1-山東畜牧獸醫(yī)信息網

1、,Meori Rosen Ph.D.羅森博士Expert for Dairy Farm ManagementEMBASSY OF ISRAEL IN BEIJING駐以色列大使館牧場管理專家,r.meori@gmail.com,Center for International Cooperation國際合作中心,DHI Record Analysis In 三元 farms,D

2、HI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,翻譯：付海涵（阿菲金）,I’m coming from Israel我來自以色列,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,How DHI system works in Israel ?以色列DHI系統(tǒng)是如何運行的？,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Regi

3、stration of bulls and cows牛只注冊（包括公牛）Data recording (input)數(shù)據(jù)記錄（錄入）Data validation (logic tests)數(shù)據(jù)校驗（邏輯校驗）Data processing (statistical analysis)數(shù)據(jù)處理（數(shù)理統(tǒng)計）Genetic evaluation遺傳評估Special professional production rep

4、orts (output)專業(yè)化生產報告（輸出）,THE ISRAELI DHI – HERD-BOOK以色列DHI牛群登記,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,WEB NETWORKWeb網絡,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,When all th

5、is started in Israel and what has been achieved ?在以色列，這一切從什么時候開始，而我們又得到了什么？,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,2009 68083,556 11,945 419 3.51 374

6、 3.13 786,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,每頭牛每年平均產量1934-2008（公斤/年）ANNUAL AVERAGE PRODUCTION PER COW 1934 - 2008 (KG/YEAR),產奶量kgMilk Yield (Kg),乳脂和乳蛋白重kgFat and Protein Yield (Kg)

7、,數(shù)據(jù)來《自以色列奶業(yè)年鑒-2008》Data from the “Israeli Herdbook Report- 2008",產量,乳脂率,乳蛋白,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Annual milk production, milk-fat and Milk-protein percent between 1995 - 20091995-2009年間年產量、乳脂及

8、蛋白率,MILK (Kg),% solids in milk (Kg),Data from the “Israeli Herdbook Report- 2009",Fat,Protein,Milk,乳脂,蛋白,牛奶,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,,,,,,,,歐洲荷斯坦協(xié)會和動物檔案國際委員會（ International Committee for Animal Reco

9、rding）的良種家畜登記冊記錄的泌乳周期（305天）平均奶產量AVERAGE YIELD (305 days) of RECORDEDCOWS REGISTERED by HERDBOOKS of the EUROPEAN HOLSTEIN ASSOCIATION and I.C.A.R.,以色列ISRAEL 2004 110

10、92 3.54 3.08 734,,Why to increase milk/cow ?為什么會增加單產？,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,生產性能Herd Performance,日均產 Milk/Cow/Day我們的利潤來自增加的3－

11、5公斤牛奶The cheapest milk a producer can make is the next 3-5 kg each cow produces固定的成本已經涵蓋，除了飼料成本就是利潤。Fixed costs already covered; only additional associated costs are marginal costs – mostly feed目標：25－45公斤/天 Goal: 2

12、5 – 45 kg/cow/day,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Feed cost for production of 1 kg of milk in 三元 farms三元的每公斤奶飼料成本,* NRC 2001 ** December 2010,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,The effect of milk yie

13、ld on production profitability產奶量對生產效率的影響,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Israel-三元 cooperation in China中國以色列在三元的合作,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,% solids in milk (Kg),MILK (Kg),Annual milk produc

14、tion, milk-fat and Milk-protein percent between 2004 – 2010 in 中以 farm2004至2010年中以牧場的年產量以及乳脂率和乳蛋白率,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,DHI record analysisDHI記錄分析,I came to China in March 2010 and started my consu

15、lting work at 中以 farm.2010年我來到中以牧場從事顧問工作In June 2010 I was asked to identify the problems of金 星 farm that dropped down in milk production.2010年6月我被要求去金星牧場解決產奶量下降問題三元 company publish a weekly list of farms ordered by

16、their milk per cow production.三元集團面向集團發(fā)布產奶量周排名This farm went down from # 5 to # 23 in the list, over long period of time.該牧場從第5名下滑到第23名,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Evaluating 金 星 farm problems金星牧場的問題評估

17、,1.Analyze 金 星 DHI and Afifarm data分析金星牧場DHI和“阿菲金”系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)2.Compare the analysis of 金 星 使用其他牧場與金星牧場對比To 中 以 - the highest milk production farm 中以-最高水平To 德 茂 an average farm.德茂-平均水平,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conf

18、erence 2011,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Weekly list of milk production in三元 farms,,,,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Milk production/milking cow 金 星金星牧場頭均單產,23,7,MILK (Kg),DHI Record Analysis Ji

19、nan conference 2011,What are the main principles of DHI record analysisDHI記錄分析的主要原則,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Management of a dairy herd focuses around these five “Key Management Areas.”牛群管理關鍵在于以下五個“關鍵管

20、理方面”,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Key Management Areas關鍵管理方面Production產奶Herd Lactation Status牛群胎次分布Reproduction繁殖Udder Health乳房健康Culling & Replacements入群與淘汰,The performance of a herd in each of th

21、e management areas can be quickly assessed using five “Key Performance Indicators.”牛群在每個管理方面的生產性能可以使用五個“生產關鍵要素”快速評定,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Key Performance Indicators關鍵生產要素Milk per cow per day

22、日單產Days in milk 泌乳天數(shù)Pregnancy rate 妊娠率Somatic cell count 體細胞數(shù)Culling rate 淘汰率,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,將關鍵管理方面（KMA）與關鍵生產要素（KPI）KMA KPIProduction——Milk/Cow/Day產奶——日產量Herd Lactation Status——

23、Days in Milk（DIM）牛群胎次分布——泌乳天數(shù)Reproduction——Pregnancy rate 繁殖——妊娠率Udder Health——Somatic cell count 乳房健康——體細胞數(shù)Culling & Replacement——Culling rate 死淘——淘汰率,The analyzing principle分析原則,若下降,,若下降,,若升高,DHI Record Ana

24、lysis Jinan conference 2011,For this work I used材料,DHI files of 三元 DHI center1. 三元DHI中心的DHI文件2. AFIFARM reports of the farms2. 阿菲金系統(tǒng)牧場報告3. JMP statistical package3. JMP統(tǒng)計程序包,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 20

25、11,Milk production, Lactation curve and stage of lactation奶產量、泌乳曲線和泌乳期,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,First step 第一步,Monthly DHI dataDHI月報數(shù)據(jù),DHI ReportDHI報告,DHI fileDHI 文件,Yearly dbase file年度數(shù)據(jù)文件,JMP anal

26、ysisJMP分析,DHI centerDHI中心,DHI ReportDHI 報告,Lactation curve of 中以 farm in 20102010年中以牧場泌乳曲線,+2.5,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Standardized peak phase milk Definition校正高峰產奶量,Standardized peak phase day mi

27、lk: The expected production per day at given range days in milk.校正高峰產奶量：特定時間內的預期日產量50-200 1st lactation 一胎 50-200天30-150 2nd & 3rd lactation 二胎和三胎 30-150天It removes the variation in test day production due to s

28、tage of lactation and it allows production on one test day to be compared to production on another test day.該參數(shù)消除了測奶日不同產奶時期的影響，并且可以比較不同測奶日的產量,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Stages of Lactation產奶階段,,Peak milk

29、高峰奶,Peak phase 高峰期,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Simple average of monthly milk production月平均產奶,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Monthly milk production in Peak phase月高峰產奶,DHI

30、Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Cows # distribution牛群分布,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Standardized peak phase day milk (JIB)校正高峰日產奶,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Peak milk 高峰奶,Peak milk is

31、 the highest daily milk production achieved by each cow in the herd during their current lactation.高峰奶 是指每頭牛當前胎次每頭牛的高峰期產奶量Highest value (Kg of milk) in the 6 milk tests (1-6) that are considered.前6次測定日中最高產奶量Peak days

32、 The ordinal days of Lactation in which the Peak of Lactation took place.高峰期 高峰產奶出現(xiàn)日Ideally, a cow will peak around 60-100* DIM and remain at that level through the next test.理想來說，高峰日出現(xiàn)在泌乳期的60-100天并且持續(xù)到下一個測定日,DHI Rec

33、ord Analysis Jinan conference 2011,* (1st lactation cows 80-100 d and 2nd +adult 60-80 d),Stage of lactation胎次分布,,Peak milk高峰奶,Peak phase 高峰階段,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Peak milk 高峰奶,M

34、ilk peaks directly impact dairy farm profitability.  高峰奶直接影響牧場收益Each increase of one kg in peak milk production equals an additional 110-140 kg of milk per cow per lactation.高峰日產奶增加1kg，整個泌乳期產奶量增加110-140kg,DHI Rec

35、ord Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Monthly peak milk production月平均高峰日產奶,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,,,Cows # distribution牛群胎次分布,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Peak of lactation胎次高峰,DHI Record

36、Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Persistency 持續(xù)力,Persistency is a measure of how well animals are maintaining production. 持續(xù)力衡量牛群生產維持能力Production normally decreases 7 to 8% per month after peak milk is achieved. 到達產奶高峰后

37、，產奶量每月降幅是7%到8%Larger decreases are referred to as poor persistency. 降幅大了持續(xù)力差,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Production should increase from the first test to the second test, remain fairly constant from the

38、second test to the third test.  產奶量從首測日到第二個測奶日會有增長，第二個測奶日到第三個測奶日保持恒定After the third test, cows should average 92 to 93% of the previous month’s production per month throughout the lactation.泌乳期內，從第三個測奶日往后，每月

39、測奶產量是上個測奶日得92%到93%  Heifers will average 94 to 96% of the previous months production from following the third test through the lactation.頭胎牛是上月的94%到96%Heifers - 94-96% of previous production after the third test

40、2nd Lactation & Mature Cows - 92-93% of previous production after the third test,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Stage of lactation胎次分布,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,A comparison between JX and

41、 the 2 other farms: ZHY (high) and DM (average) in main lactation parameters. 與其它兩個牧場主要產奶參數(shù)的比較,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,The effect of DIM on milk production泌乳天數(shù)對產奶量的影響,DHI Record Analysis Jinan confere

42、nce 2011,,Distribution of cows less than 300 DIM in the 3 farms3個牧場的牛群產奶分布,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,The upper and the lower tenths of milk production in the 3 farms最高和最低的10頭平均產奶量,,For cows with less th

43、an 300 DIM in the upper tenth there are no differences between JX and DM farms, the difference is in the lower tenth. 泌乳天數(shù)300天以內的最高10頭平均產奶沒有差異，最低10頭平均產奶有差異Average milk production is lower because of the lower tenth cow

44、s. 平均產奶低是因為最低10頭產奶低As for the cows with more than 300 DIM the upper and the lower tenth of JX are much lower.對于泌乳天數(shù)300天以上的牛只最高和最低的10頭產奶量都較低,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Distribution of DIM with threshold

45、of 300 DIM以泌乳天數(shù)300天為界的牛只比例,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,,Cows in the 2 nd and the 3 rd lactation in this farm are the main problem.該場第二胎和第三胎牛是主要問題 Their DIM is too high. 泌乳天數(shù)太大Milking cows with more tha

46、n 300 DIM in 2nd and 3rd lactation should not be more than 13 %. 第二胎和第三胎牛中泌乳天數(shù)超過300天的不應該超過13%The main reason for high % of cows with more than 300 DIM is poor fertility that can be a function of malnutrition or bad ins

47、emination practice and heat detection accuracy. 泌乳天數(shù)超過300天的牛頭數(shù)比率過高是由于營養(yǎng)不良、不當輸精和發(fā)情鑒定失誤,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Distribution of DIM with threshold of 300 DIM以泌乳天數(shù)300天為界的牛只比例,DHI Record Analysis Jinan co

48、nference 2011,Milk production vs. DIM產量和泌乳天數(shù)的線性相關性,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,The average DIM of the 3 farms are: 230, 216 and 193 in JX, DM and ZHY respectively (at the time of measurement). 三個牧場的泌乳天數(shù)：J

49、X230天，DM216天，ZHY193天In order to reduce DIM of JX farm to 190 days we need to cull 10% of the low producing cows.為降低泌乳天數(shù)到190天，我們需要淘汰10%的低產牛 In a case like this average milk production of JX milk will increase from 30.1

50、 to 33.1 kg.如果這樣，JX牧場的單產會從30.1公斤上升到33.1公斤Even though the DIM will be shortened still daily milk yield of JX cows will be lower than the 2 other farms.即使是泌乳天數(shù)降低，JX牧場單產依然低于其他兩個牧場 The longer DIM is only part of the stor

51、y and there are more elements that influence cow’s milk yield in JX farm.DIM僅僅是影響JX牧場奶產量的眾多因素之一,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Parity 胎次,Milk production increases with lactation number and is maximized in the

52、 fourth or the fifth lactation. 隨著胎次的增加，產奶量逐胎上升，到第四和第五胎到達最高峰Therefore, the distribution of cows in parities could be also an important factor that influences the average milk production of a herd.因此，胎次同樣也是一個影響牛群產量的重要因

53、素In ZHY farm 1st lactation cows produce 30.6% of the total milk where in DM farm 28.9% and in JX farm 35.5%. 在ZHY牧場 一胎牛產奶占總產量的30.6%，DM牧場占28.9%，JX牧場占35.5%,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Distribution of cows b

54、y parity牛群胎次分布,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Reproduction 繁殖,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,等待天數(shù)VWP,泌乳階段12個月Lactation stages (12 months),繁殖Reproduction Chart,產犢,首配,配孕,產犢,首配天數(shù),配準天數(shù),浪費天數(shù),干奶期,懷孕期,繁殖

55、＝配準天數(shù)＝首配天數(shù)+發(fā)情鑒定率+懷孕率,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Reproduction (Terms)繁殖,For an adequate evaluation of dairy cows fertility, we need to refer to certain standards.為了充分評估牛群繁殖，我們需要依據(jù)特定的標準 Cow ferti

56、lity is generally evaluated by the 指標如下: Average Days to 1st Service: DIM from calving to first service attempt. This is calculated by summing the days to first service for all cows which have been bred at least on

57、ce. The sum is divided by the number of those cows.頭胎牛泌乳天數(shù)Wasted days: The time between DFS to DES.浪費天數(shù)：配種日期和配準日期間的時間段Days open: (the interval between calving and successful AI)配準天數(shù)：產犢到成功配種的天數(shù),DHI Record

58、Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Reproduction (Terms)繁殖,Breeding interval : Intervals between Heats and Services is a summary of the distribution of all intervals (in days) between reported heats and services for cows curr

59、ently in the herd. 繁殖間隔: 發(fā)情間隔的平均值Calving interval :(the interval between successive calving). 產犢間隔Conception rate (CR): The percent of services with known outcomes over a specified period of time that result in

60、a pregnancy, or, alternatively, the number pregnant divided by number inseminated (and subsequently determined to be pregnant or not pregnant) over some time period.妊娠率Pregnancy rate (PR): The percentage of eligible co

61、ws that becomes pregnant within a given time frame - usually 21 days. 情期受胎率,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,發(fā)情周期天數(shù)分布 Cycle length distribution,復配Double inseminations: 1－4天（發(fā)情時間長，發(fā)情初期開始配）1-4 days (long heats, i

62、nseminations on the early signs of the heat)短周期Short cycles: 5－17天（上次或當前配種時發(fā)情異常，卵泡囊腫）5-17 days (last or current insemination not on actual heat, cystic cows) 正常周期Normal cycles: 18－24天 18-24 days (the usually assumed

63、 normal cycle length)長周期Long cycles: 25－36天（上次或當前配種時發(fā)情異常，胚胎死亡）25-36 days (last or current insemination not on actual heat, embryonic death)雙周期Double cycles: 36－48天（遺漏了一個發(fā)情，或上次發(fā)情為安靜發(fā)情）36-48 days (missed heats, “quiet” l

64、ast heat)超長周期Very long cycles: 大于48天（遺漏了發(fā)情，懷孕異常）more than 48 days (usually missed heats, abnormal pregnancies),DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,AFIFARM Fertility table (JIB)金星牧場“阿菲金”繁殖報表,DHI Record Analysis Ji

65、nan conference 2011,發(fā)情周期分布情況Cycle length distribution,天天天天,后備牛 1胎 2胎及以上 全部,后備牛 1胎 2胎及以上 全部,天天天天,Breeding Intervals,發(fā)情周期分布 以色列2009年Heat d

66、etection statistic Israeli Herd-book 2009,發(fā)情周期分布Cycle length distribution,后備牛 1胎 2胎及以上 全部,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Three farms

67、comparison of same production parameters,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Why heat detection is so important ?為什么發(fā)情鑒定如此重要,,,DHI Record Analysis Jinan conference 2011,Somatic Cell CountSCC體細胞數(shù),DHI Record Analys

68、is Jinan conference 2011,,Mastitis and Somatic cell count乳房炎和SCC,The main disease that affect milk yield of dairy cows is mastitis. 乳房炎是影響牛只產奶量的主要疾病A high SCC is an indication of chronic, subclinical mastitis in the h

69、erd and is also an indication of significant economic losses. 高體細胞數(shù)是臨床、隱性乳房炎的指標之一 ，也是經濟損失的指標Mastitis is the most important factor affecting the SCC of an individual cow. 對于奶牛個體來說，乳房炎是影響SCC的最重要因素General agreement valu

70、es: less than 100,000 cells/ml for uninfected cows and greater than 300,000 for cows infected with significant pathogens. 一般認為：少于每ml奶中體細胞含量少于100000的牛只沒有感染，而大于300000的牛只感染了大量的病原菌Therefore, analysis of SCC level and distr