大家網(wǎng)_上海交大英語六級(jí)閱讀理解100之五

1、19上海交大英語六級(jí)閱讀理解100之五篇文檔1.CantheComputerLearnfromExperience計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)嗎1Computershavebeentaughttoplaynotonlycheckersbutalsochampionshipchesswhichisafairlyaccurateyardstickfmeasuringthecomputer’sprogressintheabilitytolearnfrom

2、experience.2Becausethegamerequireslogicalreasoningchesswouldseemtobeperfectlysuitedtothecomputer.allaprogrammerhastodoisgivethecomputeraprogramevaluatingtheconsequencesofeverypossibleresponsetoeverypossiblemovethecompute

3、rwillwineverytime.Intheythisisasensibleapproachinpracticeitisimpossible.Todayapowerfulcomputercananalyze40000movesasecond.Thatisanimpressivespeed.Butthereareanastronomicalnumberofpossiblemovesinchess—literallytrillions.E

4、venifsuchaprogramwerewritten(intheyitcouldbegivenenoughpeopleenoughtime)thereisnocomputercapableofholdingthatmuchdata.3Therefeifthecomputeristocompeteatchampionshiplevelsitmustbeprogrammedtofunctionwithlessthancompleteda

5、ta.Itmustbeabletolearnfromexperiencetomodifyitsownprogrammtodealwitharelativelyunstructuredsituation—inawdto“think”fitself.Infactthiscanbedone.Chessplayingcomputershaveyettodefeatwldchampionchessplayersbutseveralhavebeat

6、enhumanplayersofonlyslightlylowerranks.Thecomputershavehadprogramstocarrythemthroughtheearlymechanicalstagesoftheirchessgames.Buttheyhavegoneonfromtheretoreasonlearnsometimestowinthegame.4Thereareotherproofsthatcomputers

7、canbeprogrammedtolearnbutthisexampleissufficienttodemonstratethepoint.Grantedwinningagameofchessisnotanearthshakingeventevenwhenacomputerdoesit.Buttherearemanyserioushumanproblemswhichbanbefruitfullyapproachedasgames.The

8、DefenseDepartmentusescomputerstoplaywargameswkoutstrategiesfdealingwithinternationaltensions.Otherproblems—internationalinterpersonalrelationsecologyeconomicstheeverincreasingthreatofwldfamine—canperhapsbesolvedbythejoin

9、tefftsofhumanbeingstrulyintelligentcomputers.Notes1.check:agameplayedonacheckerboardbytwoplayerseachusing12pieces2.ecology:therelationshipbetweenganismstheirenvironment生態(tài)關(guān)系，生態(tài)學(xué)Readingcomprehension1Thepurposeofcreatingche

10、ssplayingcomputersis__________AtowinthewldchesschampionBtopavethewayffurtherintelligentcomputersCtowkoutstrategiesfinternationalwarsDtofindanaccurateyardstickfmeasuringcomputerprogress2Todayachessplayingcomputercanbeprog

11、rammedto________AgivetrillionsofreponsesinasecondtoeachpossiblemovewinthegameBfunctionwithcompletedatabeatthebestplayersClearnfromchessplayingintheearlystagegoontowinthegame39______a.theamountofwageb.aftertaxincomec.thea

12、ctualpurchasingpowerd.theminimumwageperhour2Intheperiodbetween19501970_______a.therewasnotmuchdifferenceinthelivingstardsbetweenpeopleofhigherlowereducationb.andinaryfamilyoffivewithoutexceptioncouldliveononepersonincome

13、c.theincomeofandinaryfamilywasmethanenoughfbuyingfoodd.fanaveragefamilytheincomewassufficienttosupptallthemembers3Todayabookbinder’swageistentimesthatofthe1950’sbutitsincometaxratehasincreased______a.50timesb.60timesc.70

14、timesd.80times4Thewseningofabookbinder’slivelihoodresultsfrom_____a.hisloweducationtheamountofwageb.thehightaxationtheincomedeductionsc.thehightaxationcostoflivingd.thelowwagehigherprices5Thepassageimpliesthatwhilethecos

15、toflivingisgettinghigher______a.thevalueoflabactuallyisshrinkingb.theminimumwagelevelisincreasinglikewisec.theincometaxrateisrisingalongd.theemploymentadsnaturallyofferahigherminimumwage6Theauth’stoneinwritingthearticlei

16、s_____a.ironicalb.subjectivec.highsoundingd.convincing7thearticleaimsto_________.a.helpcontroltherapidlyincreasingpricesb.givesomeadvicetothepolicymakersc.impresstheyoungergenerationwithsomebasicfactsd.calluponthesociety

17、sattentionagainstinflation1c2b3d4c5a6d7c3AreExpertsAlwaysRight專家總是對(duì)的嗎1Thewldhasbecomesocomplicatedthatwe’velostconfidenceinourabilitytounderstdealwithit.Butcommonsenseisusefulnowasiteverwas.Noamountofexpertisesubstitutes

18、fanintimateknowledgeofapersonasituation.Attimesyoujusthavetotrustyourownjudgement.2Italmostcostmemylifetolearnthat.IwasreadingabookonedayidlyscratchingthebackofmyheadwhenInoticedthatinoneparticularspotthescratchingechoed

19、insidemyheadlikefingernailsonanemptycardboardcartonIrushedofftomydoct.3“Gotaholeinyourheadhaveyou”heteased.“It’snothing—justoneofthoselittlescalpnervessoundingoff.”4TwoyearsfourdoctslaterIwasstillbeingtolditwasnothing.To