語言與社會(huì)期末問題及答案匯總

1、1.Howdoyouundersttheinfluenceofcultureoncommunication1)Cultureiseverythingeverywhere.Ourculturesuppliesuswiththeanswerstothosecountlessquestionsaboutwhatthewldlookslikehowyoulivecommunicatewithinthiswld.2)Cultureisthefou

2、ndationofcommunicationwhenculturesarediversecommunicationpracticesmaybedifferent.Countlessaspectsofculturehelpdetermineguidecommunicationbehavi.3)Thewldlookssoundstastesfeelsthewayisdosebecauseourculturehasgivenyouthecri

3、terionofperception.2.WhatarethemajfactsthatinfluencelanguagecommunicationThethreeelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptioncommunication:(1)culturalvalues.Itinfmamemberofacultureaboutwhatisgoodbadrightwrongtruefalseposit

4、ivenegativethelike.Culturalvaluesdefinewhatiswthdyingfwhatiswthprotectingwhatfrightenspeoplewhatarepropersubjectsfstudyfridiculewhattypesofeventsleadindividualstogroupsolidarity.Mostimptantculturalvaluesguidebothpercepti

5、onbehavi.(2)wldview(religion).Awldviewisaculture’sientationtowardsuchthingsasGodnaturelifedeaththeuniverseotherphiosophicalissuesthatareconcernedwiththemeaningoflifewith“being”.(3)Socialganization.Themannerinwhichacultur

6、earganizesitselfisdirectedtotheinstitutionswithinthatculture.Thefamilieswhoraiseyouthegovernmentswithwhichyouassociateholdallegiancetoallhelpdeterminehowyouperceivethewldhowyoubehavewithinthewld.3.Discussthedifferencesbe

7、tweenpositivepolitenessstrategiesnegativepolitenessstrategieswithexamples.(1)Positivepolitenessstrategies:thoseshowingtheclosenessintimacyrapptbetweenspeakerhearerNagativepolitenessstrategies:thoseindicatingthesocialdist

8、ancebetweenspeakerhearer(2)PositivePoliteness:isredressdirectedtotheaddresseespositivefacehisdesirethathiswantsshouldbethoughtofasdesirable.Redressconsistsinpartiallysatisfyingthatdesirebycommunicatingthatonesownwantsare

9、insomerespectssimilartotheaddressee’swants.ThelinguisticrealizationsofPositivePolitenessareinmanyrespectsrepresentativeofthenmallinguisticbehavibetweenintimates.Nagativepoliteness:Redressiveactionaddressedtotheaddressee’

10、snegativeface.Addresseewantstohavehisfreedomunhinderedhisattentionunimpeded.SpecificfocusedtominimizetheparticularimpositionthattheFTAeffects.PolitenessinWesternculturesisalwaysconsideredwithnegativepolitenessbehaviour.(

11、3)CategiesofPositivePoliteness:Claimcommonground(2)TherearemanysentenceswhosestardusesarenotstrictlydeterminedbytheirmeaningsbutarenotimplicaturesfigurativeuseseitherThesentencedoesnotexpressacompleteproposition.Sentence

12、susedfethicalevaluationSentencemeaningisconstitutedbyitsliteralmeaningreferenceincontext.Themeaningisconveyedbytheactofutteringwdsphrasesclauses(locutionaryact)followingthesyntacticsemanticrules.7.Illustratethefunctionof

13、contextininterpretingthemeaningoflanguageincommunication.文本一：Contexttoacertainextentreducethebarriersofcommunicationmakecommunicationmesmoothsothatcommunicationcanreceivegoodresults.Languageenvironmentisessentialfunderst

14、inglanguage.(1)Contextisanimptantmeanstoresolveambiguity:Anylanguagehasmanywdsareambiguoususedinasentenceusuallyembodiesameaningitmustmakeachoicebasedoncontext.Inalanguageenvironmentthespeakeronlypeopletoexpressameaning.

15、PolysemyisalsoverycommoninEnglishsomekindofmeaningcanoftenbereflectedthroughthecontext.Howevertheexistenceofpolysemyambiguitydoesnotcauseconfusionincommunicationbecausethespecificcontextcanmakeitsimple.(2)Contextisthebas

16、isfunderstingthemeaningofasentence:Thesentencemeaningbesidestheliteralmeaningtheimpliedmeaningoutside.Theconversationalimplicatureispeoplebecauseofadiscoursemeaningdoesnotcomplywiththeprinciplesofconversation.Itisthetrue

17、meaningofwdsaccdingtothecontextofinterpretationofdiscourseimplicationovertones.文本二：speakersofalanguagemustpossessindertoexpresstheirintentionsinterpretthoseofothers.Indertoinvestigatehowwecan“makemeaning”byusinglanguagei

18、tisnecessarytobringinthenotionofcontextthatisthewaythevariouselementsarecombinedhowtheyrelatetothewldatlargethepurposesfwhichtheyareused.Thissideoflanguagestudyisgenerallycalledpragmatics.Thecentralmessageofpragmaticsist