科技英語(yǔ)閱讀課后練習(xí)答案

1、1科技英語(yǔ)閱讀（ESTReading）課后習(xí)題答案(2011121318:37:16)轉(zhuǎn)載▼標(biāo)簽：雜談分類：英語(yǔ)天堂Unit1MathematicsPartIESTReading1.WhoisBertrRussellBertrArthurWilliamRussell(b.1872–d.1970)wasaBritishphilosopherlogicianessayistsocialcriticbestknownfhiswkinmathe

2、maticallogicanalyticphilosophy.Hismostinfluentialcontributionsincludehisdefenseoflogicism(theviewthatmathematicsisinsomeimptantsensereducibletologic)hisrefiningofthepredicatecalculusintroducedbyGottlobFrege(whichstillfms

3、thebasisofmostcontemparylogic)hisdefenseofneutralmonism(theviewthatthewldconsistsofjustonetypeofsubstancethatisneitherexclusivelymentalnexclusivelyphysical)histheiesofdefinitedeionslogicalatomism.Russellisgenerallyrecogn

4、izedasoneofthefoundersofmodernanalyticphilosophyisregularlycreditedwithbeingoneofthemostimptantlogiciansofthetwentiethcentury.2.WhatisRussell’sParadoxRusselldiscoveredtheparadoxthatbearshisnamein1901whilewkingonhisPrinci

5、plesofMathematics(1903).Theparadoxarisesinconnectionwiththesetofallsetsthatarenotmembersofthemselves.Suchasetifitexistswillbeamemberofitselfifonlyifitisnotamemberofitself.Theparadoxissignificantsinceusingclassicallogical

6、lsentencesareentailedbyacontradiction.Russellsdiscoverythuspromptedalargeamountofwkinlogicsettheythephilosophyfoundationsofmathematics.SectionCPostreadingTaskReadingComprehension1.Directions:Wkonyourownfillintheblankswit

7、hthemainidea.Part1(Para.1):BriefintroductiontoRussell’sparadoxPart2(Paras.25):TheeffectofRussell’sparadoxonGottlobFrege’ssystem.Para.2:Russell’sparadoxdealtaheavyblowtoFrege’sattemptstodevelopafoundationfallofmathematics

8、usingsymboliclogic.Para.3:AnillustrationofRussell’sparadoxintermsofsetsPara.4:Contradictionfoundintheset.Para.5:FregenoticedthedevastatingeffectofRussell’sparadoxonhissysteminabilitytosolveit.Part3(Paras.68):Solutionsoff

9、eredbymathematicianstoRussel’sparadoxPara.6:Russell’sownresponsetotheparadoxwithhis“theyoftypes.“Para.7:ZermelossolutiontoRussellsparadoxPara.8:WhatbecameoftheeffttodevelopalogicalfoundationfallofmathematicsPart4(Para.9)

10、:CrespondencebetweenRussellFregeontheparadoxVocabularyStructure2.Directions:Completethesentenceswiththewdsgiveninthebrackets.Changethefmifnecessary.1)Thekeytounravelingsuchapparentparadoxesistoacterizetheinitialsetofposs

11、ibilities32)ThefullproofofFermatsLastTheemiscontainedinthesetwopapers.3)TheconceptoffixedlengthhourshoweverdidnotiginateuntiltheHellenisticperiod.4)Thereisaprobabilitythatmyfirstsockisredbecauseonlyoneoftheremainingthree

12、socksisred.5)TheimptanceofaccuratedatainquantitativemodelingiscentraltousingBayesstheemtocalculatetheprobabilityoftheexistenceofGod.DiscourseUndersting1.C.A“3percentmarginoferr“meansthatthereisa95percentchancethatthesurv

13、eyresultwillbewithin3percentofthepopulationvalue.2.E.Howisitthatasurveyofonly1000peoplecanreachthislevelofaccuracy3.G.Themarginoferrdependsinverselyonthesquarerootofthesamplesize.4.A.Themarginoferrisamathematicalabstract

14、ionthereareanumberofreasonswhyactualerrsinsurveysarelarger.5.F.Finallythe3percentmarginoferrisanunderstatementbecauseopinionschange.SectionAPrereadingTask1.WhodiscoveredtheMelbrotsetThisisnotatrickquestionnoteasytoanswer

15、.ManypeopleincludingMelbrothavelaidclaimtothediscovery.2.WhywasthesetnamedafterBenoitB.MelbrotThesetisnamedafterBenoitB.MelbrotamathematicianattheIBMThomasJ.WatsonResearchCenterbecausehecoinedthetermfractaltodescribephen

16、omena(suchascoastlinessnowflakesmountainstrees)whosepatternsrepeatthemselvesatsmallersmallerscales.3.WhyhastherebeensomuchcontroversyaboutwhodiscoveredtheMelbrotsetMelbrotclaimsthathehealonediscoveredtheMelbrotsetbutther

17、eareothermathematicianswhohavechallengedhisclaim.4.WhatdidthechallengerssayaboutMelbrot’sclaimofdiscoveryTwomathematicianssaidthattheyindependentlydiscovereddescribedthesetataboutthesametimeasMelbrotdid.anothermathematic

18、ianalsoassertedthathiswkonthesetnotonlypredatedMelbrotsefftsbutalsohelpedtoguidethem5.WhydidsomeprofessssupptMelbrot’sclaimMelbrotdeservestohavethesetnamedafterhimbecausehisefftsbroughtthesettotheattentionofboththepublic

19、ofthepuremathematicscommunity.SectionCPostreadingTaskLanguageinUse1.MatchtheChineseintheleftcolumnwiththeEnglishintherightcolumn.迭代函數(shù)iterativefunction優(yōu)先權(quán)之爭(zhēng)priitybattle分形特征fractalproperties有意義makesense以越來(lái)越小的規(guī)模重復(fù)同一模式patter