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1、THEVARIETIESOFGOODNESSbyGegHenrikvonWrightLONDONROUTLEDGE&KEGANPAULNEWYK:THEHUMANITIESPRESSiiiFirstpublished1963byRoutledge&KeganPaulLtdBroadwayHouse6874CarterLaneLondonE.C.4PrintedinGreatBritainbyRidClayCompanyLtdBungay

2、Suffolk?GegHenrikvonWright1963NopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyfmwithoutpermissionfromthepublisherexceptfthequotationofbriefpassagesincriticismivPREFACEIN19591960IgavetheGiffdLecturesintheUniversityofSt.rews.Thelectur

3、eswerecalledNmsValuesanInquiryintotheConceptualFoundationsofMalsLegislation.ThepresentwkissubstantiallythesameasthecontentofthesecondseriesoflecturesthenadvertisedunderthenotveryadequatetitleValues.Itismyplantopublishare

4、visedversionofthecontentofthefirstseriesoflecturescalledNmsasaseparatebook.Thetwowkswillbeindependentofoneanother.ItakethisopptunitytoexpressmythankstotheUniversityofSt.rewsfhonouringmewiththeinvitationtogivetheGiffdLect

5、urestothemembersofstaffstudentsatSt.rewswithwhomIwasabletodiscussthecontentofthelectureswhentheywereinprogress.GivingthelecturesaffdedmewithanurgeopptunitytodoconcentratedresearchfwhichIamdeeplygrateful.Inthecourseofrevi

6、singthecontentsofmylecturespreparingthemfpublicationIhavehadtheprivilegeofregulardiscussionsoveralongperiodwithProfessNmanMalcolm.Iamindebtedtohimfanumberofobservationsimprovementsaboveallfhisfcefulchallengetomanyofmyarg

7、umentsviews.Thereisverylittleexplicitreferencetocurrentdiscussionliteratureinthisbook.Ihopenoonewillinterpretthisasasignthattheauthwishestoignebelittlethewkwhichisbeingdonebyothers.Itistruehoweverthatthewksoftheclassicsh

8、aveprovidedamuchstrongerstimulustomythoughtsthanthewritingsofmycontemparies.InparticularhaveIlearntfromthree:AristotleKantMoe.IhavebeensuccessivelyunderthespelloftheKantianideaofdutytheMoeanideaofintrinsicvalue.Infightin

9、gmywayagainstKantIwasledtorejectthepositionsometimescalleddeontologistinresistingMoeIbecameconvincedoftheuntenabilityofvalueobjectivismgoodnotavarietyofanalogicalmeanings.IsgoodnessafamilyconceptThemeaningpatternofgoodas

10、aproblemfphilosophicalsemantics8.Affinitiesbetweenthefmsofgoodness.Socalledmalgoodnessnotanindependentfmofthegood171.Preliminaryexplanationofinstrumentaltechnicalgoodness.Theinstrumentallytechnicallygoodthingisoftenbutno

11、tnecessarilygoodofitskind19vii2.Instrumentalgoodnessisprimarilygoodnessfapurpose.Instrumentalgoodnessofitskindpresupposesanessentialconnexionbetweenkindpurpose.Functionalmphologicalacteristicsofkinds.Thequestionofunityof

12、thekind203.Intherealmofinstrumentalgoodnesstheoppositeofgoodispo.Differencebetweenpobad.Thereisnoinstrumentalbadness224.Goodpoconnotecontradictiesratherthancontraries.Ponessaprivation235.Judgmentsofinstrumentalgoodnessbe

13、tternessareobjectivelytruefalse.Thesubjectivesettingofanysuchjudgment.Thenotionofagoodmakingproperty.Vaguenessinstrumentalgoodness246.Sentencesexpressingjudgmentsofinstrumentalgoodnesshaveadeivecontentsense.Whytheyshould

14、notbecalleddeivesentences.Distinctionbetweenthesenseofasentenceitsuse307.Instrumentalgoodnesscommending.Whydoesgoodnessappeal308.Instrumentalgoodnesspreferentialchoice.Distinctionbetweentherealtheapparentgood.Amannecessa

15、rilypreferswithaviewtoagivenpurposethethingwhichhejudgesbetterfthatpurpose319.Technicalgoodnessisprimarilygoodnessatsomething.Technicalgoodnessofitskindpresupposesanessentialconnexionbetweenkindactivity.Technicalgoodness

16、isacquirednotinnate3210.Intherealmoftechnicalgoodnesstheoppositeofgoodiscalledpobad.Theoppositionisbetweencontradictiesratherthancontraries.Technicalbadnessisaprivativenotion3411.Testsoftechnicalgoodness.Competitionachie

17、vementtests.Testsbysymptomsbycriteria.Thetechnicalgoodnessofprofessionalsissecondarytoinstrumentalgoodness.Noteonthecreativearts.Goodnessgreatness3512.Technicalgoodnesscommendingpraising.Technicalgoodnesskeennessonactivi

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