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1、<p><b>  中文3800字</b></p><p>  出處:Journal of Corporate Finance,Volume 12, Issue 2, January 2006, Pages 214-245 </p><p><b>  文獻:</b></p><p>  Legality and

2、 venture capital exits</p><p>  Douglas Cumming,,Grant Fleming and Armin Schwienbacher</p><p><b>  Abstract</b></p><p>  This paper introduces an analysis of the impact

3、of Legality on the exiting of venture capital investments. We consider a sample of 468 venture-backed companies from 12 Asia-Pacific countries, and these countries' venture capitalists' investments in US-based en

4、trepreneurial firms. The data indicate IPOs are more likely in countries with a higher Legality index. This core result is robust to controls for country-specific stock market capitalization, MSCI market conditions, vent

5、ure capitalist fund </p><p>  Keywords: venture capital; exits ; IPO; acquisition; law and finance</p><p>  1. introduction</p><p>  The risks and returns to investing in small priv

6、ate companies and companies with intangible assets are pronounced.3 This is especially the case in smaller and less developed finance markets such as those in the Asia-Pacific region. The legal rights and protections aff

7、orded to entrepreneurs and investors are particularly important in venture capital and private equity markets. Legal structures impact the rights and protections of parties and distribution of financial outcomes under va

8、rious states</p><p>  That law matters in many aspects of finance is widely recognized, with studies showing that legal institutions and rules influence capital structure, dividend payout ratios, repurchasin

9、g decisions, and capital market returns.4 Much of this literature, however, concentrates on publicly traded companies. The impact of legal institutions and structures on private equity investments (such as those undertak

10、en by venture capitalists) has received less attention.</p><p>  The exit process is of central interest because venture capital investments typically do not pay dividends; rather, returns are derived from c

11、apital gains upon exit. In fact, a venture capitalist’s decision to invest typically depends on exit potential. Where laws impact exit, they also impact the decision to invest and therefore the entire development of a ve

12、nture capital market. Prior work has not considered private equity exits in more than one or two countries simultaneously, and hence has b</p><p>  2.1. Legality and venture capital exits</p><p>

13、;  There are five principal venture capital exit vehicles (see, e.g., Black and Gilson, 1998, and Cumming and MacIntosh, 2003a and Cumming and MacIntosh, 2003b, for discussion): (1) initial public offerings (IPOs)—the en

14、trepreneurial firm is listed on a stock exchange for the first time; (2) acquisitions (or ‘trade sales’)—the company is purchased by a larger firm, typically a strategic acquiror, and both the venture capitalist and entr

15、epreneurs sell their interest in the company; (3) secondary sal</p><p>  2.2. Economic and governance factors affecting venture capital exits</p><p>  In addition to country legal factors, a var

16、iety of other variables may influence the exit outcome of a VC backed company, including market conditions and market capitalization, VC fund and entrepreneur characteristics, and transaction-specific characteristics. We

17、 briefly discuss each in turn in this subsection.</p><p>  Two important types of market variables can affect exit outcomes of VC-backed companies. First, it is well known that favorable stock market returns

18、 and bubble periods increase the probability of IPO outcomes, and therefore we control for country-specific MSCI indices, as well as the Internet bubble in our sample. Second, the country-specific stock market capitaliza

19、tion can increase the probability of IPO exits.9 Black and Gilson (1998) argue that the development of the public equity market perm</p><p>  It is further important to control for VC fund characteristics in

20、 assessing VC exit outcomes.10 Hsu (2004) shows that entrepreneurial firms chose specific VCs in order to signal their quality and lower the information asymmetries between themselves and market participants. In our empi

21、rics, we control for a large number of factors pertaining to VC fund characteristics, including limited partnership VCs versus captive VCs, fund capital, fund manager experience, US-affiliated funds, and sector or s</

22、p><p>  An entrepreneurial firm's characteristics may likewise affect exit outcomes, as this will be directly pertinent to the degree of information asymmetry faced by the new owners, as well as the success

23、 potential and growth options available to the entrepreneur. In our empirical tests we consider a number of entrepreneurial firm characteristics, such as industry market / book ratios, asset intangibility, and

24、size proxies.</p><p>  Finally, various governance variables, and VC-entrepreneur deal-specific characteristics may impact VC exit outcomes. Our dataset (described in the next section) enables some controls

25、along this dimension, such as syndication and co-investment. Consistent with Gompers and Lerner (1999), we expect syndication to facilitate IPO exits, but not co-investment. Lerner (1994a) shows syndication facilitates d

26、eal screening and due diligence, as well as value-added to the entrepreneurial firm. Gompers and</p><p>  We recognize that there are limitations in the level of detail in the empirical analysis given the ex

27、treme difficulties in obtaining reliable private (confidential) venture capital data. For instance, entrepreneur versus VC control over exit may also affect exit choice (Black and Gilson, 1998, Smith, 2005, Kirilenko, 20

28、01, Bascha and Walz, 2001a and Cumming, 2002). Funds in our dataset structured their transactions almost invariably with the use of a VC control in at least some dimension, such a</p><p>  3. Data descriptio

29、n</p><p>  This paper analyzes a hand-collected dataset involving 468 venture capital-backed companies from 12 countries in the Asia-Pacific: Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zeal

30、and, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. We also study Asia-Pacific venture capitalists' investments in US-based entrepreneurial firms. A common characteristic across these Asia-Pacific countrie

31、s is that their venture capital markets are not well developed, particularly relative to</p><p>  4. Multivariate analyses of exit outcomes</p><p>  we present various logit models of the likeli

32、hood of an IPO exit, versus a private exit (an acquisition, secondary sale or buyback) or a write-off exit. considers multinomial logit estimates for IPOs versus private exits versus write-offs. reports the results of sa

33、mple selection models in the spirit of Heckman, 1976 and Heckman, 1979, which accounts for the non-randomness of exited versus unexited investments.</p><p>  The sensitivity of the results to alternative spe

34、cifications is rigorously considered, and a total of 10 different regression models are explicitly presented to show robustness. The regression tables report the marginal effects (only) to highlight economic significance

35、 alongside statistical significance (standard logit coefficients are nevertheless available upon request). Robustness checks not explicitly presented are discussed herein, </p><p>  5. Concluding remarks<

36、/p><p>  This paper provides the first cross-county empirical analysis of the relation between Legality and VC exits outcomes: IPOs, private exits (acquisitions, secondary sales, buybacks) and write-offs. With

37、a sample of 468 VC investments in Asia-Pacific countries, we show an increase in the Legality index from 20 to 21 (e.g., approximately the difference between Hong Kong and Australia) increases the probability of an IPO b

38、y about 1.7%, whereas an increase in Legality from 10 to 11 (e.g., approximatel</p><p>  In demonstrating this central role of Legality in VC exits, we controlled for many factors, including market condition

39、s, country-specific factors such as moving to the US, VC fund characteristics, as well as entrepreneurial firm and deal-specific characteristics. Our findings on a number of these controls are consistent with prior work.

40、 For example, our data are consistent with the role of the ability of the VC (consistent with Hsu, 2004) and the size and industry market / book value of the entr</p><p>  It is particularly notewo

41、rthy that none of our summary statistics and/or multivariate models indicated an increase in the probability of an IPO that was directly associated with the size of a country's stock market (although the size of a co

42、untry's stock market is strongly and positively associated with Legality). This complementary finding in our paper is quite significant, because the conventional wisdom. has been that stock markets by themselves faci

43、litate venture capital markets (Black and G</p><p>  Douglas Cumming School of Banking and Finance, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia</p><p>  Grant FlemingSchool of Fin

44、ance and Applied Statistics, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia</p><p>  Armin Schwienbacher University of Amsterdam, Finance Group, Roetersstraat 11, 1018

45、 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands</p><p><b>  文獻翻譯:</b></p><p>  風險資本退出和合法性研究</p><p>  摘要:本文介紹了法律效應對風險資本投資退出的影響。截取了468個風險投資支持的12個亞太國家的公司為樣本,包括這些國家的風險資本家在美國風險企業(yè)的投資。資料顯示首次公開發(fā)

46、行更有可能具有較高的合法性。這個核心的結果反映了特定國家的包括股票市值的一些情況,比如摩根士丹利資本國際市場情況,風險投資基金的基金經理人的技能和特點,與企業(yè)和交易特征的引導控制等。Black and Gilson(1998)推測活躍的股票的市場和活躍的風險資本市場之間的聯(lián)系, 除此之外,一個國家的法律體系的質量更直接連接,以便利風險投資支持的上市退出。這些數(shù)據表明合法性是一個核心機制,減少外部股東和企業(yè)家之間的代理問題,從而促進了IP

47、O市場和風險資本市場的共同發(fā)展。</p><p>  關鍵字:風險投資、退出、首次公開發(fā)行、收購、法律和金融</p><p><b>  1.介紹</b></p><p>  用無形資產投資小型私人企業(yè)所承受的風險和所得到的收益是顯而易見的。這在金融市場不發(fā)達的地區(qū),例如亞太地區(qū)非常典型。給予企業(yè)家和投資者的保護措施,特別是對風險資本和私人股權

48、市場非常重要。在不同的國家,法律結構影響當事人權利和對當事人的保護,以及影響財務成果的分配。</p><p>  在金融的許多方面,法律事務是非常重要的,有研究表明:合法的機構和規(guī)制制度影響資本的結構,股利的支付率,回購的決策還有資本市場的收益率。然而,這些法律事務,主要集中于一些公開上市的公司,對包括創(chuàng)業(yè)投資在內的私人權益投資重視不夠。</p><p>  風險投資是典型的不支付股利,因

49、此,風險投資的退出是其核心。然而,從投資中獲得收益關鍵在于退出。事實上,一個風險投資家的投資決定取決于風險投資退出的潛力。法律影響著退出,他們也影響著投資的決定,進而也影響到整個的風險投資市場。在同時,多于一兩個國家還沒有優(yōu)先考慮到私人權益的退出,因此,很不能全面的解決合法性在多大程度上影響私人股權市場。</p><p><b>  2.體制結構和假說</b></p><

50、p>  2.1風險資本退出和合法性</p><p>  文獻資料來源于澳大利亞,中國,香港,印度,印度尼西亞,馬來西亞,新西蘭,菲律賓,新加坡,韓國,臺灣和泰國風險投資所支持的企業(yè)。資料還包括來自亞太企業(yè)在美國的創(chuàng)業(yè)資本投資的風險資本公司退出的情況。</p><p>  有五個主要風險資本退出方式(1)首次公開發(fā)行(上市),創(chuàng)業(yè)公司是在股票交易市場首次上市;(2)收購(或稱出售)通常

51、是由大公司收購,通常是一個戰(zhàn)略收購方,無論是風險投資家和企業(yè)家出售其在公司的權益;(3)二次出售,風險投資基金出售其權益,風險投資家將所持股份轉手給另一家風險投資公司,將風險資本退出。但創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)不會向其他公司或風險資本基金出售自己的利益;(4)回購,創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)家從風險投資機構贖回他們的利益,有時也是風險投資項目公司來購買。(5)清算-投資者幾乎沒有或根本沒有回報的投資。</p><p>  2.2經濟和治理風險資本

52、退出的影響因素</p><p>  除國家法律因素,其他因素可能會影響到一個VC支持的公司退出的結果,包括市場條件和市場資本化,風險投資基金和創(chuàng)業(yè)者的特點,交易的具體特點等。我們簡要地討論每個環(huán)節(jié)。</p><p>  兩種重要的變量會影響風險投資支持的公司退市的結果。首先,這是眾所周知,良好的股市回報和泡沫增加了首次公開招股結果的概率,因此,我們加強了對具體國家的MSC指數(shù)的調查,以及加

53、強了對我們的樣本在互聯(lián)網泡沫下的控制。第二,針對具體國家的股市市值可以增加上市退出的概率。Black 和Gilson (1998) 稱公共股權市場的發(fā)展允許風險投資通過IPO退出,這對創(chuàng)業(yè)資本市場的發(fā)展是至關重要。因此,可以合理地假定,公共股權市場的發(fā)展是與風險投資退出過程的選擇緊密聯(lián)系在一起的。同時,LaPortaetal(1997)和 LaPortaetal(1998)說到為了能更好的保護股東權利,這些國家就有相應的法律文件,因此這

54、些國家往往有更好的發(fā)展和更大的股票市場。退出選擇和法律制度的發(fā)展可能會更好地聯(lián)系在一起,這不是因為更好的保護股東權益的法律,而是由于企業(yè)家與外部股東之間低廉的代理成本,企業(yè)家與外部股東促進了IPO的退出方式,均與股市發(fā)展密切相關。因此,重要的是對一個國家的股票市場規(guī)模的掌握,以了解與VC的退出選擇和法律制度的關系。</p><p>  進一步把握風險投資在風險退出中表現(xiàn)的特性是非常重要的。Hsu (2004)表明

55、,創(chuàng)業(yè)型企業(yè)選擇風險投資,以便具體到信號的質量,降低自己和市場參與者之間的信息不對稱。根據我們的經驗,我們掌握了有關風險投資基金的特點,包括有限合伙制風險投資與公司制風險投資,基金投資,基金經理的經驗,美屬資金,風險投資部門或基金的專業(yè)化階段的大量因素。我們期待更多的基金將發(fā)展的更加積極與成熟,增加IPO的退出方式。</p><p>  創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)的特點同樣可能影響到退出的結果,因為這將直接影響到新權益者所面對的信

56、息不對稱的情況。對企業(yè)家而言,適用于他們的能夠成功的退出方式,有時候他們自己是不清楚的。通過我們的經驗,我們考慮了創(chuàng)業(yè)企業(yè)的特征,如行業(yè)市場/賬面價值比率,無形資產和代理的規(guī)模,數(shù)量。</p><p>  最后,各項治理變數(shù),和VC企業(yè)家并購交易的具體特點可能會影響風險投資退出的結果。我們的資料,如銀團和聯(lián)合投資可在這一方面做出控制。與Gompers 和 Lerner (1999)相比,我們期望IPO退出中,銀團

57、的參與將更加便利。而不是聯(lián)合投資。Lerner (1994)顯示銀團有利于檢查處理和盡職調查,以及創(chuàng)業(yè)公司的增值。Gompers 和Lerner (1996)解釋與合資相關的代理問題,同一風險投資公司的風險投資基金可能錯誤的進行他們的附加值活動。除其他外,提供給創(chuàng)業(yè)投資公司的風險投資基金的投資組合,對機構投資者不利。合作投資,因此很可能與降低退出機制中的IPO與清算的可能性。</p><p>  我們認識到,在一

58、定的水平條件下,獲得可靠風險資本數(shù)據,以進行實證分析是相當困難的。例如,Black 和 Gilson(1998), Smith(2005), Kirilenko(2001), Bascha 和 Walz(2001) and Cumming(2002)說到企業(yè)家對風投的控制水平也影響到對退出機制的選擇。在我們數(shù)據樣本中的基金的交易都不可避免的,或者是一定程度上與風險投資的控制有關。例如從投資者的董事會席位來看,一定程度上,從基金樣本中獲得

59、數(shù)據,對典型的投資者而言,在證劵選擇與投資者董事會席位來看,很少有異質性。因此,在這樣的樣本中,這個因素就不會影響到退出機制。我們曾考慮通過基金資金使用虛擬變量的影響,在某些情況下無法觀察基金表現(xiàn)的差異,但沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)不同的資金存在著差異。</p><p>  3.統(tǒng)計數(shù)據和總結

60、 </p><p>  本文截取了468個風險投資支持的12個亞太國家的公司為樣本,包括這些國家的風險資本家在美國風險企業(yè)的投資。這些國家包括澳大利亞,中國,香港,印度,印度尼西亞,馬來西亞,新西蘭,菲律賓,新加坡,韓國,臺灣和泰國。一個在這些亞太國家的共同特點是,他們的創(chuàng)業(yè)資本市場不十分發(fā)達,尤其是相對于美國。這些數(shù)據的獲取有些是比較容易的,征求收集機密信息機構,查詢亞太風

61、險投資發(fā)出備忘錄,詢問資金的國際基金經理而來的。該數(shù)據集包括53個亞太風險投資基金,但尚未被視為適合投資的,甚至是盡職審查判斷的。數(shù)據也有通過威爾希爾的產業(yè)連接而來。從這個意義上講,我們這些數(shù)據作為對亞太地區(qū)經營的風險投資公司的代表是合理的,雖然我們沒有選擇的區(qū)域偏見。威爾希爾的工業(yè)連接使我們與之前記錄的風險投資退出與回報相比,能夠獲得更多的私人信息。風險投資公司向潛在投資者提供高質量的數(shù)據,并報告,還有有效地退出方式。</p&g

62、t;<p>  4. 多元方法分析退出</p><p>  我們呈現(xiàn)了與IPO退出方式有關的各種模型,通過股權交易(收購,二次出售或者是回購)或是清算,來自于Heckman(1976) 和Heckman(1979)的文獻的啟發(fā), 我們認為大量的模型來估計IPO或清算的退出方式。這些也考慮到了風投中并不存在的不是偶然的一些因素。</p><p>  結果對一些特殊選擇的敏感性也

63、考慮到了,總共有10種模型來解釋分析的粗糙型。但粗糙性沒有準確的說出來。文中表呈現(xiàn)了回歸分析不僅具有經濟意義,而且具有統(tǒng)計意義。</p><p>  分析了投資與退出的同比數(shù)據,上市方式主要有公開上市,股權交易,清算。還有一些方式沒有涉及。全部退出,部分退出都已經在文中通過樣本進行討論。在我們的樣本中最具有代表性的的國家是澳大利亞,臺灣和亞太風險投資所支持的美國的創(chuàng)業(yè)公司。</p><p>

64、;<b>  5.總結</b></p><p>  文章也說明了合法性指數(shù),股票市值國家平均值,平均退出的數(shù)量和中位數(shù)的內部回報率,以及在我們每一類型退出的數(shù)量。股權交易包括收購,銷售和回購和二次出售。</p><p>  本文提供了第一個跨境的合法性和VC退出之間關系的實證分析結果:首次公開發(fā)行。股權交易(收購,二次銷售,回購)和注銷。參考468個風險投資在亞太國家

65、的樣本,表現(xiàn)出的合法性指數(shù)從20到21(例如,大約是香港和澳大利亞之間的差額),增加了首次公開發(fā)行約1.7%的概率,在增加的合法性從10到11(例如,大約菲律賓和印尼之間的差額)增加了3.3%的首次公開發(fā)行的可能性。</p><p>  在證明這種合法性在VC退出的核心作用,我們控制的因素很多,包括市場條件下,針對具體國家的因素,如把它放到美國,風險投資基金的特點,以及企業(yè)家的企業(yè)和交易的具體特點。我們的研究結果

66、與以前的工作是一致的。例如,我們的數(shù)據均與以前VC,如 Hsu(2004)所提出的規(guī)模和行業(yè)的市場/公司的創(chuàng)業(yè)能力的賬面價值與作用是一致的。值得特別注意的是,我們的匯總統(tǒng)計和或多元模式都表示有在首次公開招股的概率與一個國家的股市規(guī)模息息相關。這種互補性的發(fā)現(xiàn)具有重要的意義,從傳統(tǒng)意義上來講,一直認為是股市促進風險資本市場。這一論點,但是,以前未曾實證檢驗過。我們的數(shù)據表明,其中IPO與風險資本緊密相連,在一個良好的法律環(huán)境中。在一定程度

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