% of GHG emissions from year 2005 by 2030.Even as a relatively small coun

14、try, Singapore is also affected by climatechange. Statistics show that Singapore's average temperature has risenfrom 26.6°C to 27.7 °C from year 1972 to 2014, with the rise in annualsea levels at between 1.

15、2 and 1.7 mm from year 1975 to 2009 (NationalClimate Change Secretariat, 2016b). Besides making internationalcommitment, Singapore has made conscious efforts to change intern-ally to deal with climate change.Given the gl

16、obal environmental issues, there is a global trend anddemand for energy saving and smart technology to increase theefficiency of energy consumption. According to the Energy MarketAuthority (EMA; 2015), households account

17、 for approximately 15% ofelectricity consumption in Singapore. Under the Energy ConservationAct (2012), the Mandatory Energy Labelling was introduced forregistered goods in Singapore. This means that all electrical appli

18、ances(refrigerators, air conditioners, etc.) sold in Singapore must be energylabeled.The role of smart home technologies to increase energy efficienciesin households is becoming increasingly important. A survey has beenc

19、onducted on the consumers’ perception and awareness towardsadapting new technologies, as well as the role of these technologiesin saving energy. According to Balta-Ozkan et al. (2014), a smart-homeis a home equipped with

20、 connected devices, appliances and sensorsthat can communicate with each other, and can be controlled remotely.These functions provide consumers the flexibility of monitoring itselectricity consumption and making lifesty

21、le changes to save electricity.Moreover, Balta-Ozkan et al. (2013) noted that a smart home does nothttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.032Received 15 September 2016; Received in revised form 24 December 2016; Accep

22、ted 19 January 2017? Corresponding author.E-mail addresses: Abhishek.bhati@jcu.edu.au (A. Bhati), michaelmotet.hansen@my.jcu.edu.au (M. Hansen), chingman.chan@my.jcu.edu.au (C.M. Chan).Energy Policy 104 (2017) 230–239030

23、1-4215/ © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/).MARKMandatory Energy Labelling, 2016).Minimum En

24、ergy Performance Standard is another legislation thatwas introduced in 2011 to remove models of air-conditioners andrefrigerators that fall short of the specified energy performancestandard. It has thus seen good progres

25、s as consumption data indicatedthat the top two highest efficiency models of the mentioned applianceswere purchased by at least 80% of the households in 2011 (Tighteningand Extending Minimum Energy Performance Standards,

26、 2012).Apart from legislations, there have been guidelines and incentiveprograms to promote households’ energy savings. Table 1 lists asummary on some examples of the relevant offices, policies, andprograms that were int

27、roduced in Singapore throughout the years.In contrast to the assumption of traditional economics that peoplemake rational decisions to optimize their utilities, consumers do notalways make the best choices due to behavio

28、ral patterns. Policymakershave started applying “nudges” that are based on behavioral insightswith the aim of helping people to make better choices. In 2012, theMinistry of the Environment and Water Resources (MEWR) form

29、ed aunit to research and derive behavioral insights. Since then, it has beenworking with other relevant government agencies, such as NEA, toutilize behavioral insights for environmental policies. For example,their study

30、showed that people would recycle more, provided that it isconvenient. In response, NEA produced recycling boxes for householdsto separate their general wastes from recyclable materials conveniently(Hartung, 2014).In addi

31、tion, Singapore has recently joined with 194 countries inadopting a global agreement (i.e. Paris agreement) to tackle climatechanges and environmental concerns. This agreement served as animportant milestone for a commit

32、ted global effort to address andresolve environmental issues. To achieve this global goal, Singaporegovernment would have to continue to pursue various schemes andpolicies, such as potential implementations of schemes (e

33、.g., car-freezones, car-free Sundays, car-pooling) and incentives (e.g., using publictransport). Evidently, households are also encouraged to cooperate andstay committed to energy-preserving behaviors (Chua, 2016).2.3. U

34、se of technology in energy savingsFrom late 1940's, the air-conditioner was introduced, and itchanged the property space. An American builder, Dick Hughes,claimed that the installation of an air-conditioner in a home

35、 iscomparable to the electric plug for a refrigerator (Troy, 2012), p. 16.Today, the demand for cooling homes and buildings on a global scale isa billion-dollar industry (Global Industry Analysts, Inc, 2015), whereAsia P

36、acific is the largest and fastest growing market (refer Fig. 1).The construction of smart buildings involves the selection ofappropriate material, that are of the best energy efficient material forconstruction (e.g., wal

37、ls, doors, window-frames), as well as the type ofdyes used to paint surfaces (Battista et al., 2014). For urban populationwith high-rises, it is paramount to look into energy efficiency (Cangelliand Fais, 2012) and envir

38、onmental comfort. This can be achieved bydesigning the buildings as vertical cities with terraces and green areas.A Smart City has an interconnected infrastructure that workoptimized through communication and data collec

39、tion from the con-nected entities. Aligned to this concept, the Smart Nation program inSingapore (Spring Singapore, 2015) consists of various technologies toreduce energy consumption throughout the nation, while monitori

40、ngand collecting data from all connected consumers, such as corporatebuildings and households (Housing and Development Board, 2014;IDA, 2014). The goal is to achieve an energy efficient nation, wherebyproactive and smart

41、 planning is used to create a comfortable andsecure environment (Housing and Development Board, 2014).Housing and Development Board (2014) described the technologiesconsidered for Singapore Urban development. Buildings w

42、ill haveaccess to solar power, water-recycling, low-power lighting (i.e., LED).They will also be fitted with automated Smart fans (Fig. 2) that can beactivated when the temperature and humidity reaches a certainthreshold

43、. Car parks will have video surveillance systems that will helpindicate any available spots. Moreover, Smart lighting in common areaswill be capable of detecting human traffic and operate only whennecessary, thereby redu

44、cing energy usage by up to 40%. Data can alsobe collected from the lights to analyze traffic together with other sensordata.HDB (2014) described that homes will be equipped with a digitalinfrastructure, which will connec

45、t homes to the internet and thus giveresidents access to various services (e.g., healthcare). For instance,elderly alert systems in Fig. 3 help families monitor the elderlies intheir homes by using sensors and motion det

46、ectors.A study performed by the HDB and Energy Market AuthoritySingapore (EMA) showed a reduction of energy consumption by 20%after implementing Home Energy Management System (HEMS) illu-strated in Fig. 4. This system wi

47、ll help home owners track their energyconsumption and control the appliances via a management system(National Climate Change Secretariat Singapore, 2013).Fensel and colleagues (2014) presented a study about energyefficie

48、ncy by using a smart metering system called SESAME. TheSESAME solution is integrated directly into the home grid, and permitsthe system to switch on or off appliances. The system is also able todetect signals from temper

49、ature, humidity or other sensors, thuscontrol appliances according to specified configuration. Classificationof functions in smart homes have been worked out by Hamernik et al.(2012), where appliances, computer integrati

50、on, video/audio systems,Table 1Guidelines and incentive programmes introduced in Singapore.Year Program Background and Purpose2007 Energy Efficiency Programme Office(E2PO)Established by National Environmental Agency (NEA

51、) which collaborated with various other relevant agencies like EMA,Economic Development Board (EDB), LTA and BCA to develop an organized a holistic energy efficiency plan forSingapore, known as E2 Singapore. It covers va

52、rious sectors of energy users that include, commercial, industrial,transportations, households and others. Its website (http://www.e2singapore.gov.sg/default.aspx) includes posters andtips that are comprehensible enough

53、for general households to understand and apply at home to save energy.2008 10% energy challenge campaign NEA launched the 10% energy challenge campaign, which was eligible for all Singapore households. In order to join t

54、helucky draw to win prizes, participants have to prove that they could save at least 10% of electricity between two statedperiods by submitting their electricity bills. It encouraged households to adopt simple saving hab

55、its and tips. It has beenhighlighted in NEA's annual report in 2008 (http://www.chasingcleanair.com/cha0sing_clean_air/2008/08/the-10-energy-c.html2011 Informative TV programme inMandarinNEA partnered with Mediacorp

56、to produce a TV programme to remind households of the benefits on energy efficienciesand ease of adopting energy saving habits.2013–2014 Home Energy Management System(HEMS)A collaboration between EMA, HDB, EDB, and Panas

57、onic, ten households in Punggol were selected to have HEMSinstalled in their homes. It allowed them to better manage and control their energy consumptions and costs. It would be astart for government agencies and private

58、 companies to work out a solution using latest technologies to achieve the goal ofenergy efficiency for households. (https://www.nccs.gov.sg/climatechallenge/issue04/green-tech.html)A. Bhati et al. Energy Policy 104 (201