考研閱讀輔導(dǎo)ppt課件

1、1,細(xì)節(jié)題事實(shí)型原因型(因果題)目的型條件型方式型結(jié)果型,按題型分類的介紹,2,細(xì)節(jié)題?事實(shí)型 (2008)Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women_________.According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be ______.In the first paragraph, the author

2、 discusses ______.We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future _________.,3,事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題要求考生按照題干所提示的關(guān)鍵詞語或信息在原文中精確定位，然后找到描述該關(guān)鍵詞語或信息的內(nèi)容，把該內(nèi)容與四個選項(xiàng)中的某一個聯(lián)系起來，即同義轉(zhuǎn)化，也就是把原文的信息在不改變意義的情況下?lián)Q一種說法說出來。這種題型一般是利用詞性，同義詞，近義詞或一些意思相

3、近的語句來考察讀者對原文表達(dá)細(xì)節(jié)信息的詞匯，慣用法的正確理解。,4,The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys，like humans，are guided by social emotions. In the wild，they are a co-operative，group living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable

4、 only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation，it seems，are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other me

5、mbers of the group. However，whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans，or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago，is，as yet，an unanswered qu

6、estion.,5,Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys,A. prefer grapes to cucumbers.B. can be taught to exchange things.C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D. are unhap

7、py when separated from others.(2005--24)C,6,例：I think that the kinds things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.,According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be_

8、_____.Domestic and temporary.Irregular and violent.Durable and frequent.Trivial and random (2008.23)C,7,Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds” to come in blinding flashes or as the re

9、sult of dramatic accident.Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for ni

10、ne years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more

11、 frequently than they score.,8,1. What does the author probably mean by “untaught mind” in the first paragraph?,A. a person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.B. a citizen of a society that restricts

12、personal creativity.C. a person who has had no education.D. an individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.A,9,答案項(xiàng)特點(diǎn),用同義詞替換原文中的某個或某些詞組，一般不會超過兩個，而大體語法不變。變換語法但不改變意義。主動變被動。 變換句式或角度，但表述與原文基本一致。原文是例子，答案是抽象概

13、括或者反其道而為之。 題干+正確選項(xiàng)的信息值=原文中一句或幾句話的信息值,10,常見干擾項(xiàng),照搬原文，有個別明顯改變原意的改動。部分信息和原文一致，其余不符。將原文某些事實(shí)張冠李戴。與原文表達(dá)的意思完全相反。提出原文沒有涉及到的新信息。含有表達(dá)絕對意義的詞匯如：only; always; never; all; everything; anything; nobody; absolutely等。有較明星邏輯錯誤。,11,出

14、題點(diǎn),描述某個研究課題內(nèi)容處。標(biāo)志詞：study; research; findings; assumption; 專有名詞出現(xiàn)處。年代；數(shù)字出現(xiàn)的地方；特殊符號。起承轉(zhuǎn)合詞語出現(xiàn)處。如：however; but; yet; because; therefore; or whereas; Also, as well; even; most… of all;特殊語法出現(xiàn)的地方。如定語從句；同位語和同位語從句；分詞短語；虛擬語氣

15、等。,12,?原因細(xì)節(jié)題(因果題),1. According to the text, online publication is significant in that______.2. Washington’s decision to free slaves originated from his _____. Today’s double income families are at greater financial r

16、isk in that _____.,13,這種類型的細(xì)節(jié)題往往要求考生根據(jù)題干所提示的信息在原文中找到某一事件，現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果，然后找出文章中對產(chǎn)生這一事件，現(xiàn)象或結(jié)果的解釋。,14,One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is , by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. To

17、o many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a two-

18、layer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead sec

19、onds after saying: “Rejoice, we conquer.”,15,According to the text, A-type individuals are usually_____.,A. impatientB. considerateC. aggressiveD. agreeableC,16,The value of knowledge and the return on the public in

20、vestment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the International Association of Scientific, technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than

21、2000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 m articles each year in some 16000 journals. This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals a

22、re now online.,17,According to the text, online publication is significant in that____,A. it provides an easier access to scientific result.B. it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C. it emphasizes the cruci

23、al role of scientific knowledge.D. it facilitates public investment in scientific research. (2008.28)A,18,解題思路,問題中會有：be responsible for; be attributed to; arise from; due to 等表示因果關(guān)系的詞匯。利用好問題中的時間，地點(diǎn)，現(xiàn)象等較特殊的信息符號。用以定位。

24、常見出題點(diǎn)：有因果關(guān)系詞處常見。Because; based on; 原文表結(jié)果關(guān)系處。As a result; so ，lead to; such that; contribute to ect. 開頭段和結(jié)尾段。首句和段落的末句。,19,?目的細(xì)節(jié)題(例證題),1. According to Paragraph 2, some organizations check their systems to find out ___

25、______.(2007)2. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to ________.(2008),20,這種類型的題目要求考生按照題干所提示的關(guān)鍵詞語或信息在原文中精確定位，然后找到描述該關(guān)鍵詞語或信息的內(nèi)容，最后判斷作者把該內(nèi)容寫在文章中的目的是什么。這種題目的答案往往就在你找到的事例的上一句或下一句話，通常只要把那句話進(jìn)行同義轉(zhuǎn)化。,21,Although we focus on

26、 the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing their environment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the sc

27、enery of the play itself. Both the family and the society in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. And it is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society’

28、s understanding-—— the knowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.,22,In para.2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that____.,the growth of exceptional child

29、ren has much to do with their family and the society.Exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are Exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society.The needs o

30、f the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional childrenA,23,Are they good teachers? Officialdom is reluctant to release the details which might answer that question for certain. But anecdotal evidenc

31、e suggests they do well. In New Jersey, which has been running this sort of program since 1984, rich districts, which can afford to be choosy, consistently hire more AC teachers than poor districts do. In Houston, Texas,

32、 where the Teach of America program (TFA) puts recent university graduates into poor communities as teachers, the most effective teachers are generally the TFA ones. "School principals are our biggest fans," We

33、ndy Kopp, TFA's president, says proudly.,24,What does the example of New Jersey (Para. 4) illustrate?,[A] Schools in rich districts are usually choosy.[B] Official sources are careful on the success of AC.[C] New J

34、ersey has more need for teachers than elsewhere.[D] AC has turned out good teachers for schools.D,25,Rodriguez notes that children in remote villages around the world are fans of superstars like Arnold Schwarzenegger a

35、nd Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrants living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation’s assimilative power.”　　Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething anger in America? I

36、ndeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America’s turbulent past, today’s social indices hardly suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.,26,Why are Arnold Sch

37、warzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?,[A] To prove their popularity around the world.[B] To reveal the public’s fear of immigrants.[C] To give examples of successful immigrants.[D] To show the powerfu

38、l influence of American culture .(2006--24題)考查技能：對相關(guān)段落進(jìn)行語義歸納和判斷。] [命題原則：以點(diǎn)考面]D,27,常見考點(diǎn),舉例處常考。注意標(biāo)記語言和詞匯。 專有名詞處常考。出現(xiàn)引用引語處?？?。以下詞匯處留意：experience；survey；investigation; research等。 T

39、o 不定式是考點(diǎn)。指代現(xiàn)象要注意。 開頭結(jié)尾段。段落起承轉(zhuǎn)合處有題。,28,?條件細(xì)節(jié)題,George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they____.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ____. 2000,29,,這種類型的題目中常含 if 字

40、眼，要求考生根據(jù)題干信息在原文中精確定位，然后找到某些現(xiàn)象，事情或結(jié)果等發(fā)生的條件。原文中出現(xiàn)結(jié)果類詞匯處是常見的考點(diǎn)。如： therefore, result in account for, lead to When , if 出現(xiàn)處?？肌?30,In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is hel

41、pful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgett

42、ing, adaptive ability would suffer; for example, learned behavior that might have been correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards ) forgot so little that their everyday

43、 activities were full of confusion. Thus forgetting seems to serve the survival of the individual and the species.,31,According to the text, if a person never forgot, _________.,A. He would survive bestB. he would have

44、a lot of trouble C. his ability to learn would be enhancedD. the evolution of memory would stopB,32,In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1

45、970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifth of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.,33,It can be inferred from the text that

46、the retail price of patrol will go up dramatically if ____,A. price of crude rises. B. commodity prices rise. C. consumption rises. D. oil taxes rise. (2002.52)D,34,If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards

47、of ambition----wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny --- must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf.,35,It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if ____.A. its return

48、s well compensate for the sacrifices B. it is rewarded with money, fame and power. C. its goals are spiritual rather than material. D. it is shared by the rich and the famous. A,36,?方式細(xì)節(jié)題,1. How did Redmon find his

49、job?（2004）2. in the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.（2005）,,37,提示,方式細(xì)節(jié)題要求考生根據(jù)題干信息在原文中準(zhǔn)確定位， 然后找出做該事的方法和手段。表示方式，手段的介詞出現(xiàn)處?？迹纾?by; through; by means of ; by way of. 出現(xiàn)情態(tài)動詞如：must, should, h

50、ave to, ought to. 出現(xiàn)祈使句處。 Eg; do it the way we have taught you.,38,Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but

51、was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the dat

52、abase. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “ I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer a

53、nd won a position as in-house counsel for a company.,39,How did Redmon find his job?,A. By searching openings in a job database.B. By posting a matching position in database.C. By using a special service of a da

54、tabase.D. By E-mailing his resume to a database.C,40,Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for sl

55、acking, you might even be outraged . Such behavior is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah

56、Brosman and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia. Which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.,41,In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by __

57、_ A. posing a contrast. B. justifying an assumption. C. making a comparison. D. explaining a phenomenon. (2005.21)C,42,?結(jié)果細(xì)節(jié)題,As a result of President Bush’s reform, retired people may have_____.(2007),這種類型的題目要求考

58、生根據(jù)題干信息在原文中準(zhǔn)確定位，然后找到該事件所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果。,43,If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicin

59、e, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctor exclusively from A type stock. B’s are important and should be en

60、couraged.,44,The selection of medical professionals are currently based on________.,A. candidates’ sensitivityB. academic achievementsC. competitive spirit D. surer valuesB,45,the growth of the limited liability com

61、pany and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life rep

62、resenting irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.,46,The growth of limited liability companies resulted in __

63、_ (1996)A. the separation of capital from management . B. the ownership of capital by manages C. the emergence of capital and labor as two classes. D. the participation of shareholders in municipal business. A,47,