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1、1外文文獻翻譯譯文原文RussianAgricultureintheTransitiontoaMarketEconomyI.IntroductionAnabidingintellectualfinationwithpolicyinduceddisarrayinwldagricultureframedD.GaleJohnson’sprofessionalcareer.Nowhereweretheproblemsmeevidentthani

2、ntheideologicallymotivatedconstraintsimposedonpeasantsmarketsinthecentrallyplannedeconomies.JohnsonwasanacuteobserveroftheSovieteconomyitssuccesssfhalfacenturystartingatatimewhenfewprofessionaleconomistswereinterestedint

3、hecountry.Hisbibliographyasof1994lists32itemsonthesubjectinasteadystreamovertimefrom“AStudyoftheGrowthoftheNewEconomicPotentialofAgricultureintheU.S.S.R.”in1955to“TradeEffectsofDismantlingtheSocializedAgricultureoftheFme

4、rSovietUnion”in1993(AntleSumner1996).Whenthefinalbreakdownofthecollectivefarmsystemacceleratedattheendofthe1980shesoughttoundersthowthetransitionmightunfoldhowitcouldbeshapedtoachieveameproductiveagriculture.Inhisfinalye

5、arshepuzzledoverwhythesizablepotentialefficiencygainswereslowtomaterialize.InthisarticlewereviewtheSovieterasituationeventsduringthetransitionofthe1990sthelikelyfurthercourseofRussianagriculture.Wewillconsiderhowwhythepr

6、oblemsthataroseinthetransitiondifferedfromwhatmanyexpectedintheearly1990s.II.AgricultureintheSovietUnionTherelevanthistycanbedividedintofourperiods.ThepreStalinistperiodfrom1917through1928wasacterizedbylrefmconfiscationo

7、foutputsubsequentfamineexperimentationwithincentivesundertheNewEconomicPolicy(NEP)disenchantmentwiththeresultsoftheNEPfinallythedecisiontocollectivize.ThisperiodwaspreStalinistnotbecauseStalinwasabsentbutbecausehisagricu

8、lturalpolicieswerenotyetfmeddominant.From1928untilStalin’s3BrezhnevtookthiscatchingupashiscallingunderhisleadershipSovietagriculturewastaskedwithprovidingSovietconsumersmemeat(whetherleanfatbonesoffal)atconstantsubsidize

9、dprices.TomakethispossiblehebroughtafundamentalshiftinSovietagriculturalpolicythatreversedthetaxationofthesectintroducedaneralastingalmost25yearsofincreasingsuppttoultimatelysubstantialsubsidizationofthesect.Brezhnevdeme

10、dmostoftheleastefficientsubsectlivestockhepaiddearlytogetit.Procurementpricesthoseatwhichproducersdeliveredgrainmeattothestateincreasedregularlyfrom1965oncontrolledconsumerpriceslaggedsubstantiallybehind.Thewideninggapco

11、nstitutedasubsidytoconsumersthatbytheendoftheSovieteraamountedtoanestimated11%ofGDP.Duringyearsofhighoilpricesfundswereavailabletofinancesuchsubsidiesbutevenwhenfinancingwasavailablethiswasaquestionableinvestmentwithahig

12、hopptunitycost.SovietcitizenswereperhapstheonlypeopleinthewldwhoknewpreciselyinkiloshowmuchmeattheyconsumedonaverageinayearbecausethiswasincludedintheequivalentoftheStateoftheUnionaddress.Althoughkilosofmeatweregrowingex

13、cessdemalsogrewaswagesrosewhilerealfoodpricesremainedconstant.Lineslengthenedthecostlyagriculturalpolicypurchasedlittlepopularsuppt.DespitetheseefftsSovietagriculturalproductiondidnotsignificantlyrecover.Outputindexescon

14、structedbytheFoodAgricultureganizationoftheUnitedNationsincreasedintheSovietUnionatthesamerateastherestofthewldduring1960–75butSovietagriculturalproductionessentiallystagnatedbetween19751985despiteincreasingsubsidiesreco

15、veredonlyweaklyduring1985–90(seeLermaal.2003p.1001).WhenMikhailGbachevassumedresponsibilityfthePartyheacteduponabeliefthatgreateropennessindiscussingSovietrealitieswouldleadtoincrementalchangesinthesystemthuswouldprolong

16、itslife.HeexpectedrefmsinagriculturetoconstituteonemajarenafimprovementbasedonhisownearlierexperienceintheoilseedbeltofKrasnodaronhiswife’sacademicinvestigationsoftheinstitutionsofcollectiveagriculture.Heanticipatedthati

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