三國際商事合同結(jié)構(gòu)

1、第二章 國際商事合同結(jié)構(gòu),Structure of a Typical International Commercial Contract,第一節(jié) 國際商事合同的首部,,,,序言,（non-operative part of an international commercial contract） 五官: “人、事、時(shí)、地、物” 兩方面的內(nèi)容：第一 合同當(dāng)事人的基本信息，如合同當(dāng)事人的名稱（姓名）、國籍、住所；第二 合同簽訂

2、的基本信息，如合同簽訂的日期、地點(diǎn)、目的。,一 導(dǎo)入部分（Non-operative part）,1合同的封面DATED MARCH 8，2011X CO., LTD.ANDY CO., LTDLICENSE AGREEMENT,,,2合同標(biāo)題（title of the contract）頁眉:合同的名稱 頁腳: 頁碼(第幾頁,共幾頁)合同標(biāo)題通常不寫具體當(dāng)事方3 合同編號(hào),,目錄contents,,4 簽約日期（t

3、he date of signing of the contract）簽字日（date of execution）“訂立日”(“As of” date) 生效日(effective date) 在草擬合同時(shí),通常日期先空出不寫,等最后一版供雙方簽署的時(shí)候再寫上。約定合同生效日期早于簽字日期：This AGREEMENT shall be effective retroactively to September 1，2010.

4、與倒簽合同的區(qū)別約定合同生效日期晚于簽字日期：This AGREEMENT shall take effect on the date of , 2010.,,注意美國英文的年月日表達(dá)與英國年月日時(shí)間的表達(dá)方式：2011年3月12日12March11，12.03.2011, 12.03.11, 2011.03.12, 03.12.11, 120311 建議使用月份的名稱而不要使用數(shù)字.美語: 月/日/年英語

5、: 日/月/年注意中國臺(tái)灣地區(qū)的年份表達(dá) 臺(tái)灣地區(qū)使用的是民國年.民國元年為1912年.今年為民國103年.用年份2014-1911=103,,5 簽約地點(diǎn)（ the place of signing of the contract）與合同適用法律的關(guān)系,,6 合同當(dāng)事方的名稱（the corporate or personal names of the parties to the contract）合同當(dāng)事方的名稱第一次

6、在合同中出現(xiàn)一定要寫全稱，只有在后面重復(fù)出現(xiàn)時(shí)才能用簡稱，如甲方、乙方；買方、賣方；許可方、被許可方。Hereinafter referred to as Party A or Party B；the Buyer or the Seller；the Licensor or Licensee）。,,合同當(dāng)事人是法人的，應(yīng)寫上主要機(jī)構(gòu)所在地、法律上的名稱、法人的種類和公司設(shè)立的準(zhǔn)據(jù)法。(核對(duì)營業(yè)執(zhí)照,公司登記證)在國際貿(mào)易中，當(dāng)事人大

7、多為股份有限公司，法律上規(guī)定股份有限公司在公司結(jié)尾之后，英國加上Limited或Ltd.，美國加上Corporation，Incorporation或Inc. 。,,公司名稱國別 有限責(zé)任公司 股份有限公司英國 Ltd. PLC/plc美國 LLC Corporation/In

8、c德國 GmbH AG意大利 S.R.I. S.P.A.丹麥 APS A/S荷蘭 BV NV,,特定使用:1 Lines 輪船, 航空

9、,航運(yùn)等公司Atlantic Container Line 大西洋集裝箱海運(yùn)公司Hawaiian Air Lines 夏威夷航空公司2 Agency 代理公司China Ocean Shipping Agency 中國外輪代理公司,,Company 與corporation的區(qū)別1 corporation規(guī)模大于Company,但也例外:Boeing Company ; Shell Oil Company2 company

10、在使用上比corporation廣3 在我國,翻譯國有大企業(yè)使用corporation的居多. 一般企業(yè)翻譯成company.4 Inc. PLC LIC 謹(jǐn)慎使用.,,按照中國現(xiàn)行的法律規(guī)定,在中國注冊(cè)成立的企業(yè)都只有中文名稱,其英文名稱是未經(jīng)注冊(cè)的非正式名稱。把中英文名稱都寫上把營業(yè)執(zhí)照注冊(cè)號(hào)寫上,,7 合同當(dāng)事人的地址注冊(cè)地址( 聯(lián)系地址)Registered office注冊(cè)地 （ paper company）

11、British virgin Islands（英屬維京群島）Principal office主營業(yè)地（離岸公司 offshore company）,美參議員狀告上帝,美國內(nèi)布拉斯加州參議員厄尼?錢伯斯2007年9月一紙?jiān)V狀將上帝告上法庭，他指控上帝給人類帶來諸多災(zāi)難而且毫無悔意。錢伯斯在訴狀中列舉了許多上帝所犯的“罪”，包括洪水、颶風(fēng)、龍卷風(fēng)、地震、瘟疫、饑荒、種族滅絕戰(zhàn)爭和人們先天的殘疾。訴狀中還說，有著很多名稱、無所不在的被告

12、既沒有展示出同情，也沒有表現(xiàn)出自責(zé)，反而在災(zāi)難來臨時(shí)幸災(zāi)樂禍。錢伯斯請(qǐng)求法庭下令永久性地禁止上帝給地球上的億萬居民帶來“死亡、破壞和恐怖”。,,道格拉斯郡地方法院的法官馬倫?波克日前作出判決，對(duì)錢伯斯?fàn)罡嫔系鄣脑V訟請(qǐng)求予以駁回。波克法官說，根據(jù)內(nèi)布拉斯加州法律，原告必須能“接觸到”被告，同時(shí)相關(guān)文件能夠傳達(dá)給被告以使訴訟進(jìn)行下去，但本案中作為被告的上帝沒有法定地址。波克在判決文件中寫道：“如果法庭發(fā)現(xiàn)被告根本無法完成訴訟過程，那么原告的

13、起訴將被視為未經(jīng)查證的錯(cuò)誤判斷而予以駁回?！?,但是錢伯斯不認(rèn)同法官的判決理由。他說：“法庭承認(rèn)上帝的存在，那么也就是承認(rèn)上帝無所不知，既然上帝知道一切，那么上帝自然能接到訴訟通知?！卞X伯斯還表示，因?yàn)樯系邸盁o處不在”，所以被告也親自出庭了。,二 說明條款,1 鑒于條款（whereas clause）Whereas本義是When in fact, considering that, that being the case. 記載內(nèi)容

14、屬于既定事實(shí)“意思表示禁反語”（estoppel by representation） 背景條款（background）: 說明過去的情況,,例句：“鑒于許可方擁有 專有技術(shù)的所有權(quán)，有權(quán)設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、安裝以及進(jìn)行銷售；Whereas the Licensor has the right and desires to transfer the above-signed know-how to the Licensee; 鑒

15、于許可方有權(quán)且愿意將以上專有技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)讓給受讓方； Whereas the Licensor possesses know-how for the designing, manufacturing, installing and marketing of ;,,鑒于受讓方愿意使用許可方的專有技術(shù)進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、銷售以及出口 Whereas the Licensee desires to design, manufacture,

16、sell and export by using Licensor’s know-how. 因此，根據(jù)以上情況及雙方的意愿，經(jīng)受讓方與許可方協(xié)商，達(dá)成如下合同條款Therefore, in consideration of the premises and the mutual conveniences, through consultation, agree to enter into this contract unde

17、r the terms and conditions set forth as follows:”,中國式的鑒于條款,雙方本著平等互利的原則，經(jīng)友好協(xié)商，同意按照相關(guān)法律以及本合同的條款 After friendly consultations conducted in accordance with the principles of equality and mutual benefit, the Parties have

18、 agreed to ( describe subject matter of contract) in accordance with application laws and the provisions of this Contract.,,2 緣由recitalsrecitals = whereas clause + consideration This Contract is signed in （place）on

19、 （day，month，year），by and between on one hand and on the other hand。（本合同由 為一方和 為另一方于 （時(shí)間）在 （地點(diǎn)）簽訂）。,,This contract is made in duplicate in ， ，between ， a corporation corporated unde

20、r the laws of and having its Head Office and a place of business in ， party of the first part and ， a corporation having its Head Office and a place of business in ， party of the second part witnesses that：

21、In consideration of ， it is agreed by and between and as follows：（本合同由 按 法律建立，并由在 設(shè)有總部和營業(yè)地的 為甲方與在 設(shè)有總部和營業(yè)地 為乙方在 簽訂，一式兩份，茲協(xié)定如下：考慮到 ， 與 同意以下條款：,,只要有the parties agree as follo

22、ws 或we agree 就符合英美法的對(duì)價(jià)要求，不一定要明確寫上consideration.,,NOW THESE PRESENTS WITNESS that it is hereby agreed between the parties hereto as follows…茲特立約為據(jù)，并由訂約雙方協(xié)議如下,,KNOW ALL MEN by these presents that…有人翻譯為: “地球人皆知”相當(dāng)于說: &qu

23、ot;by posting this properly in a public place in accordance with the law it is safe for me to assume that everyone in the whole world know the following"根據(jù)本文件，特此宣布,,KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS:This AGREEMENT,

24、entered into by and among the following and hereunder listed, namely:,,我國合同法第94條：有下列情況之一的，當(dāng)事人可以解除合同：（2）當(dāng)事人一方遲延履行債務(wù)或者有其他違約行為致使不能實(shí)現(xiàn)合同目的；“包括鑒于條款中的不實(shí)陳述”,第二節(jié) 國際商事合同的正文,operative part of an international

25、 commercial contractHabendum國際商事合同的正文是記載合同當(dāng)事人各方具體權(quán)利、義務(wù)的地方 它是由條款（clause）組成的。條款是合同的最小單位。英文合同使用的單位可能有“article”、“section”、“paragraph”，甚至還可以分“sub-section”、“sub-paragraph”。,合同條款排列,章（chapter）A，B，C節(jié)/條（article/section/clause）

26、：1，2，3段/款： （paragraph/subsection/subclause） （1），（2），（3）使用款時(shí)，其以下內(nèi)容必須構(gòu)成一段文章項(xiàng)： （subparagraph） （a），（b），（c）目/號(hào)： （I），（ii），（iii）號(hào)是自身不能構(gòu)成一段文章的句子。Section 10.5 = 第10條第5款Section 1.2.6.10(A)(a) 直接翻譯為第1.2.6.10(A)(a)

27、條一般不用兩個(gè)小數(shù)點(diǎn)以上的序號(hào)：1.1.1.2,,條款安排要有邏輯性：重要到次要全面到具體常設(shè)到臨時(shí)當(dāng)前到將來,Headings,關(guān)于合同條款使用的標(biāo)題的法律效力：合同條款使用的標(biāo)題名稱僅為閱讀方便而設(shè)的，其本身不是合同協(xié)議的一部分。不影響其臨近條款或該條款規(guī)定的解釋。The headings of the various sections and subsections hereof are for convenienc

28、e of reference only, do not constitute a part hereof and shall not affect the nearing or construction of any provision hereof.,,一 規(guī)定合同必須履行的債務(wù)內(nèi)容的條款1 各種合同共通的條款 定義條款（ definition clauses）該條款是對(duì)國際商事合同中重復(fù)出現(xiàn)的有特殊意義的名詞、概念，做專門的解

29、釋，避免在理解上發(fā)生爭議。如寫：“本合同中下列詞語的含義為”（For the purpose of this Contract， the following terms have the following meanings）。,,“除從上下文理解明顯帶有其它意思之外，在本合同中以下概念的意思如下：”（In this Agreement the following terms have the following meaning unl

30、ess the context clearly requires otherwise：）。,,定義條款要注意的問題：1 不要把具體權(quán)利義務(wù)作為定義加以規(guī)定，因?yàn)槎x條款的目的是解釋術(shù)語的含義，而不是操作性的合同條款。2 要避免循環(huán)定義，即在兩個(gè)術(shù)語的定義中相互援引。Third Party means a party other than a Party to this Contract.3 如果一個(gè)詞語的通常含義就足以表達(dá)其意思

31、，就沒有必要在合同中進(jìn)行定義。Calendar Day means any day on the Gregorian calendar.,,一般五個(gè)以上定義詞，才會(huì)安排專門定義部分條款。,,Agreement AGREEMENTThe Agreement本合同中文沒有大小寫, 可以用黑體、斜體或引號(hào)表示。,,如“關(guān)聯(lián)企業(yè)”？持股50%? 25%?PRCMeans the People’s Republic

32、of China( for the purpose of this Agreement, not including the Hong Kong, Macau Special Administrative Regions and Taiwan).排列:以下簡稱( hereinafter referred to as ),注意縮寫,合伙律師問：什么是PM？復(fù)旦實(shí)習(xí)生：？ （處于羞愧神情中）合伙律師

33、答：Project Manager合伙律師問：什么是PMA？實(shí)習(xí)生：？ （處于尷尬神情中）合伙律師答：Project Manager Assistant實(shí)習(xí)生反問：什么是PMP？合伙律師：？？實(shí)習(xí)生：Pai拍 Ma馬 Pi 屁 （處于得意神情中）,合同期間條款（duration）,合同期間指合同生效期及終止期，這是合同必須明確的內(nèi)容。如果沒有特別表示，生效期一般根據(jù)合

34、同整體的解釋，推測(cè)當(dāng)事人的意思而確定，通常指最后一方當(dāng)事人在合同書上簽名的日子，如果這個(gè)日子不明確，則以合同的制作日期為準(zhǔn)。如果合同要在一定條件下才能生效，一定要寫明。合同到期會(huì)自動(dòng)失效，如需更新，一定要明確寫明更新手續(xù)及延長期限。,,“本合同從中國政府批準(zhǔn)之日起生效，合同期限為5年” 。（This Agreement comes into force on the date on which it approved by the

35、 Chinese Government and continues for five years.）“在合同期屆滿前6個(gè)月，甲方可向乙方發(fā)出書面通知，將本合同再續(xù)期3年” 。（On the expiry of the period X may continue this Agreement for further three years by six month’ prior written notice to Y）,,合同有期限,

36、便于合同管理.如保密協(xié)議合同終止前產(chǎn)生的義務(wù)和責(zé)任并不因此而終止.合同終止,但保密義務(wù)仍然繼續(xù)(三年),通知條款,在一定情況下，合同一方在一定行為發(fā)生之前有義務(wù)向另一方發(fā)出通知。該條款要寫明：收件人地址：如果通知的收件人地址與當(dāng)事人的住址不一致，一般選擇最適合當(dāng)事人收到通知的地點(diǎn)。通知的方法：一般是航空信件或掛號(hào)航空信件。通知的生效時(shí)間：要明確是在通知發(fā)出時(shí)，還是在通知收到時(shí)。,,例句：Any notice，request，

37、 consent， offer or demand required or permitted to be given in this Agreement，must be in writing and must be sufficiently given if delivered in person or sent by registered airmail or by fax or telex confirmed by registe

38、red airmailed letter.Notice is deemed to have been given on the date of mailing except the notice of change of address which is deemed to have been given when received.,終止條款（termination clause）,所有有期限的合同都應(yīng)該有個(gè)終止條款。該條款可以規(guī)定

39、一個(gè)期限或日期為合同自動(dòng)終止。該條款也應(yīng)規(guī)定單方面提前終止的情況。 “ This contract is valid until December 31,2012 and will be automatically renewed for another year provided that there has been no earlier written termination of the contract by either

40、party.,,我國合同法第91條：“有下列情形之一的，合同的權(quán)利義務(wù)終止”（In any of the following situations, the rights and obligations under a contract shall be terminated）,,(一)    債務(wù)已經(jīng)按照約定履行；（liabilities have all been met as contracted）

41、(二)    合同解除；(the contract is dissolved)(三)    債務(wù)相互抵消；( liabilities are offset against each other)(四)  債務(wù)人依法將標(biāo)的物提存；(the debtor has deposited the targeted matter according to law)(五)&

42、#160; 債權(quán)人免除債務(wù)；( the creditor grants exemption from liabilities)(六)    債權(quán)債務(wù)同歸于一人；( both creditor’s rights and liabilities are undertaken by one same person)(七)    法律規(guī)定或者當(dāng)事人約定終止的其他情形。( other

43、 situations as provided for by law or stipulated by the parties),轉(zhuǎn)讓債權(quán)/接受債務(wù)條款( assignment),1 轉(zhuǎn)讓合同的權(quán)利一般規(guī)定,只要對(duì)債務(wù)人沒有不利影響,債權(quán)人可把權(quán)利轉(zhuǎn)讓給第三方。如果要禁止這種轉(zhuǎn)讓，應(yīng)在合同中寫明。我國合同法第79條：債權(quán)人可以將合同的權(quán)利全部或者部分轉(zhuǎn)讓給第三人，但有下列情形之一的除外：（一）   根據(jù)合同性

44、質(zhì)不得轉(zhuǎn)讓；（二）   按照當(dāng)事人約定不得轉(zhuǎn)讓；（三）   依照法律規(guī)定不得轉(zhuǎn)讓。,,2 接受合同的義務(wù)法律一般規(guī)定，沒有債權(quán)人的同意不許接受合同的義務(wù)。但債務(wù)人可以把合同中應(yīng)履行的義務(wù)委托給第三方。如果要禁止這種委托關(guān)系，須在合同中約定（如翻譯合同）。我國合同法第84條：債務(wù)人將合同的義務(wù)全部或者部分轉(zhuǎn)移給第三人的，應(yīng)當(dāng)經(jīng)債權(quán)人同意。例句：Neither Party shall, w

45、ithout the prior written consent of the other Party, assign any of its rights or delegate any of its duties under this Contract to any third party.,二 履行合同過程中出現(xiàn)問題時(shí)的處理?xiàng)l款,解除合同的條款對(duì)于違約行為，只要滿足一定的必要條件，不管合同中有無約定，當(dāng)事人一方都可以行使合同解除

46、權(quán)，沒有必要在合同中寫明。但問題是滿足什么條件適用合同解除權(quán)。我國合同法第94條：,,Seller may terminate this Agreement forthwith by notice in writing upon the occurrence of any of the following:(a)    if Buyer fails to obtain the approval of t

47、he appropriate Government Department to make any payment provided for by this Agreement to Seller.(b)    If any payment due under this Agreement is in arrears for sixty(60) days after formal demand. (經(jīng)過催告

48、60日以后，買方?jīng)]有支付合同規(guī)定的款項(xiàng)。),,(c)    If Buyer fails or becomes unable to observe or perform any of its obligations under this Agreement and such default or inability is not cured within sixty(60) days of notice o

49、f the same by Seller.(d)    If Buyer has a receiver（收益管理人） appointed over all or any part of its assets, or if any order is made or resolution passed for the winding up of Buyer unless such order or resol

50、ution is for the purpose of reconstruction or amalgamation.,,Termination of this Agreement is without prejudice to（不影響） any claim for any antecedent breach and to the right of Seller to recover compensation on all sums p

51、ayable under this Agreement.,修改/變更合同的條款( amendments ),This Agreement is not changed, modified or amended by the parties of this Agreement provided that such change, modification or amendment is in writing and signed by b

52、oth parties.,三 合同出現(xiàn)變更時(shí)的處理?xiàng)l款,FM條款？不可抗力條款（force majeure clause）Force Majeure= superior force：extraordinary events independent of the parties`s will that cannot be foreseen or averted by them due diligence，being beyond t

53、heir control and preventing the contracting party from fulfilling the obligation undertaken in the contract。,,1 應(yīng)明確約定不可抗力的范圍和種類確定不可抗力的范圍有三種方式，即概括式，列舉式，和綜合式。 Fire, flood, strikes, labor troubles(勞動(dòng)爭議) or other industria

54、l disturbances(勞資關(guān)系的糾紛), inevitable accidents, war(declared or undeclared), embargoes, blockades legal restrictions, riots(騷擾), insurrections(內(nèi)亂), or any other causes beyond the control of the parties2 應(yīng)約定不可抗力事件發(fā)生后，責(zé)任方通

55、知對(duì)方的方式、時(shí)限以及出具不可抗力事件證明文件的方式等。3 確定不可抗力事件所引起的法律后果。,ICC FORCE MAJEURE CLAUSE 2003,[1] Unless otherwise agreed in the contract between the parties expressly or impliedly, where a party to a contract fails to perform one or m

56、ore of its contractual duties, the consequences set out in paragraphs 4 to 9 of this Clause will follow if and to the extent that that party proves:that its failure to perform was caused by an impediment beyond its reas

57、onable control; andthat it could not reasonably have been expected to have taken the occurrence of the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract; andthat it could not reasonably have avoided

58、 or overcome the effects of the impediment.,,[2] Where a contracting party fails to perform one or more of its contractual duties because of default by a third party whom it has engaged to perform the whole or part of th

59、e contract, the consequences set out in paragraphs 4 to 9 of this Clause will only apply to the contracting party: if and to the extent that the contracting party establishes the requirements set out in paragraph 1 of t

60、his Clause; andif and to the extent that the contracting party proves that the same requirements apply to the third party.,,[3] In the absence of proof to the contrary and unless otherwise agreed in the contract between

61、 the parties expressly or impliedly, a party invoking this Clause shall be presumed to have established the conditions described in paragraph 1 [a] and [b] of this Clause in case of the occurrence of one or more of the f

62、ollowing impediments:,,1war (whether declared or not), armed conflict or the serious threat of same (including but not limited to hostile attack, blockade; military embargo), hostilities, invasion, act of a foreign enemy

63、, extensive military mobilisation;2civil war, riot rebellion and revolution, military or usurped power, insurrection, civil commotion or disorder, mob violence, act of civil disobedience;3act of terrorism, sabotage or

64、piracy;4act of authority whether lawful or unlawful, compliance with any law or governmental order, rule, regulation or direction, curfew restriction, expropriation, compulsory acquisition, seizure of works, requisition

65、, nationalisation;5act of God, plague, epidemic, natural disaster such as but not limited to violent storm, cyclone, typhoon, hurricane, tornado, blizzard, earthquake, volcanic activity, landslide, tidal wave, tsunami,

66、flood, damage or destruction by lightning, drought;6explosion, fire, destruction of machines, equipment, factories and of any kind of installation, prolonged break-down of transport, telecommunication or electric curren

67、t;7general labour disturbance such as but not limited to boycott, strike and lock-out, go-slow, occupation of factories and premises.,,[4] A party successfully invoking this Clause is, subject to paragraph 6 below, reli

68、eved from its duty to perform its obligations under the contract from the time at which the impediment causes the failure to perform if notice thereof is given without delay or, if notice thereof is not given without del

69、ay, from the time at which notice thereof reaches the other party.[5] A party successfully invoking this Clause is, subject to paragraph 6 below, relieved from any liability in damages or any other contractual remedy fo