藥學(xué)專業(yè)英語

1、專 業(yè) 英 語,,,Subject-based English (SBE),【 Curriculum introduction】,本課程是化學(xué)、化工、材料、制藥等專業(yè)的必選課程。1999年頒布的《大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱（修訂本）》明確提出：學(xué)生在完成基礎(chǔ)階段的學(xué)習(xí)，達(dá)到英語四級(jí)或六級(jí)后，都必須修讀應(yīng)用提高階段的專業(yè)英語（SBE）。,目的任務(wù)： 掌握一定的藥學(xué)專業(yè)詞匯和擴(kuò)大認(rèn)知量 培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用專業(yè)英語的能力

2、 專業(yè)信息交流的重要工具,Well begun is half done! 好的開始是成功的一半!,Well begun is half done!,Opening,importance,The importance of this course!,How？,Why? Useful?,major,graduate,job,The importance of this course,在外企工作醫(yī)院、藥房藥

3、劑師：英文藥品 說明書藥檢所、藥廠質(zhì)檢：英美藥典新藥研發(fā)：國外專利、專業(yè)期刊升職稱：畢業(yè)論文、發(fā)表論文要寫英文摘 對(duì)外交流、出國,,教學(xué)大綱 (teaching outlines)教學(xué)進(jìn)度計(jì)劃 (teaching plans),[1]唐冬雁，劉本才主編.《應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)英語》，哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)出版社，2005。[2]魏高原編.《化學(xué)專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)英語》，北京大學(xué)出版社，2004。[3]胡宏紋編.《有機(jī)化學(xué)》，高等

4、教育出版社，1990。[4]馬永祥，吳隆民，梁永民等編.《化學(xué)專業(yè)英語》，蘭州大學(xué)出版社，2003,參考書目 (reference books),平時(shí)30％＋期末70％,Exam＝,授課方式： 詞匯以教師講解為主； 專業(yè)文章閱讀以學(xué)生翻譯為主； 補(bǔ)充材料以教師講解為主；考試要求：

5、 筆試（詞匯、閱讀理解、翻譯能力）,科技英語的特點(diǎn),(Scientific English) VS (General English),,,,"It appears that you've got the offer of a very good job.""A wonderful job.""Are you going to take it?"

6、"I don't think so.""Why not?”"I don't want to.",這是小說中的一段對(duì)說，屬于口語文體。其特點(diǎn)是：用詞自由，句法結(jié)構(gòu)簡單，短句與省略句多，自然樸素，生活氣息濃厚。,"聽說有個(gè)很好的工作要你去干。""挺好的工作"。"打算干嗎？""不。"&

7、quot;為什么不干？""不想干"。摘自《刀鋒》（the Razor's Edge ）,,《Gone with wind》： Home! I‘ll go home, and I‘ll think of some way to get him back. After all, tomorrow is another day. 《Titanic》： Jack: Lis

8、ten, Rose. You're going to get out of here. You're going to go on. You're going to make lots of babies, and you're going to watch them grow. You' re going to die and old, an old lady in her warm bed,

9、not here, not this night, not like this. Do you understand me? 《Forrest Gump 》： Life is like a box of chocolate, you never know what you’re gonna get.,,,,once I let a true love slip away before my eyes, only to

10、 find myself regretting when it was too late, nothing in the world can be as painful as this. If the God wound give a chance, I wound tell the girl I love the girl; if our love have to be settled a time limit,

11、 I wish it wound be ten hounds of years!,,In China he’s known as"the Flying Fish”; in America they call him ’the Baltimore（巴爾的摩）Bullet'. Whatever you call him, American swimmer Michael Phelps looks destined

12、 to become a household name across the world after breaking the Olympic record for most gold medals in a single Games. Michael Phelps dominated the field in seven of his races and set an amazing seven world records

13、 in the process.,Michael Phelps,,,The widespread use of halogenoalkanes leads to pollution problems: Aromatic halogen compounds and alkanes in which three or four halogen atoms are joined to the same carbon atom are no

14、t hydrolysed—they are not biodegradable—but are soluble in body fats. This means that they get concentrated in organisms, which are then eaten by predators. This results in an ever increasing concentration of

15、 these compounds in the body tissues of animals further up the food chain.,Pollution problems,,,,Several therapeutically significant natural products which were originally obtained from natural sources are today more eff

16、ectively –i.e. more economically –prepared by total synthesis. Such examples include L-amino acids, Chloramphenicol, caffeine, Dopamine, Epinephrine, Levodopa, peptide hormones, Prostaglandins, D-Penicillamine, Vincamine

17、, and practically all vitamins. They can serve as valuable lead structures, and they are frequently needed as starting materials or as intermediates for important synthetic products.,Chloramphenicol: [kl?:ræm’

18、fenik?l]n.氯霉素Epinephrine: [epi’nefrin]n.腎上腺素Prostaglandin: [pr?st?’ɡlændin]前列腺素Vincamine:[vi?k?mi:n]n.長春胺,專業(yè)英語的特點(diǎn),一、文體特點(diǎn)二、詞匯特點(diǎn)三、句法特點(diǎn),科技英語（English for Science and Technology）泛指一切論及或談及科學(xué)或技術(shù)的英文書面語和口頭語，具體包括：（1）科

19、技著述、科技論文、科技報(bào)告、實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告等；（2）各類科技情報(bào)及其它文字資料；（3）科技使用手冊(cè)（儀器、儀表、機(jī)械和工具等的結(jié)構(gòu)描述和 操作規(guī)程；（4）科技會(huì)議、會(huì)談及交談?dòng)谜Z；（5）科技影片或錄象等有聲資料的解說詞等。,（一）科技英語的文體特點(diǎn),特點(diǎn)： 嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)周密，概念準(zhǔn)確，邏輯性強(qiáng)，行文簡練，重點(diǎn)突出，句式嚴(yán)整，常用前置性陳述句。 清晰、準(zhǔn)確、精練、嚴(yán)密。,(二)專業(yè)英語的詞匯特點(diǎn),1、醫(yī)藥

20、科技英語詞匯主要來自于英語、希臘語、拉 丁語及現(xiàn)代英語等。 來自英語：code of conduct; board of directors 直接從希臘語和拉丁語中吸收: thesis (希臘語） formula(拉丁語） 利用希臘語和拉丁語的詞素（前綴或后綴）構(gòu)成。,2、科技英語詞匯的詞義單一，具有準(zhǔn)確性和嚴(yán)密性 的特點(diǎn)。,(1) 廣泛使用表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的抽象名詞，以及有

21、 名詞功用的動(dòng)名詞(2) 廣泛采用名詞連用形式(3) 復(fù)合詞(4) 縮略詞,3. 專業(yè)英語詞匯具體特點(diǎn)：,the standardization of the productabsorption rate constantlimit date of using a drug after its productiontherapeutic drug monitoringrandom screening in drug di

22、scovery(in-plane) bending vibration,(1) 廣泛使用表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的抽象名詞，動(dòng)名詞,stretching vibrationrecycling elutionmethod of groupingsampling surveysampling error systematic sampling,(1) 廣泛使用表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的抽象名詞，動(dòng)名詞,safety range

23、 target cell surface tension surface activitytitration curve molecular pharmacologymolecular biology side effect drug tolerance tricarboxylic acid cyclereceptor stimulan

24、t receptor antagonist,(2) 廣泛采用名詞連用形式,pharmaceutical analysispharmaceutical chemistrydrug excretiondrug absorptiondrug interaction,(2) 廣泛采用名詞連用形式,bond-covalent bond-ionicalkali-poisoning

25、 double-blindhabit-forming joint-venture,(3) 復(fù)合詞,mother-to-be ion-selective electrode ion-exchange blood-brain barrierinhale

26、drug-parasite-host relationship drawback,TDM (therapeutic drug monitoring)：治療藥物監(jiān)測GMP (good manufacturing practice): 藥品生產(chǎn)管理規(guī)范GSP(Good Supply Practice)：良好藥品經(jīng)營管理規(guī)范GCP(Good Clinical Practice)：良好藥品臨床試驗(yàn)規(guī)范GLP(Good Laborato

27、ry Practice)：良好藥品實(shí)驗(yàn)研究規(guī)范OTC(over the counter)：非處方藥 FDA：Food and drug Administration：食品和藥物管理局QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship),(4) 縮略詞,APC (Aspirin compound )DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide)DMF (dimethyl f

28、ormamide)AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid),一、大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu)（Nominalization）二、廣泛使用被動(dòng)語句 三、非限定動(dòng)詞四、后置定語五、長句六、常用句型,（三）專業(yè)英語的句法特點(diǎn),（1a）If you ex

29、pose the item for long, it will rapidly deteriorate.（1b）Prolonged exposure will result in rapid deterioration of item.,一、大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu),Originally meat was cured in brine containing potassium nit

30、rate as one of the ingredients. However, the actual curing agent was found to be the nitrite produced by the bacterial reduction of the nitrate salt. When it was shown that nitrite could be substituted for nitrate in the

31、 cure solution with the production of more uniform and completely satisfactory product in a shorter period of time, a legal limit of no more than 200 milligrams of residual nitrite (calculated as NaNO2) per kilogram of m

32、eat was established.,一、大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu),The action of nitrite in the cure process is threefold: (1) formation of characteristic color. (2) production of cured flavor. (3) anti-bacterial activity.,the actual

33、curing agent (the agent has cured)the bacterial reduction of the nitrate salt (the nitrate salt was reduced by bacterial)3. the production of more uniform and completely satisfactory product (a more uniform and complet

34、ely satisfactory product was produced) 4. a legal limit of no more than 200 milligrams of residual nitrite (the law limits the residual nitrite to no more than 200 milligrams),一、大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu),The disadvantage of looking t

35、o natural sources for lead compound is that it can be a slow process: collecting the natural material, extracting it, then separating and purifying the active compounds. Furthermore, the active compounds are often highly

36、 complex in structure making them difficult to synthesize.,一、大量使用名詞化結(jié)構(gòu),Attention must be paid to the temperature of the reaction. You must pay attention to the temperature of the reaction.,二、廣泛使用被動(dòng)語句,Drugs (for use

37、 in rare diseases, or in life-threatening and yet untreatable states, ) may be evaluated in patient groups at an earlier stage than those with readily measurable effects on common diseases.,二、廣泛使用被動(dòng)語句,The duration of tre

38、atment should be consistent with the likely duration of use in man and the relative life expectancy of the animal species.,When drugs with specific actions on enzymes of receptors are being studied, relatively simple cel

39、l free systems of isolated tissue preparations can be used. The guidelines were drafted on the basis of the World Health Organization (WHO) GCP guidelines with reference to European Union, Nordic, and Australian

40、guidelines.,二、廣泛使用被動(dòng)語句,Many basic principles of biochemistry and enzymology and the physical and chemical principles (that govern the active and passive transfer and the distribution of substances across biological membr

41、anes) are readily applied to the understanding of this important aspect of pharmacology.,二、廣泛使用被動(dòng)語句,Later the drug was developed into a solution that can be used to fight germs through the blood stream. Since AIDs

42、 was first reported by the Centers for Disease Control of American in June, 1981, its discovery was successively announced by many countries and regions.,二、廣泛使用被動(dòng)語句,Hard physical exercise is usually looked upon as a spec

43、ific weight reducer. The patient with chronic bronchitis（慢性支氣管炎）must be urged to stop smoking.,二、廣泛使用被動(dòng)語句,Antioxidants, found in some vitamins and minerals, can snuff out oxygen free radicals, substances that are t

44、hought to make cells more susceptible to cancer.,三、非限定動(dòng)詞,These studies often begin with a dose-ranging study, using 1/50 to 1/100 the effective dose in animals and increasing until the desired effect, or adverse effects,

45、 are seen.,To encourage clinical research in supporting the drug development program and to improve on the quality of clinical trials, the government has established five national GCP clinical research centers which are

46、affiliated with the top medical universities in the country.,三、非限定動(dòng)詞,If the body’s frontline defense is overcome, allowing germs to establish a beachhead in body tissues, infection sets in.,三、非限定動(dòng)詞,She often worked for t

47、wenty-four hours on end, dressing wounds, helping surgeons in their operations, easing the pain of the sick, comforting the dying.,The existence of the blood-brain barrier makes it possible to design drugs that will act

48、at various parts of the body, but have no activity in the brain, thus reducing any central nervous system side effects.,三、非限定動(dòng)詞,When poorly characterized subjective actions are sought, particularly involving behavioural

49、effects, it may be necessary to perform tests in conscious intact animals.,No uniform scheme for Phase 4 supervision has yet been established, but few doubt the necessity of collecting this information on low-frequency a

50、dverse effects.,四、后置定語,The rationale for the development of new drugs should be to provide better drugs; better in the sense of being either more effective, safer or cheaper.,The air outside pressed the side in. On

51、e of the most studied antioxidants in vegetables and fruits thought to protect against cancer is beta-carotene, concentrated in deep green, yellow and orange vegetables such as carrots, sweet potatoes and spinach.,四、后置定語

52、,In this factory the only fuel available is coal. Drug development aims to produce a novel therapeutic agent which is superior in efficacy to existing remedies and which causes less frequent or less severe adverse

53、effects.,四、后置定語,Paradoxically, thalidomide, which was the cause of the tragedy that led to stricter drug regulation and toxicology tests, is no teratogenic in mice or rats but has a teratogenic effect in humans, causing

54、 gross limb deformities.,四、后置定語,Although stereochemistry does play a major role in drug’s biologic action, factors such as the lipid: water distribution function, the PK value , or perhaps the rate of hydrolysis or metab

55、olism may differ between isomeric pairs and account for the observed differences in pharmacologic activity.,五、長句,The formation of a poorly water-soluble complex between the chlorpheniramine（氯苯那敏）and the anionic surfactan

56、t slows the release to a minimum at low concentrations of surfactant; however, at higher concentrations of surfactant the release is faster due to solubilization in the micellar phase of the ion-pair.,五、長句,1) 強(qiáng)調(diào)句

57、It is when the body temperature is rising rapidly that affected person may feel chilly.,六、常用句型,It was the first time people recognized that a definite sickness could result when something was missing from the diet.,2）被動(dòng)句

58、 The disease is caused by a virus. The blood flow may be increased by more rapid and vigorous heart action. It has been suggested that early treatment of streptococcal infections with penicillin may pr

59、event nephritis.,3) It 作形式主語 It is estimated that more than 90 antigenically different strains of known types of respiratory virusescause the common cold syndrome. It is usually possible to carry out react

60、ions on the lead compound itself in order to make a series of analogs.,,It may be necessary to protect such groups to prevent them reacting as well. It is impossible to produce penicillins with a branched side c