LK公司環(huán)氧乙烷乙腈儲(chǔ)區(qū)安全性研究.pdf

1、 I 摘 要 在石油化工行業(yè)經(jīng)常使用易燃、 易爆和有毒有害的物質(zhì)作為工業(yè)原料， 這些物質(zhì)通常會(huì)儲(chǔ)存在儲(chǔ)罐中。 大量的危險(xiǎn)性物料的囤積勢(shì)必會(huì)帶來相關(guān)安全上的問題，一旦可燃有毒的物料泄漏，如遇到明火，就可能會(huì)引發(fā)火災(zāi)或者爆炸事故，造成大量的人員傷亡， 還會(huì)影響化工行業(yè)在人們心中的形象， 因此必須加強(qiáng)安全技術(shù)在儲(chǔ)罐區(qū)的應(yīng)用。 本文主要針對(duì) LK 公司環(huán)氧乙烷及乙腈罐區(qū)的安全性進(jìn)行研究， 分析了其的危險(xiǎn)有害因素。 環(huán)氧乙烷和乙腈不僅具有易燃易

2、爆的特質(zhì)， 還具有能使神經(jīng)麻痹的毒性。 因此對(duì)罐區(qū)的安全評(píng)價(jià)主要應(yīng)用了道化法、 蒙德法、 故障樹法等評(píng)價(jià)法。各種方法都有其優(yōu)越性和不足， 綜合應(yīng)用能夠較全面的掌握罐區(qū)的危險(xiǎn)性。 道化法計(jì)算得出了該儲(chǔ)罐的暴露面積及其在安全措施包含下的財(cái)產(chǎn)損失的大小， 最終的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果表明儲(chǔ)罐區(qū)的 DOW 危險(xiǎn)指標(biāo)很高，未采取安全措施前其火災(zāi)、爆炸危險(xiǎn)指數(shù)為 198.36， 危險(xiǎn)等級(jí)為Ⅴ， 非常危險(xiǎn)。 采取了安全措施后， 其補(bǔ)償火災(zāi)、爆炸指數(shù)為 89.26，

3、危險(xiǎn)等級(jí)為Ⅱ，屬于較低水平。蒙德法在道化法的基礎(chǔ)上考慮加入了毒性的影響， 評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果認(rèn)為儲(chǔ)罐單元物料的單元毒性指標(biāo)很高， 氣體爆炸等級(jí)為中等，由于所評(píng)價(jià)的儲(chǔ)罐僅為 10m3，儲(chǔ)量很少，整個(gè)裝置全體危險(xiǎn)性為緩和較低水平， 但是并不可忽略其危害， 原因是環(huán)氧乙烷和乙腈強(qiáng)烈的毒性和氣態(tài)爆炸水平， 一旦發(fā)生事故很容易使得周圍裝置和人員遭受傷害， 因此要改進(jìn)工藝水平、加強(qiáng)設(shè)備的安全性，強(qiáng)化安全管理。蒙德法的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)論不僅提出了廠區(qū)除需要重視技術(shù)的改進(jìn)

4、外， 人員的素質(zhì)同樣不可忽略。 故障樹法對(duì)于尋找導(dǎo)致事故發(fā)生的原因十分有用， 根據(jù)儲(chǔ)罐區(qū)的實(shí)際情況編制了導(dǎo)致儲(chǔ)罐發(fā)生火災(zāi)、 爆炸的故障樹圖， 并應(yīng)用布爾代數(shù)法進(jìn)行計(jì)算， 計(jì)算結(jié)果表明導(dǎo)致頂上事件發(fā)生的原因眾多， 重點(diǎn)是加強(qiáng)火源的控制。 池火災(zāi)評(píng)價(jià)法對(duì)儲(chǔ)罐的評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果認(rèn)為儲(chǔ)罐一旦破裂，發(fā)生池火災(zāi)，在半徑約為 13.91m 范圍內(nèi)，人員停留 10s 已上時(shí)間就有死亡的可能，如果停留時(shí)間超過 1min 已上則非?？赡芩劳?；在 17.04m 的范

5、圍10s 內(nèi)， 人員將遭受重大傷亡， 木材類的等易燃材料會(huì)燃燒； 約 24.1m 的范圍 10s內(nèi)，人員Ⅰ度燒傷，塑料類的材料有融化的危險(xiǎn)；42.6m 范圍內(nèi)，人員雖然不至于立即死亡，但將有疼痛的感覺；當(dāng)人們可撤到現(xiàn)場(chǎng) 67.35m 之外掩蔽起來時(shí)則比較安全的，避免受到熱輻射的傷害。為研究?jī)?chǔ)罐之間的合理距離，應(yīng)用 FDS軟件對(duì)著火儲(chǔ)罐及臨近儲(chǔ)罐的影響進(jìn)行了研究， 研究的結(jié)果儲(chǔ)量少體積小的儲(chǔ)罐間距離應(yīng)比化工安全規(guī)定的距離要大，本文研究的小

6、型儲(chǔ)罐安全距離為 4.72m，以保證人員安全。 風(fēng)速的大小對(duì)儲(chǔ)罐的安全有重大的影響， 儲(chǔ)罐的布置應(yīng)該結(jié)合當(dāng)?shù)氐臍庀笄闆r合理安全。 噴淋對(duì)于降低火災(zāi)的影響有重要的作用， 在該情況下III Abstract In the petrochemical industry often use flammable, explosive and toxic and harmful substances as industrial raw materi

7、als.These substances are usually stored in tanks.The volume of the tank ranges from more than ten cubic meters to thousands of cubic meters.The accumulation of a large number of dangerous materials is bound to bring abou

8、t the safety of the problem,once combustible toxic material leaks,if fire occurs,not only can cause difficult to estimate the casualties, but also the image of the industry caused by adverse effects.Therefore, it is nece

9、ssary to strengthen the application of safety technology in the tank area. In this paper, the safety of ethylene oxide and acetonitrile tank area to be studied is analyzed.Oxyethane and acetonitrile not only have flammab

10、le and explosive characteristics, but also has the ability to make nerve palsy toxicity.Therefore, the safety evaluation of the tank area is mainly applied to the Dowmethod, the Mond method, the fault tree method and the

11、 pool fire evaluation method.Various methods have their advantages and disadvantages, comprehensive application to a more comprehensive grasp of the risk of tank area.The Dowmethod calculates the size of the exposed area

12、 of the tank and its property damage contained in the security measures,The final evaluation results show that the DOW risk index in the tank area is high.When the safety measures are not taken, the fire and explosion ha

13、zard index & F EI is 198.36 and the hazard level is Ⅴ, which is very dangerous.After taking the safety measures, the fire and explosion hazard index & F EI is 89.26, the risk level is Ⅱ, belongs to the lower lev

14、el.Mond method on the basis ofDowmethod considered the effect of adding toxicity, the evaluation results that the tank unit material unit toxicity index is high, the gas explosion level is medium.As the volume of the tan

15、k is only 10m3, the reserves are very small, the overall risk of the whole device to ease the lower level, but can not ignore its harm.Due to the strong toxicity and gaseous explosion levels of ethylene oxide and acetoni

16、trile, which can easily cause damage to the surroundings and personnel in the event of an accident.Therefore, to improve the level of technology, strengthen the safety of equipment, and strengthen safety management. TheM

17、ond method conclusion not only put forward the plant area in addition to the need to pay attention to the improvement of technology, the quality of personnel can not be ignored.The fault tree method is useful for finding