給排水專業(yè)外文翻譯

1、<p>　　History of Water Supply</p><p>　　Man’s search for pure water began in prehistoric times. Much of his earliest activity is subject to speculation. Some individuals might have led water where they w

2、anted it through trenches dug in the earth, a hollow log was perhaps used as the first water pipe. </p><p>　　Thousands of years must have passed before our more recent ancestors learned to build cities and e

3、njoy the convenience of water pipes to the home and drains for water-carried wastes. Our earliest archeological records of central water supply and wastewater disposal date back about 5000 years, to Nippur of Sumeria. In

4、 the ruins of Nippur there is an arched drain with the stones set in full "voussoir" position, each stone being a wedge tapering downward into place. Water was drawn from wells and c</p><p>　　The e

5、arliest recorded knowledge of water treatment is in the Sanskrit medical lore and Egyptian Wall inscri ptions. Sanskrit writings dating about 2000 B.C. tell how to purify foul water by boiling in copper vessels,exposing

6、to sunlight, filtering through charcoal, and cooling in an earthen vessel. </p><p>　　The earliest known apparatus for clarifying liquids was pictureed on Egyptian walls in the fifteenth and thirteenth centur

7、ies B.C. The first picture represents the siphoning of either water of settled wine. A second picture shows the use of wick siphons in an Egyptian kitchen. </p><p>　　The first engineering report on water sup

8、ply and treatment was made in A.D. 98 by Sextus Julius Frontinus, water-commissioner of Rome. He produced two books on the water supply of Rome. In these he described a settling reservoir at the head of one of the aquedu

9、cts. His writings were first translated into English by the noted hydraulic engineer Clemens Herschel in 1899. </p><p>　　In the eight century A.D. an Arabian alchemist,Geber,wrote a rather specialized treati

10、se on distillation that included various stills for water and other liquids. </p><p>　　The English philosopher Sir Francis Bacon wrote of his experiments on the purification of water by filtration, boiling,

11、distillation and clarification by coagulation. This was published in 1627, one year after his death. Bacon also noted that clarifying water trends to improve health and increase the "pleasure of the eye".</p

12、><p>　　The first known illutrated descri ption of sand filters was published in 1685 by Luc </p><p>　　Antonio Porzio, an Italian physician. He wrote a book on conserving the health of soldier in ca

13、mps, based on his experience in the Austro-Turkish War. This was probably the earliest published work on mass sanitation.He described and illustrated the use of sand filters and sedimentation. Porzio also stated that his

14、 filtration was the same as "by those who built the wells in the Palace of the Doges in Venice and in the palace of Cardinal Sachett,at Rome." </p><p>　　The oldest known archeological examples of w

15、ater filtration are in Venice and the colonies she occupied. The ornate heads on the cisterns bear dates,but it is not known when the filters were placed.Venice,Built on a Series of islands, depended on catching and stor

16、ing rainwater for its principal freshwater supply for over 1300 years. Cisterns were built and many were connected in stone-grated catch basins and then filtered through sand into cisterns. </p><p>　　A compr

17、ehensive article on the water supply of Venice appeared in the Practical Mechanics Journal in 1863.The land area of Venice was 12.85 acres and the average yearly rainfall was 32 inches(in). Nearly all of this rainfall wa

18、s collected in 177 public and 1900 private cisterns. These cisterns provided a daily average supply of about 4.2 gallons per capita per day(gpcd).This low consumption was due in part to the absence of sewers, the practic

19、e of washing clothes in the lagoon,and the universal </p><p>　　Many experiments were conducted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in England,France Germany,and Russia.Henry Darcy patented filters in

20、france and England in 1865 and anticipated all aspects of the American rapid sand filter except coagulatin.He appears to be the first to apply the law of hydraulics to filter design. </p><p>　　The first filt

21、er to supply water to a whole town was completed at Paisley,Scotland,in 1804,but this water was carted to consumers. In Glasgow, Scotland,in 1807 filtered water was piped to consumers. </p><p>　　In the Unite

22、d States little attention was given to water treatment until after the Civil War. Turbidity was not as urgent a problem as in Europe. The first filters were of the slow sand type,similar to British design. About 1890 rap

23、id sand filters were developed in the United States and coagulants were introduced to increase their efficency. These filters soon evolved to our present rapid sand filters with slight modification.</p><p>&

24、lt;b>　　歷史上的水供應</b></p><p>　　人類對純凈水的搜尋開始于史前時代。大多數(shù)他們的行動都是推測。一些人可能會導致水在他們希望通過在地上挖戰(zhàn)壕，一個中空的木頭或許是作為第一個水管道。數(shù)千年前，必須通過我們最近的祖先學會建造城市，享有便利的水管道和渠道輸水廢物的家。我們最早的考古記錄中的供水和廢水處理日期后約5000年，在尼普爾的蘇美爾。在尼普爾遺址有弧形的流失與寶石設置充分的

25、“楔”的位置，每個石是一個楔形向下逐漸變細到地方。水是從威爾斯和蓄水池。廣泛的系統(tǒng)排水傳達廢物從宮殿和住宅區(qū)的城市翻譯結(jié)果重試抱歉，系統(tǒng)響應超時，請稍后再試支持中英、中日在線互譯 </p><p>　　最早記載了解水處理在梵語醫(yī)學知識和埃及墻壁沖。梵文著作年代大約在公元前2000年告訴如何凈化污濁的水煮沸在銅器，暴露于陽光中，通過過濾和冷卻的木炭，在瓦器里。</p><p>　　已知最早的

26、儀器澄清液體埃及在第十五和第十三世紀公元前的第一張圖片是將水的解決酒。另一個畫面顯示使用燈芯虹吸管在埃及的廚房</p><p>　　第一次報告在水供應和處理是在公元98年由尤利烏斯成water-commissioner塞克斯，羅馬。他制作的書籍在羅馬供水。在這些他描述了一個解決水庫位于頭部的一個水道。他的著作被翻譯成英文的第一個由著名水利工程師克萊門斯1899。</p><p>　　在西元

27、八世紀阿拉伯煉金術士，賈比爾，寫了一個很專業(yè)的論文，包括各種蒸餾器蒸餾水和其他液體。</p><p>　　英國哲學家弗蘭西斯爵士熏肉寫他的實驗凈化水過濾，沸點，蒸餾和澄清凝血。這是在1627出版，一年后他的死亡。還指出，凈化水的趨勢，改善健康和增加“快樂的眼睛”。</p><p>　　第一個已知的illutrated說明砂過濾器是發(fā)表在1685的</p><p>　

28、　安東尼奧波茲奧，意大利醫(yī)生。他寫了一本關于保護健康的士兵在難民營中，根據(jù)他的經(jīng)驗，在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爭。這可能是最早的出版工作的質(zhì)量衛(wèi)生。他描述和說明使用砂過濾器和沉淀。波茲奧還表示，他的過濾是一樣的”的那些誰建立了威爾斯在皇宮的總督在威尼斯和皇宮的紅衣主教沙奇特，在羅馬</p><p>　　已知最古老的考古實例水過濾和威尼斯殖民地她占領。華麗的頭上的蓄水池熊的日期，但不知道當過濾器放置。威尼斯，建立在一系列島嶼

29、，以捕捉和儲存雨水的主要淡水供應超過1300年。蓄水池建造和許多被連接在stone-grated趕上盆地，然后過濾，通過砂為水箱。</p><p>　　一個全面的文章對威尼斯供水的出現(xiàn)在應用力學學報1863。威尼斯陸地面積12.85畝，年平均降雨量為32英寸（中）。幾乎所有這些雨水收集在177個公共和私人1900水箱。這些水箱提供平均每日供應4.2加侖每天人均消費低（gpcd）。這部分是由于缺乏下水道，實踐洗衣服

30、的瀉湖，和普遍飲用的酒。這些蓄水池一直是主要的水供應威尼斯直到第十六世紀。</p><p>　　許多實驗進行了第十八和第十九世紀在英國，法國，德國，俄羅斯。·達西專利過濾器在法國和英國在1865和預期的所有方面的美國迅速砂過濾器除凝血。他似乎是第一個適用法律液壓濾波器的設計。</p><p>　　第一個過濾器將水供給到整個城市完成了派斯利，蘇格蘭，1804，但水被送到消費者。在格