建筑結(jié)構(gòu)和建筑過程外文翻譯

1、<p><b>　　專業(yè)外文資料翻譯</b></p><p>　　題 目： Building Structure and Construction Process</p><p>　?。▽I(yè)外文資料原文）</p><p>　　Building Structure and Construction Process</

2、p><p>　　This paper examines some of the structural aspects of the City of Melbourne’s new green building, Council House 2 (CH2) as well as the selection of materials and the role of the builder during the const

3、ruction process.</p><p>　　In order to gain a six star rating under the Green Building Council of Australia’s (GBCA) new Green Star rating system, many innovative design initiatives were incorporated into the

4、 building. </p><p>　　The paper begins by outlining some of the key design features of CH2 followed by a description of the integrated design process and how this facilitated innovative structural and design

5、decisions. The team approach during design development continued through into the construction phase. Despite its many unusual design elements, the procurement and construction process for CH2 was relatively conventional

6、. This process contrasts with another recent green office building project in Melbourne, and i</p><p>　　Issues relating to the construction process, such as structural rationale, materials selection, procure

7、ment methods and on-site construction practices are also discussed in this paper. </p><p>　　A. Central city location of CH2B. Site at start of constructionC. Site excavation August 2004</p><p&g

8、t;　　February 2004</p><p>　　Figure 1: Location of building and tightly constrained work site.</p><p>　　Construction Overview </p><p>　　Hansen Yuncken started construction of the 10-s

9、torey $51 million CH2 building in early 2004. The 1,316 m² construction site was only accessible from city laneways. The concrete structure was a relatively conventional in situ construction except for the use of pr

10、ecast undulating concrete ceiling panels. Two rows of concrete columns are located at 8200 centres just inside the north and south facades with a further row of columns offset from the centre of the floor plate. The prop

11、ortions of the sit</p><p>　　A. Car park access link to adjacent buildingB. First floor under constructionC. First floor formwork</p><p>　　October 2004 September 2004 November 2004

12、</p><p>　　Figure 2: Below ground and first level construction activities. </p><p>　　Integrated Design Process</p><p>　　The design process of most commercial buildings is complex, re

13、quiring collaboration with a range of consultants. The conceptual design for CH2 was developed by an integrated design team during a two-week intensive workshop or ‘charrette’ in January 2002. Intense cooperation early i

14、n the design process is unusual and, in the case of CH2, this enabled innovative decisions to be made with a degree of certainty in terms of constructability and cost. Most publications outlining recent international e&l

15、t;/p><p>　　A. Foam supports for deliveryB. North end panel, note square C. North end panel</p><p>　　penetration for ventilation exhaust </p><p>　　(refer figure 4 B)</p><p

16、>　　D. Ceiling panel with supportsE. Placing central panel</p><p>　　F. Positioning reinforcing steel and services. Green pipes are for cooling water supply for radiant chilled ceiling panels</p>

17、<p>　　Figure 3: On-site insertion of a precast concrete undulating beam ceiling panel </p><p>　　A. Apex of curve with structural supportB. Covered chilled ceiling panels C. Positioning tile patt

18、ern </p><p>　　and electrical services on raised floor </p><p>　　Figure 4: Internal view of undulating ceilings during construction </p><p&

19、gt;　　Type of Contract </p><p>　　The type of construction contract has a significant impact on the success of developing and implementing a green building design. The issue of risk influenced the procurement

20、choice for CH2, with project director for the City of Melbourne, Rob Adams, saying:</p><p>　　“I think if you look at the process of procuring the building… it is very traditional… it is full documentation, g

21、uaranteed bill of quantities, the stuff that people used to do 10-15 years ago. I have a great belief that it is at the front of the project where you need to do the work. Our industry has moved away from this approach a

22、nd although they have cut down on consultants fees and save two to three per cent, they then wonder why it blows out at the other end by 10 or 20 per cent. I think it</p><p>　　As a risk management strategy,

23、the builder, Hansen Yuncken, confirmed as many contracts as possible early in the construction process. In contrast to other construction firms, Hansen Yuncken only employed a small core team. During construction, the co

24、mpany continued to research and advise the client on the availability and cost of some of the more unusual or innovative provisional elements of the design. For example, it was a challenge to find provisional items such

25、as timber windows and rotatin</p><p>　　Sourcing Materials </p><p>　　During the time the project was tendered and construction began, some issues were experienced relating to sourcing materials a

26、nd changing costs. Some materials had become difficult to source, others had become more expensive. The cost of steel from China, for example, doubled. Recycled timber was easy to source but it was more expensive than ne

27、w timber and its density meant extra cutting costs due to the need to replace blades. Issues to do with the use of PVC, recycled steel and cement replacem</p><p>　　Construction Site</p><p>　　Giv

28、en its innovative design, the construction of CH2 was relatively straightforward. Hansen Yuncken carefully selected subcontractors and many had worked with the company before. There was also a lot of goodwill for the pro

29、ject from the contractors, with the larger firms keen to be involved to boost their green building skills and credentials. A key sustainability issue during the construction phase was waste recycling. A simple strategy w

30、as developed as part of Hansen Yuncken’s Environmental Ma</p><p>　　A. South-west view, July 2005 B. North façade view, July 2005 C. South façade view, August 2005</p><p>

31、　　（專業(yè)外文資料譯文）</p><p><b>　　建筑結(jié)構(gòu)和建筑過程</b></p><p>　　這篇論文論證了墨爾本這個城市的新型綠色建筑和普通住宅的一些結(jié)構(gòu)方面的命題，和材料的選用及在建設(shè)過程中施工員應(yīng)該遵守的規(guī)則。</p><p>　　為了在澳大利亞綠色建筑理事會最新的環(huán)保星級排名系統(tǒng)中獲得六星的名次，很多革命性設(shè)計理念都融入到建筑當(dāng)

32、中。</p><p>　　這篇論文始于大致講述一些公民建筑的關(guān)鍵設(shè)計元素，然后是綜合設(shè)計過程的描述及這些如何推動革命性建筑和設(shè)計的發(fā)展，設(shè)計發(fā)展中得團隊工作模式繼續(xù)從頭至尾的貫徹到建設(shè)階段，盡管有許多不尋常的設(shè)計元素，采購和公民建筑的建設(shè)過程還是相當(dāng)常見的，把這些工程項目和其他一些墨爾本地區(qū)最新的環(huán)保辦公樓工程相比較，有人主張這個新德環(huán)保星級評定系統(tǒng)和規(guī)范為施工員提供了一個設(shè)計生態(tài)化和持續(xù)化發(fā)展的更加系統(tǒng)的原則。

33、</p><p>　　命題和建設(shè)過程有關(guān)，例如結(jié)構(gòu)基本原理，材料選用，采購方式和內(nèi)陸建設(shè)實踐都在這篇論文中被討論。</p><p>　　A．市中心公民建筑的選址 B.建設(shè)初期的場地選址 C.場地挖掘</p><p>　　命題一：建筑的位置和嚴格限制的工作地點。</p><p><b>　　建設(shè)概觀<

34、/b></p><p>　　漢森公司在2004年開始建設(shè)耗資5100萬美元的10層建筑，這個占地1316平方米的建筑地址只能通過城市巷道到達，混凝土結(jié)構(gòu)在現(xiàn)澆構(gòu)造中相當(dāng)?shù)某Ｒ?，除了預(yù)制波形混凝土頂棚鑲板，兩排混凝土柱位于中心，在北立面和南立面之外有更多的柱偏移在中心樓板之外。這個地點的大小產(chǎn)生了一個樓面板的外層空間，在照明和通風(fēng)方面造成了一個設(shè)計上的挑戰(zhàn)，波形的天花板提供的足夠的通風(fēng)管道空間解決了22米建筑

35、深度引起的困難，并且依然有個最大波形高度允許管線能照射到辦公室空間。其他的跟開放式辦公空間的通風(fēng)有效性有關(guān)的困難，特別是當(dāng)考慮使熱質(zhì)量冷卻的自然通風(fēng)，這些問題靠安裝一個使用樓板下的漩渦擴散器和安裝了空氣抽取點的天花板的機械日間通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)來提供有效的空氣分配。汽車的停放被安排在地下層，停車場是一個水平層而不是傾斜的，允許以后做其他用途的轉(zhuǎn)換可能。</p><p>　　A.和相鄰建筑相關(guān)的停車場入口 B.地下

36、一層建筑 C.一層模板工程</p><p>　　命題二：地下和地上一層建設(shè)活動</p><p><b>　　綜合設(shè)計過程</b></p><p>　　大多數(shù)商業(yè)建筑的設(shè)計過程是復(fù)雜的，需要一系列的咨詢公司的合作。公民建筑的概念設(shè)計是靠設(shè)計團隊經(jīng)過兩個星期高強度的研討或者“研討會”來實現(xiàn)，早期設(shè)計過程中得密切合作是不尋常的，并且，對于

37、公民建筑，這些過程確保了革命性的決定是建立在一系列對施工能力和造價的確定性基礎(chǔ)上。許多出版物概括了最近的國際性可持續(xù)性建筑模板，但是沒有提到建筑師與客戶和咨詢公司在早期設(shè)計階段的密切合作的重要性。一個值得注意的例外是KIBERT，他提到了研討會作為一個新興的設(shè)計過程，為一個設(shè)計團隊的成功融合提供了一個指導(dǎo)方針。</p><p>　　命題三：現(xiàn)場預(yù)制波形梁和頂棚鑲板的嵌入。</p><p>

38、　　A.弧線頂點的結(jié)構(gòu)支撐 B.被覆蓋的冷硬了的頂棚鑲板和電力服務(wù)系統(tǒng) C.活地板的瓷磚定位模式 </p><p>　　命題四：國內(nèi)對建筑結(jié)構(gòu)中波形天花板的看法</p><p>　　這種形式的結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)造在環(huán)保建筑的發(fā)展和實施的成功中具有意義重大的影響。風(fēng)險問題也影響了公民建筑的采購選擇。墨爾本城市設(shè)計項目的工程總管，ROB ADAMS說：“我認為如果我

39、們著眼于建筑的建設(shè)過程…那是非常傳統(tǒng)的..全套的文件，保證工程量清單，那些人們曾經(jīng)做了10到15年的工作。我非常詳細當(dāng)我們需要這么做的地方，它永遠都是在工程的最開始階段，我們的產(chǎn)業(yè)已經(jīng)從這個過程中北剔除了，i使他們剔除了咨詢費用，節(jié)省了2%-3%，人們會在之后發(fā)現(xiàn)它在其他的地方膨脹了10%-20%，我認為這是失效的劣等的經(jīng)濟，在工程最開始的時候我們說我們政府機構(gòu)并且我們會在整個工程的建設(shè)中參與并監(jiān)督，每個人都會來監(jiān)督我們，所以我們正確的

40、做就行了?！?lt;/p><p>　　作為一個風(fēng)險管理策略師，施工員hansen yuncken在前期建設(shè)過程中盡可能多的確認合同，和其他建筑公司對比，hansen僅僅雇傭了一個小核心團隊，在建設(shè)階段，公司繼續(xù)研究并且給客戶在可行性和一些更不尋常的或者革命性的臨時設(shè)計元素的費用上的建議，找出類似木窗，旋木百葉窗這類的臨時構(gòu)件，使他們滿足ESD，外觀和費用標(biāo)準是一項挑戰(zhàn)，并且能夠以及時的方式遞送。</p>

41、<p><b>　　采購材料</b></p><p>　　在項目投標(biāo)和建設(shè)開始的階段，一些關(guān)于材料采購和費用變換的問題已經(jīng)經(jīng)過了測試，一些材料的采購變得很困難，其他的變得昂貴，例如，中國的鋼材的價格就翻倍了?？苫厥盏哪静暮苋菀撞少彽?，但是它比新木材更昂貴并且它的密度意味著因為需要更換削木所需的刀片而多出來的開銷，在這篇論文中也說明了PVC，可回收鋼材和水泥中浮塵的消耗等問題，另外

42、，在hansen比較海外進口材料和當(dāng)?shù)夭牧系臅r候他處于進退兩難的處境，通常進口產(chǎn)品便宜但是無法均衡由于長距離運輸造成的內(nèi)含能的損耗。</p><p><b>　　建筑地點</b></p><p>　　考慮到創(chuàng)新設(shè)計，公民建筑的建設(shè)還是相當(dāng)?shù)暮唵?，Hansen仔細的選擇了分承包方并且他們很多都跟公司以前有過合作，承包方可以在項目中獲得很好的商譽，許多大公司渴望參與到項目

43、中來提高他們環(huán)保建筑的施工技巧和信譽度，在建設(shè)階段的一個關(guān)鍵可持續(xù)問題是廢物的回收利用，在Hansen的環(huán)境管理計劃中一個簡單的策略就產(chǎn)生了，一個廢物回收承包商在建筑場地上提供一個回收廢物的箱子，然后在場地外把剩余的垃圾分類，回收成功率大約有80%，剩下的20%則交給了垃圾填埋地。垃圾運輸及分類產(chǎn)生的費用由垃圾承包方支出并且在出售可回收材料所得的利潤中扣除，由于這個原因，選址在垃圾回收程序中也是相當(dāng)簡單的。所有的垃圾都被丟到一個大箱子中

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