land and natural resource redistribution in zimbabwe access, equity and conflict.【外文翻譯】_第1頁
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1、畢業(yè)論畢業(yè)論文（文（設(shè)計設(shè)計）文獻(xiàn)翻）文獻(xiàn)翻譯LNaturalResourceRedistributioninZimbabwe:AccessEquityConflict.ThestruggleflredistributioninZimbabweraisesanumberofcriticalpolicyquestionslessonsfthesouthernAfricaregion.Twentyyearsafterindependence

2、followingarmedliberationstrugglethestructuralrootsofZimbabwe’scurrentpoliticalconflicteconomiccrisisremainlargelydefinedbyraciallybasedinequalitiesinlownershipaccesstorelatedresources.InthiscontexttheGovernmentofZimbabwe

3、(GoZ)togetherwithlownerstheinternationalcommunity‘havebeenseeking’aframewkflnegotiationssince1980showeverthemarketroutechosenfltransferwasineffectivefailedtodeliveradequatelfresettlement.OneoftheuniquefeaturesofZimbabwe’

4、slrefmcrisisisthatitsdecolonizationin1980wasnotaccompaniedbyguaranteedarrangementsfthefmercolonialpowerstorestelostlrightstocompensatefthesame.WhiletheUnitedKingdom(UK)in1997atLancasterHousepromised￡75millionfZimbabwe’sl

5、redistributionalongsideapparentUnitedStatesofAmerica(USA)offersofUS$500millionfthesametherewasnofmallybindingprocedurewhichunderlaythis.Reparationswerenotdirectlydiscussed.Insteadavague“developmentassistance”framewkwasus

6、edtoprescribesuchsupptinspiteofthefactthatthe“KissingerUS$1billion”fZimbabwemootedin1976asthebasisfapoliticalsettlementwhichaccommodatedwhitesettlersinanindependentZimbabwe.By2000Zimbabwehadreceived￡30million.Incontrastt

7、heKenyandecolonizationprocesscamewithover￡100millionprovidedinloansgrantsflacquisitionresettlement.IndeedZimbabwe’sdecolonizationrequiredthepostindependencegovernmenttocompensatelatmarketpricestopayretiredpensionersinfei

8、gncurrency.ThuscolonialobligationsflrestationareuniquelysepointsinZimbabwe’slrefmprocess.LrefminZimbabweaimstoredresspastlalienationthroughpromotingequalaccesstolbythemajitywiththehopeofcreatingpoliticalstabilityacceptab

9、lelpropertyrights(GoZ1998).Lrefmisalsoaimedpromotingeconomicgrowththroughwiderequityefficiencygainsfromlredistribution.Reducingthesizeoflholdingsperindividualreallocatingltothellesswarveteransthepocommercialfarmltransfer

10、s.Publicacquisitionoflfredistributioniscentraltothehistyoflrefmbecausestateledchallengestounequalprivatepropertyrelationshaveevolvedovertimealongsidepopularcommunityactions(legal‘illegal’)toredresshisticalinjusticesinlow

11、nership.Afterallthesustainabilityofanystructureofpropertyrelationsdependsonitspoliticalacceptabilityintermsofequitytherespectofinstitutionsthatprotectsuchrights.Restructuringlownershippatternsquiteapartfromthesubsequentu

12、seoflisthestartingpointinlagrarianrefms.ThelquestioninZimbabwehasalsobeenexaminedintermsofthesimultaneousexecutionofbothlrefmagrarianrefm.Agrarianrefmpresumeschanginglpropertyrelationstowardsmeequitableaccesstoproductive

13、l(Moyo1999).TheGoZhasinthelasttwentyyearspursuedagrarianrefmsofalargelymarketientedgenre(Moyo2000)focusingonvariousagriculturalmarketingextensionotherpolicyrefmstaxincentivesfinancialreganisationinstitutionalrefms(Rukuni

14、Eicher1996).Suchrefmshavehoweverbenefitedmainlythecurrentwhitelargescalelowners.Theeconomicstructuraladjustmentpolicy(ESAP)finstanceofferedlittleconcreteresourcestoblacksmallholderexptledgrowthincommodityproductionduetot

15、herestrictivelwaterinfrastructuralconditionsofcommunalareas.UsingapoliticaleconomyperspectivethispaperexamineskeypolicyprocessespoliticalconfrontationswhichstructuretheacquisitionoflflrefminZimbabwe.Themajsocialpolitical

16、contradictionscontestationsaswellassocialprocessesinvolvedinlacquisitionrestructuringlrightsintermsofwholeadsbenefitsarediscussedinthecontextofchanginginstitutionalprocessesincludinginternationalcapitaldons(Moyo1999).Heu

17、risticallytheempiricalanalysesfollowedaddressesbothmacrolevelmicrolevelprocessesofthelacquisition.Thepaperquestionswhetherlacquisitionprocesseshavebeenequatsintermsofthequalityoflthenatureoflrightsextinguishedhowinternat

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