introduction學(xué)術(shù)論文寫作如何寫介紹

1、Writing the Introduction,,content,The role of introductionThe structure of introduction The sequence in writing,I The role of introduction,,Swales and Freak (1994):the key role is to create a research space for the

2、writer. It is the introduction that the writer makes claims for the centrality or significance of the research in question and begins to outline the overall argument of the thesis. Journal: positioning the writer as ha

3、ving something to say worth publishing. Graduation thesis: establishing how the thesis relates to and builds upon previous research in the field,Non-native speaker’s mistake,Allison et al. (1998: 212) found that failu

4、re to create a “research space” was a key shortcoming in the thesis writing of the non-native speakers of English at their university.,Relationship to the thesis as a whole,(Atkinson & Curtis 1998: 52),How long shoul

5、d the introduction be?,different according to research fieldmost: 17.4 pages medicine:29-45 pagessocial science and arts introduction:40 pages,Application,(1) Find some recent theses in your own field and assess the e

6、xtent to which the “hourglass ”appears to have been followed. (2) Pay attention to whether the Introduction is “Chapter 1” or stands outside the chapter numbering system.,IV The typical structure of the introduction,To

7、move from a fairly general overview of the research terrain to the particular issues under investigation through three key moves which capture the communicative purposes of the introduction.Move 1 establishing a resear

8、ch territory ;Move 2 establishing a niche/gap;Move 3 occupying the niche,Move 1 establishing a research territory,Indicate that the general area is in some way significant.a. showing that the general research area

9、is important, central, interesting ,problematic, or relevant in some way;b. providing background information about the topic;c. introducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area;d. by defining terms;,√,

10、verbs present tense/perfect tense: suggesting that the statement is a generally accepted truth; Adj: emphasized the importance or interest of the topic,Samples for move 1a,In these areas, reducing groundwater rec

11、harge is an important step in reducing land degradation caused by salinity (Lewis 2000: 1);The Magellanic Clouds provide unique environment in which to study many interesting and astrophysically challenging problems (Am

12、y 2000:1) ;Speech has arguably been the most important form of human communication since languages were first conceived (Epp 2000:1)The modeling of fluid flows is of great interest to Engineers and Scientists alike, w

13、ith many engineering problems and issues of scientific interest depending upon complex flow phenomena (Norris 2000:1),Return to moves,Move 2: establishing a niche/gap,Points to a gap or niche in previous research which t

14、he research will “fill”.a. by indicating a gap in the previous research, raising a question about it, or extending previous knowledge in some way ;b. sometimes presented as a problem or need that has been identified a

15、s requiring further research.,√,Gap statement,Atkinson & Curtis (1998:63) the language of gap statement is typically evaluative in negative way.,Samples of “gap statement”,One class of quality improvement which has n

16、ot received much attention is enhancement by broadening the bandwidth of coded speech without an increase in the bit rate. This is surprising since the notion of quality as a function of speech bandwidth is anticipated t

17、o become more pervasive (Epps 2000:4),,These observations point to the position that in order to recognize the mismatches and begin to understand the consequences of discontinuities, there is a need to increase research

18、knowledge of community social practices and interactions with community literacies (White –Davison 1999:2).,,occupying the niche,a. by outlining purposes/aims, or stating the nature of the present research or research qu

19、estions/hypothesis b. by announcing principal findings/stating value of research (optional) c. by indicating the structure of the thesis and providing mini-synopses (previews) of each subsequent chapter d. by outlin

20、ing the theoretical position e. by describing the methods used in the study,√,√,,Metadiscourse in introduction is likely to take the from of forward reference to what is still to come. For the thesis, metadiscourse r

21、efers to chapters or to the thesis is distinctive. This thesis /study +describes, develops, studies, discusses, examines, introduces, aims (to), reports, explores, shows, focuses, presents…The verbs tend to be in the p

22、resent tense,Sample for move 3c,This chapter has provided the background to this study and the study’s objectives ,and placed these within the context of the large project that was conducted in 1993-1994. Chapter 2 prov

23、ides a theoretical and empirical framework for the study by reviewing current literature on ruriality and rurual living, and on communities and schooling and cultural practices.,V three types of elements,There are three

24、types of elements/structure that help us to organize our theses.,A distinguishing question:,why does the author say so?,…,…,…,The relationship among the three elements,Which is more important, ideational element, textual

25、 elements or interpersonal element?It may be various with stages of writing. But for introduction the interpersonal element is more important.,The sequence of the moves,The moves are not necessarily found in linear o

26、rder and may be recycled several times over the course of the Introduction. According to Bunton(2002:65) ,the typical organization pattern is :move 1move 2 (developed several times)move 3 (occupying the niche) typic

27、ally appeared only towards the end of the introduction as the writers introduced their own research after having reviewed the literature and pointed to gaps or problems as they did so.,Sequence in writing process,First ?

28、 Last?Levine(2002)puts it, Chapter 1 - the introduction- needs to be 'rewritten' with the insights gained from having drafted the complete thesis.,Three types element in sample 1,1 Ideational elementI organi

29、zation of chapterII background theoretical position research problem research questions justification contribution III methodologyIV structure of thesis,What we write?,照貓畫虎,Textual element,(1) p

30、aragraph 1 : the whole developing method: provide a general picture of the introduction by introducing the content that going to appear in this chapter.Future tense , Index: part of the thesis (chapter)(2) paragra

31、ph 2 (the first sentence) Developing method: by introducing the nature of the research/thesis.Language feature: present tense, index(the whole thesis),Interpersonal element,Move 1 establishing a research territory ;

32、Move 2 establishing a niche/gap;Move 3 occupying the niche,Move 1 establishing the territory,Position:Paragraph 2 : “Women from diverse cultural … in sports organization(Fitzpatrick and Brimage, 1998)” developing

33、method: by reviewing previous research in the areaLanguage feature: Tense: Previous research as subject-- present perfect tense; findings-- present tense, index: Previous studies, previous research, sports theorists

34、citation formatVerbs : Have researched, suggest that, have indicated that,Move 2 establishing a niche/gap,Position: Para.2(1) “However, existing research does not …experience sports” (2) “ It has been previousl

35、y identified…is sparse(…) ” Para. 3: the whole Developing method: indicating the gap in previous research (2a)Extending previous knowledge(2a),Move 2,Language feature: negative sentence & negative evaluative

36、 words: does not, neither, sparse, neglected, slowadversative conjunction : however, but index: it, existing research, feminist studies, research tense: present, present perfect tensePattern: previous res

37、earch reviewing + adversative conjunction+ gap statement,Move 3: Occupying the niche,Position: (1) Para. 2: “The research undertaken …thereof for sports theory and practice” (2) para. 2 : “given the identified gap… g

38、ender and cultural diversity”Developing method: 3a: outline purpose, aim;3b: announcing principle findings and value of research,Language features:Tense: future(when indicate future findings), present tense (value

39、, nature, aim)Index: this thesis, it, the researchExpressions: seeks to explore, argue that, respond to , focus on, provide a better …., have the potential,Conclusion,Developing pattern : (1) sequence: Move 1: usual

40、ly appear firstlyMove 2 : previous research+ however/but+ gapmove 3: usually goes after move 2(2) The function of previous research:Move 1 & move2 & move 3 how do the author going to develop this introduct

41、ion: ideationally, textually, interpersonally?,Language features:,The 5 most frequently used content words,Expression for index:,the usage of “research”,The most frequently used content words(sample 2),,An "active v