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1、<p><b>  外文翻譯</b></p><p>  班級:08工商管理1班 學(xué)號:D08560134 姓名:張飛飛</p><p><b>  原文1</b></p><p>  Foreign Investment and Ethics: How to Contribute to Social

2、Responsibility by Doing Business in Less-Developed Countries</p><p>  1.Introduction</p><p>  Globalization, foreign direct investment (FDI), and trade can potentially bring social, economic, an

3、d business benefits to emerging market countries through inflow of capital, knowledge, and increased employment. However, the specific conditions and mechanisms for this to happen are complex, not well understood, and ma

4、y depend upon an individual country’s situation. There is a broad stream of research which argues on the one hand that FDI effects can be unpredictable, unintended, and counterprod</p><p>  2.Incentive and A

5、dvantage Based Ethics</p><p>  Pre-modern philosophy considered (universal) standards as given. We argue that a different approach which comes closer to relativism and even constructivism is needed in contem

6、porary complex global business. Homann (2002) states that in the age of globalization, moral foundations should be based on advantages and incentives, and that ethics is not about following rules, but about developing th

7、em, i.e. not about just following rules but setting the rules of the game. With so-called “incentive- an</p><p>  There is a long tradition—both in public and academic discourse—of discussing the tension-fil

8、led relationship between profit and morality under competitive market circumstances (Hemphill 2004). Often, proof is sought by recurring to a list of moral concerns, which includes environmental pollution, global warming

9、, child labor, human rights violations, the deterioration of social standards like job security, and the fight against corruption. In these instances, and in many more, what for a long ti</p><p>  3.Attracti

10、ng and Conducting FDI: A Two-Way Street</p><p>  Through FDI, a company not only penetrates a host country’s market, it may also gain access to resources, economies of scale and scope in production, logistic

11、s, and marketing processes. Important markets include supply chains, distribution networks, and end customers. Whether a firm chooses FDI rather than serving foreign markets through exporting, licensing, alliances, or ot

12、her means is determined by three factors (Dunning and Lundan 2008). These include: a transferable competitive advantage in</p><p>  When the three conditions as stated above are missing then FDI either does

13、not occur or occurs only at very low levels. This explains why some areas of the world, especially the poorest, fail to attract FDI. Although FDI flows to Africa have increased in recent years, these represent only a sma

14、ll portion of the total flows to developing countries. Average annual FDI flows increased from US $ 2.2 bn. in 1980, to 15 bn. during the period 2000–2004. However, Africa’s share of global flows fell from</p><

15、;p>  Knowledge of a country or region is crucial in the choice of location, and without this, investors may underestimate entrepreneurial opportunities or overestimate risks, pushing such locations to the periphery of

16、 the decision-making process. But there are investment opportunities in almost any region of Africa. According to UNCTAD (2011a), Africa offers the highest return on FDI in the world, far exceeding all other regions. Whi

17、le not yet as competitive as the BRIC countries, the demographics bo</p><p>  Unfortunately, when reliable information is absent, and when all ingredients of a risky environment are present, the vicious cycl

18、e of poverty continues. FDI does not take place and the associated possible benefits cannot be exploited. This is where the instruments of solidarity with the poor and strong transnational institutions have a vital role.

19、 The International Development Association (IDA) is a division of the World Bank that helps the world’s poorest countries. IDA complements the World Ba</p><p>  4.Cases from Sub-Saharan Countries</p>

20、<p>  In the Republic of South Africa, quite a few investments have been directed at the specifics of this region’s consumers and producers. One of the biggest FDI deals of 2001 was Saudi Oger’s USD180 million inves

21、tment in Cell C, the new cellular operator. Also in 2001, Malaysian Resources Corporation announced a USD 200million property development. Global Environment Fund acquired forestry assets worth USD150 million billion fro

22、m Mondi and formed Global Forest Products, signaling its intention to b</p><p>  The second case is from Uganda, which in the past was shunned by investors, but has over the past 20 years attracted a signifi

23、cant number of investors mainly in response to the implementation of far-reaching economic and structural reforms. Privatization of state enterprises and the return of confiscated enterprises and properties to the Asians

24、 who had been expelled form the country during the Idi Amin dictatorship, have positively affected the attraction of FDI. But a major impact on social dev</p><p>  Another example for positive FDI effects is

25、 the agro-business investments in various sub-Saharan states. In recent years, agriculture is being perceived as a sector that not only offers investment opportunities for the private sector but also a drives local devel

26、opment of agriculture-related industries and the rural nonfarm economy (World Bank 2007). In East Africa, fisheries are an expanding sub-sector due to the presence of some of the largest fresh water lakes in the world. L

27、ake Victoria, hal</p><p>  From this type of investments, the low-skilled labor force which is employed in subsistence farming purposes is being converted into skilled labor with processed foods gaining prom

28、inence in both domestic and global markets. And the primary investments spur follow-ups like the DrumNet project implemented launched by Pride Africa that uses a mobile phone interface to link smallholder farmers to bank

29、s, farm input suppliers and agricultural buyers.The project’s premise is that information on the mar</p><p>  To conclude this list of examples, reference shall be made to private sector participation in agr

30、icultural water development, which has been developing over the last decade in e.g. Kenya, Niger, and Cameroon. Private investment here uses increased technologies for in-field rainwater management for dryland crops, the

31、 objective of which is to increase the effectiveness of rainfall to stabilize and enhance yields. The most promising of these are the various types of conservation farming, including </p><p>  5.Summary and

32、Trends</p><p>  The current wave of globalization has intensified the competition for FDI among developing countries, and all actors share responsibility to make changes in attitudes, policies, and structure

33、s (Dupasquier and Osakwe 2005). International organizations, national governments, business, labor, civil society, and the media each have important roles to play.</p><p>  Opportunistic and short-term ventu

34、res driven only by the profit motive are becoming less acceptable, bringing corporations pursuing such strategies into disrepute, and making them targets for a technology-enabled global community of activists and NGOs. S

35、trategies that not only add to business value but also lead to long-term economic and social improvements are increasing in significance. Profit seeking by, e.g., selling luxury goods or high-end eco-tourism destinations

36、 to an elite of wealthy cu</p><p>  This paper has highlighted the complexity and challenges of moving to a more socially responsible vision of capitalism across borders. There is a wide body of theoretical

37、and empirical literature on the economic effects of FDI. However, studies addressing the links between cross-border business and ethical considerations are less abundant. This paper describes a growing body of study and

38、evidence relating FDI, ethics, CSR, and poverty alleviation. We have addressed poverty alleviation as a key q</p><p>  Author:Roland Bardy, Stephen Drew,Tumenta F. Kennedy</p><p>  Nationality:U

39、SA,USA,Germany</p><p>  Originate from:Journal of Business Ethics © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 10.1007/s10551-011-0994-7</p><p><b>  譯文1</b></p><p> 

40、 國外投資和道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn):</p><p>  在欠發(fā)達(dá)國家如何通過商業(yè)經(jīng)營為社會(huì)責(zé)任做出貢獻(xiàn)</p><p><b>  1.導(dǎo)言</b></p><p>  經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化,外商直接投資(FDI),和貿(mào)易通過資本和知識的流入很可能為新興市場國家?guī)砩鐣?huì)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和商業(yè)利益,增加就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。然而,具體情況和機(jī)制是復(fù)雜的,這種情況的發(fā)生不好理解,可能取決于個(gè)

41、別國家的情況。有一個(gè)廣泛的研究流派認(rèn)為,F(xiàn)DI的影響是不可預(yù)知的,意想不到的,并且是適得其反(Nunnenkamp 2001;Yamin和Sinkovics 2009),甚至是威脅性的(迪克森吳昱。1986;Mengistu 2009)。其他學(xué)者則對發(fā)展問題展現(xiàn)出了一種積極參與的姿態(tài)。最近還有一個(gè)更現(xiàn)實(shí)更具批判性的證據(jù),更深入探討了國際商務(wù)的外部效應(yīng)(Ghauri和Yamin2009)。很多的研究主要集中于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展(參考于概述,陳其昕等

42、人2005),而只有少數(shù)著作涉及發(fā)展問題(Pratt 1991; Donaldson 2001; Kolk and van Tulder 2006; Jamali 2010)。然而,相關(guān)的倫理和社會(huì)問題對跨國企業(yè)(MNE)的策略和長期成功來說是至關(guān)重要的。這些問題包括腐敗、就業(yè)狀況、營銷實(shí)務(wù)、和對自然環(huán)境的影響(Donaldson 1989; Longworth 199</p><p>  2.激勵(lì)和利益為基礎(chǔ)的

43、倫理道德 </p><p>  近代哲學(xué)認(rèn)為(通用)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是被給予的。我們認(rèn)為,接近的相對主義和對等的建構(gòu)主義的不同方法是被當(dāng)代復(fù)雜的全球經(jīng)濟(jì)所需要。夫曼(2002)指出,在全球化時(shí)代,道德基礎(chǔ)應(yīng)根據(jù)利益和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),并認(rèn)為倫理道德不是其次的規(guī)則,但會(huì)隨著發(fā)展,它們不是次要的規(guī)則,而是游戲設(shè)定的規(guī)則。所謂的“激勵(lì)和利益為基礎(chǔ)的倫理道德”(luetge2005),它的問題不在于是否利他主義或其他尋求的行為是無利益的等是過時(shí)

44、的,也不在于實(shí)踐是否證明只有自利行為才會(huì)導(dǎo)致有益的經(jīng)濟(jì)效果。 </p><p>  有一個(gè)很長時(shí)間的慣例,包括公共部門和學(xué)術(shù)論文,關(guān)于討論在市場競爭情況下利潤和道德的之間緊張的關(guān)系(Hemphill2004)。通常,尋求依據(jù)的方式是通過一系列的道德問題,其中包括環(huán)境污染,全球變暖,童工,侵犯人權(quán),惡化的社會(huì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn),如工作安全,和反腐敗斗爭。在這些情況下,并在多數(shù)情況下,長期以來一直視為私人利益與公共利益之間的沖突,

45、現(xiàn)在成為一個(gè)協(xié)作問題。私人公司似乎越來越愿意去扮演企業(yè)公民的角色,通過擁抱政治行動(dòng)者的權(quán)利和義務(wù)。他們通過積極與政府或民間社會(huì)組織合作,來找尋固有的規(guī)則和潛在的規(guī)則。但什么是他們的動(dòng)機(jī)和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì),以及什么道德行為是被需要去鼓勵(lì)追求的?一個(gè)答案是關(guān)于博奇特(1999)稱之的“錯(cuò)誤”往往是沉睡在商業(yè)道德的。</p><p>  3.吸引和進(jìn)行外商直接投資:雙向軌道 </p><p>  通過對外直

46、接投資,公司不僅滲透東道國的市場,也可以得到渠道去接觸資源,規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)和范圍經(jīng)濟(jì)在生產(chǎn),物流,銷售的過程。重要的市場包括供應(yīng)鏈,分銷網(wǎng)絡(luò),以及終端客戶。一個(gè)企業(yè)是選擇對外直接投資還是通過國外市場的出口,許可,聯(lián)盟,或其他手段提供服務(wù),取決于三個(gè)因素(鄧寧和蘭頓2008)。它們包括:在本土市場轉(zhuǎn)讓的競爭優(yōu)勢,使公司在市場利用其競爭優(yōu)勢的國外市場的具體特點(diǎn),以及企業(yè)利用主辦國所提供的控制整個(gè)價(jià)值鏈來提高其競爭地位的能力。所有這三個(gè)條件必須存在

47、不然外國直接投資是可能不會(huì)發(fā)生(鄧寧和蘭頓2008)。本公司特有的構(gòu)成外溢效應(yīng)(擴(kuò)散技術(shù),二次就業(yè),并提高技能),這些優(yōu)勢往往是欠發(fā)達(dá)國家的成長和發(fā)展所需要的。東道國與投資者可能側(cè)重于將特定位置的優(yōu)勢因素作為吸引更高水平的外國直接投資流入的因素。 </p><p>  當(dāng)上文所述的這三個(gè)條件不見時(shí),直接投資就不會(huì)發(fā)生或者只發(fā)生在非常低的水平。這解釋了為什么世界上的一些地區(qū),特別是貧窮的地區(qū),無法吸引外國直接投資。

48、雖然最近幾年外國直接投資流入到非洲的數(shù)目在有所增加,這些流入到發(fā)展中國家的數(shù)目只占一小部分的。平均每年外國直接投資流量的增加額從1980年的2.2美元增加到2000–2004年的15美元。然而,非洲占全球資金的流動(dòng)量從1980年的2.3%降到2000–2004期間的1.5%。其中流入發(fā)展中國家的,非洲的份額從1980年的10%下降到2000–2004期間的7%(克里問2009)。當(dāng)?shù)氐幕A(chǔ)設(shè)施,有效的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)政策,和可靠可能的東道國為外

49、國公司選擇的地點(diǎn)等相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),這些都是決定性的。可這些在非洲往往很缺乏。 </p><p>  對一個(gè)國家或地區(qū)的了解在地點(diǎn)的選擇是十分重要的,沒有這一點(diǎn),投資者可能低估或高估創(chuàng)業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn),從而做出推動(dòng)這些地點(diǎn)到其周邊的決策。但在大多數(shù)非洲的任何地區(qū)也是有投資機(jī)會(huì)。根據(jù)聯(lián)合國貿(mào)易和發(fā)展會(huì)議(2011a),非洲是世界上提供最高回報(bào)的投資地區(qū),投資回報(bào)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過其他地區(qū)。雖然沒有金磚四國的競爭力,但人口是個(gè)好兆頭,非洲

50、作為一個(gè)市場其一半以上的人口是24歲以下的。歐洲的人口到2050年將損失6千萬,然而,非洲將增加9億。具有諷刺意味的是,非洲的貧窮創(chuàng)造了機(jī)會(huì):教育;保??;基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施;開設(shè)賬戶的銀行;以及中產(chǎn)階級期望的消費(fèi)商品等(路易斯2010)。 </p><p>  在所有這些領(lǐng)域,非洲的撒哈拉以南的一些地區(qū)仍有不足之處,而且往往是,加強(qiáng)政治和機(jī)構(gòu)不穩(wěn)定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和不可預(yù)測性和高層次的腐敗(ngowi2001)。投資者需要可靠的信息

51、,但往往官方統(tǒng)計(jì)資料往往缺乏或不可靠,甚至官方無法提供關(guān)于市場、商業(yè)伙伴和現(xiàn)有的勞動(dòng)力等可靠的數(shù)據(jù)來源(甘乃迪2011)。不幸的是,目前的情況正是可靠的信息不存在以及所有配套都處于一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的環(huán)境,貧困的惡性循環(huán)正持續(xù)著。外商直接投資不發(fā)生以及相關(guān)的可能的好處不能被利用。于是,窮人和強(qiáng)大的跨國機(jī)構(gòu)相互團(tuán)結(jié)在一起,共同促進(jìn)起到非常重要的作用。國際開發(fā)協(xié)會(huì)(開發(fā)協(xié)會(huì))是世界銀行的一個(gè)分支,用來幫助世界上那些最貧窮的國家。國際開發(fā)協(xié)會(huì)補(bǔ)充了世界

52、銀行其他貸款機(jī)構(gòu),創(chuàng)立了為中等收入國家提供投資資本及咨詢服務(wù)的國際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行(世界銀行)。國際復(fù)興開發(fā)銀行和國際開發(fā)協(xié)會(huì)在工作人員和評估項(xiàng)目以及嚴(yán)格的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)上實(shí)習(xí)共享。這些共同的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),鼓勵(lì)私人投資者跟風(fēng),以及解決信息和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的不足。 </p><p>  4.撒哈拉以南的非洲國家案件</p><p>  在南非共和國,不少投資已對準(zhǔn)了這個(gè)地區(qū)的具體消費(fèi)者和生產(chǎn)者。其中一個(gè)最大的外國直接投

53、資交易是2001年沙特阿拉伯投資的一億八千萬美元的Cell C,這是新的劃分操作。也在2001年,馬來西亞資源公司宣布一項(xiàng)二千萬美元的物業(yè)開發(fā)。全球環(huán)境基金從蒙迪獲得價(jià)值150億美元的林業(yè)資產(chǎn)并形成全球森林產(chǎn)品,這些表明其有意去競購國有的林業(yè)資產(chǎn)。這些企業(yè)不僅有助于提高基地的后續(xù)投資,擴(kuò)大當(dāng)?shù)氐男∑髽I(yè)的機(jī)會(huì),他們也改善了農(nóng)村地區(qū)的通信,提供了新的技能來推動(dòng)迄今仍不是很熟練的勞作(阿慶伯格等人,2006)。 </p><

54、;p>  第二個(gè)例子是烏干達(dá),這在過去是被投資者回避的,但在過去20年中吸引了大量的投資者,主要是因?yàn)闉醺蛇_(dá)針對性地實(shí)施了深遠(yuǎn)的經(jīng)濟(jì)和結(jié)構(gòu)改革。國有企業(yè)私有化和歸還在伊迪阿明獨(dú)裁時(shí)期被逐出該國的亞洲人的被收的企業(yè),以及受吸引外商直接投資的積極影響。但在烏干達(dá)主要影響社會(huì)的發(fā)展是源于對外直接投資的服務(wù)業(yè)迅速增長。這是典型的支持生產(chǎn)部門的會(huì)計(jì)和計(jì)算機(jī)服務(wù),倉儲(chǔ),運(yùn)輸、通信和其他服務(wù)。此外,經(jīng)濟(jì)的自由化伴隨著當(dāng)?shù)胤?wù)的需求,如移動(dòng)電話已

55、吸引對區(qū)域和國際的進(jìn)行投資大玩家,如 沃達(dá)豐和MTN(南非網(wǎng)絡(luò)運(yùn)營商)。 </p><p>  另一個(gè)例子積極的對外直接投資影響是在各個(gè)撒哈拉以南國家投資的企業(yè)。近年來,農(nóng)業(yè)是被視為一個(gè)部門,不僅為私人部門提供了投資機(jī)會(huì),也帶動(dòng)了地方農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)和農(nóng)村非農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展(世界銀行,2007)。 在東非,由于存在是世界上存在一些最大的淡水湖泊,從而漁業(yè)成為一個(gè)不斷擴(kuò)大的部門。其中一半是烏干達(dá)的維多利亞湖,是世界上第二大的淡

56、水湖。同樣,加納,科特迪瓦和喀麥隆因農(nóng)業(yè)氣候條件適宜可可生產(chǎn)以及加工從而吸引投資。這種投資的類型,從事生存農(nóng)業(yè)用途的低技術(shù)勞動(dòng)力,在國內(nèi)和全球市場正越來越突出地被轉(zhuǎn)化成熟練勞動(dòng)力與食品加工。主要投資刺激的后續(xù)行動(dòng)像DrumNet項(xiàng)目實(shí)施,這些都是非洲的驕傲,使用移動(dòng)電話接口連接農(nóng)民、銀行、農(nóng)業(yè)投入的供應(yīng)商以及農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的買家。 該項(xiàng)目的前提是,信息在市場中是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素,使農(nóng)民得到了充分的市場價(jià)值的產(chǎn)品。這種缺乏信息使農(nóng)民處于不利的財(cái)務(wù)狀況

57、,使他們難以獲取需要資金和資源來發(fā)展他們的業(yè)務(wù)。DrumNet項(xiàng)目提供市場營銷,財(cái)務(wù)和信息服務(wù),旨在促進(jìn)財(cái)富的創(chuàng)造和小農(nóng)的經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化。 </p><p>  為了推斷這些例子,應(yīng)當(dāng)參考已在過去十年中參與農(nóng)業(yè)開發(fā)的私營部門,如肯尼亞,尼日爾,和喀麥隆。私人投資在這里使用增加領(lǐng)域的雨水來管理旱地作物的技術(shù),其目的是提高效率的降雨來穩(wěn)定和提高產(chǎn)量。這些不同類型的保護(hù)性耕作最有前途的包括深翻,減少耕作,免耕,及各類種植盆

58、,所有這些在該區(qū)域的許多地方,無論是在半干旱和亞濕潤干旱區(qū)都已成功地表明。結(jié)果是令人印象深刻,特別是當(dāng)技術(shù)的投入與已被稱為“農(nóng)民田間學(xué)校”相結(jié)合。</p><p><b>  5.現(xiàn)狀與趨勢 </b></p><p>  對于在發(fā)展中國家進(jìn)行的外國直接投資來說,目前的全球化的競爭浪潮愈演愈烈,并且所有的行動(dòng)者在態(tài)度,政策,和組織的改變上一起分擔(dān)責(zé)任(Dupasquie

59、r和Osakwe2005)。國際組織,各國政府,企業(yè),勞工,民間社會(huì)和媒體,每個(gè)都發(fā)揮著重要的作用。</p><p>  只有通過利潤動(dòng)機(jī)驅(qū)動(dòng)的機(jī)會(huì)主義與短期投資越來越不可接受的,這會(huì)使得企業(yè)追求的戰(zhàn)略是名聲好的,并使他們的目標(biāo)對準(zhǔn)一個(gè)有技術(shù)能力的活動(dòng)家和非政府組織所在的全球社區(qū)。不僅增加企業(yè)價(jià)值并且同時(shí)也導(dǎo)致長期的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)進(jìn)步的戰(zhàn)略,是增加的意義。追求利潤的項(xiàng)目,例如,銷售奢侈品或高檔的生態(tài)旅游目的地給一個(gè)富

60、裕的精英客戶,有或是使用部分利潤來解決社會(huì)不平等問題,這都將是不足夠的。在頂部的需要服務(wù)的客戶比起在底部和越來越多的行列中具有類似的野心的發(fā)達(dá)國家的同行顯得越來越不重要,這似乎也顯示了這個(gè)世界已開始表明一些原則和價(jià)值觀。公平的全球化意味著要使得這些價(jià)值觀要成為全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的進(jìn)程中一個(gè)組成部分。 </p><p>  本文突出了一個(gè)更大的跨越國界的資本主義的社會(huì)責(zé)任視野的復(fù)雜性和挑戰(zhàn)性。并有一個(gè)廣泛的理論和實(shí)證文

61、獻(xiàn)用于外國直接投資的經(jīng)濟(jì)效應(yīng)分析。然而,關(guān)于解決跨國企業(yè)的商業(yè)和倫理方面之間的聯(lián)系的研究卻較少。本文介紹了一個(gè)不斷成長的研究和與依據(jù)的框架其中與國外直接投資,倫理,社會(huì)責(zé)任,和扶貧有關(guān)。我們已經(jīng)解決了根據(jù)全球倫理來減輕貧困的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵問題,特別是在非洲撒哈拉以南的問題。 </p><p>  作者:羅蘭德·史蒂芬,斯蒂芬,甘乃迪</p><p>  國籍:美國,美國,德國</

62、p><p>  源自:施普林格科學(xué)出版社,商業(yè)倫理雜志2011,10.1007/s10551-011-0994-7</p><p><b>  原文2</b></p><p>  “Why Don’t Consumers Care About CSR?”: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Role of CSR

63、in Consumption Decisions“</p><p>  1.Introduction</p><p>  During the past decade, consumers have become progressively more interested in corporate social responsibility (CSR) (Carrigan and Atta

64、lla 2001; Maignan 2001). Several reasons for this have been advanced: On the supply side, firms are increasingly engaging in CSR activities and place more emphasis on communicating their CSR efforts while, on the demand

65、side, consumer advocate groups are highlighting irresponsible corporate behavior and calling for boycotts (Snider et al. 2003). The increased att</p><p>  However, despite consumers’ interest in CSR and its

66、ostensive impact on purchase intention, in reality, CSR still only plays a minor role in consumption decisions (Mohr et al. 2001). This challenges many findings based on experiments and survey research, which suggest tha

67、t consumers do take a company’s CSR initiatives into account when making purchasing decisions. Possible explanations point to two shortcomings in this stream of research. First, the experimental setting of many studies i

68、nduces a</p><p>  This article is organized as follows. The next section discusses previous work on CSR and consumer behavior and identifies some of the common limitations inherent in extant research. Subseq

69、uently, the methodological approach is explained, and the findings are presented. Finally, the implications of the findings are discussed, and avenues for further research are suggested.</p><p>  2.CSR and P

70、urchase Intention</p><p>  The type of CSR activity, consumers’ support of the initiative, and their beliefs about the tradeoffs a company makes for the sake of its CSR play a crucial role in consumers’ reac

71、tions to CSR activities (Sen and Bhattacharya 2001). Furthermore, the influence of CSR on consumers’ purchase intention can be direct or indirect. The effect is indirect when a corporate context for purchase intention is

72、 created, that is when consumers know the company and its CSR efforts. However, a company’s CSR acti</p><p>  Extant research also showed that CSR only has a positive effect on consumers’ purchase intention

73、when consumers are interested in the CSR activity and support it. Moreover, there must be a good fit between the company’s CSR activity and its business. Furthermore, irresponsible corporate behavior has been found to ha

74、ve a greater impact on consumers’ purchase intention than responsible behavior (Bhattacharya and Sen 2004). </p><p>  3.Findings: Factors Influencing the Assessment of CSR as a Purchasing Criterion</p>

75、<p>  3.1Core Factors</p><p>  Consumers’ perceive two core factors as decisive for a potential consideration of CSR as a purchase criterion: information and personal concern. They are both prerequisi

76、tes for considering CSR in the purchasing process.</p><p>  The most important and complex one is information on a company’s CSR position. Information consists of two dimensions: level of information and typ

77、e of information. The former describes the extent of knowledge (e.g., no, little, or extensive knowledge) consumers have about a company’s CSR initiatives. The second dimension focuses on whether the CSR information cons

78、umers have is perceived as positive or negative. </p><p>  3.2Central Factor</p><p>  The interviewees stress that the financial situation of a consumer constitutes a central factor in this proc

79、ess. The factor not only describes the consumers’ price perception and willingness to spend money on products from socially responsible companies, but also the actual monetary resources of a person. With price being a ve

80、ry important criterion in decision-making among interviewees, the financial situation of the consumer is highly relevant when purchasing goods. These findings are in accord</p><p>  3.3Peripheral Factors<

81、/p><p>  When all core factors are met and the central factor—price—is perceived acceptable, our interviews revealed that the respondents consider three additional factors before they incorporate a company’s CS

82、R initiatives into their purchasing decisions. These peripheral factors include the image of the company, the credibility of CSR initiatives, and the influence of peer groups. The label “peripheral factors” indicates tha

83、t these factors, by themselves, are not able to trigger an inclusion of CSR cri</p><p>  Author:Magdalena Öberseder, Bodo B. Schlegelmilch, Verena Gruber</p><p>  Nationality:Austria</p&

84、gt;<p>  Originate from:Journal of Business Ethics © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 10.1007/s10551-011-0925-7</p><p><b>  譯文2</b></p><p>  “為什么消費(fèi)者不關(guān)心企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任?”:探

85、索企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任如何影響消費(fèi)者決策的定性研究 </p><p><b>  1.導(dǎo)言</b></p><p>  在過去的十年里,消費(fèi)者已經(jīng)變得對企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任越來越感興趣(卡里根和阿塔拉2001,麥格納2001)。這幾個(gè)原因推進(jìn)了這一現(xiàn)象:在供應(yīng)方面,公司正在越來越多地參與企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的活動(dòng)中,更加強(qiáng)調(diào)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的溝通努力,同時(shí),在需求方面,消費(fèi)者倡導(dǎo)團(tuán)體強(qiáng)調(diào)呼吁抵制

86、不負(fù)責(zé)任的行為(施耐德等。2003)。一些調(diào)查和實(shí)驗(yàn)似乎表明增加對企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的注意力似乎也影響到消費(fèi)者的購買意向(例如,布朗和達(dá)西1997;摩爾和韋伯2005,森和貝塔2001)。 </p><p>  然而,盡管消費(fèi)者關(guān)注企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任,也表明其對消費(fèi)者購買意向的影響,在現(xiàn)實(shí)中,企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任在消費(fèi)決策仍然只扮演一個(gè)次要角色(莫爾等人2001)。這是在許多調(diào)查結(jié)果和調(diào)查研究的基礎(chǔ)上作出的挑戰(zhàn),而其中研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)消費(fèi)

87、者在作出購買決定是會(huì)考慮公司企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任倡議??赡艿慕忉?,這些調(diào)查研究中有兩個(gè)缺點(diǎn)。首先,實(shí)驗(yàn)中設(shè)置了許多研究誘導(dǎo)人意識到企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任。因此,雖然這些研究提供一些有益的見解,實(shí)際上企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任對消費(fèi)行為的影響可能無法充分反映。其次,大多數(shù)這些研究往往帶有社會(huì)認(rèn)可的偏見:當(dāng)被問到對企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任態(tài)度時(shí),消費(fèi)者會(huì)宣布他們的意愿和行動(dòng),,但說到真正的消費(fèi),只有很少考慮企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任(Auger 和 Devinney 2007, Devinney

88、2010)。更好地了解企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任對購買決策的所發(fā)揮的作用,需要了解其中表明意圖和實(shí)際行為之間的差異。本文試圖闡明這個(gè)問題,并試圖對消費(fèi)者將企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任倡議作為購買標(biāo)準(zhǔn)這一現(xiàn)象提供一個(gè)更好地了解的過程。為此,我們通過深入訪談得出定性數(shù)據(jù)。研究結(jié)果表明,對企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任倡議的評價(jià)是一個(gè)復(fù)雜又有層次的過程,其中需要辨別消費(fèi)者的核心因素,重要因素和外部因素</p><p>  本文的組織如下。下一節(jié)討論以前對企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任

89、和消費(fèi)者行為的研究工作,確定在現(xiàn)有的研究中一些共同固有的局限性,。隨后,解釋該方法論的方法并提出調(diào)查結(jié)果。最后,對調(diào)查的結(jié)果進(jìn)行了討論,并作進(jìn)一步的研究。 </p><p>  2.企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任與購買意愿 </p><p>  企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任活動(dòng)的類型,消費(fèi)者對倡議的支持以及他們對信仰的權(quán)衡是源于消費(fèi)者在對企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任活動(dòng)的反應(yīng)時(shí),一家公司的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任起到了至關(guān)重要的作用。(森和巴塔200

90、1)。此外,影響企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任對消費(fèi)者購買意愿可以是直接的或間接的。當(dāng)消費(fèi)者知道公司和企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任,在企業(yè)范圍內(nèi)對購買意愿的創(chuàng)建,其中的效果是間接。然而,一個(gè)公司的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任行動(dòng)對有吸引力的產(chǎn)品也有直接影響。如果企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任倡議所對應(yīng)的消費(fèi)者也具有企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的信念并且支持這些倡議,那么這個(gè)公司的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任倡議直接影響購買意愿,(森和巴塔2001)。作出更積極的社會(huì)活動(dòng)的消費(fèi)者也被發(fā)現(xiàn),他們會(huì)采取更負(fù)責(zé)任的購買決定,在他們的處事行為中

91、會(huì)負(fù)起更多的責(zé)任(莫爾和韋伯2005)。 </p><p>  現(xiàn)存的研究還表明,只有當(dāng)消費(fèi)者對社會(huì)責(zé)任活動(dòng)有興趣時(shí)并且支持企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任時(shí),企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任才會(huì)對消費(fèi)者的購買意向產(chǎn)生積極的影響。此外,公司的社會(huì)責(zé)任活動(dòng)及其業(yè)務(wù)之間必須有一個(gè)良好的配合。另外,萬一公司被發(fā)現(xiàn)有不負(fù)責(zé)任的行為,那么比起負(fù)責(zé)任行為,不負(fù)責(zé)任行為對消費(fèi)者購買意愿的影響更大(巴塔和森2004)。 </p><p>  3

92、.結(jié)果:影響評估企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任作為一種購買標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的因素</p><p><b>  3.1核心因素</b></p><p>  消費(fèi)者感知將潛在企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的考慮作為購買標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的兩個(gè)決定性的核心因素是:信息和個(gè)人關(guān)注。在采購過程中考慮企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任時(shí),這兩個(gè)因素都是先決條件。 </p><p>  最重要和復(fù)雜的一點(diǎn)是關(guān)于一個(gè)公司的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的立場的

93、信息。信息包含兩個(gè)維度:信息的水平和信息的類型。前者描述關(guān)于消費(fèi)者對公司的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任倡議了解的程度(例如,沒有,小,或廣泛)。第二個(gè)重點(diǎn)是,企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任信息被消費(fèi)者視為積極還是消極。</p><p><b>  3.2重要因素</b></p><p>  受訪者強(qiáng)調(diào),消費(fèi)者的財(cái)務(wù)狀況在購買過程是非常重要的因素。這些因素不僅描述了消費(fèi)者的價(jià)格認(rèn)知,并且愿意將錢花在購買

94、社會(huì)責(zé)任感的公司的產(chǎn)品,而且也表明消費(fèi)者的實(shí)際貨幣資源。在受訪者中,價(jià)格是一個(gè)非常重要的決策準(zhǔn)則,消費(fèi)者的財(cái)務(wù)狀況是與采購的商品是高度相關(guān)的。這些結(jié)果都符合以往關(guān)于價(jià)格重要性的研究(卡里根和阿塔拉2001)以及占主導(dǎo)地位的購買決策是財(cái)務(wù)情況而不是倫理價(jià)值(布雷等人。2011)。因此,足夠的財(cái)政資源是一個(gè)考慮公司的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任活動(dòng)作為一個(gè)購買標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的先決條件。</p><p><b>  3.3外部因素&l

95、t;/b></p><p>  當(dāng)所有的核心因素會(huì)和重要要素即價(jià)格被認(rèn)為是可以接受時(shí),我們的訪談表明,受訪者認(rèn)為三個(gè)額外的因素應(yīng)納入公司的企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任倡議作為其購買決策的條件。這些外部因素包括公司的形象,企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任倡議所形成的信譽(yù),以及同行的影響?!巴獠恳蛩亍钡臉?biāo)簽表明,這些因素是消費(fèi)者自己形成的,不能引發(fā)列入企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的決策過程。然而,消費(fèi)者表示,他們可能會(huì)進(jìn)一步提高或減少考慮企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任在購買決

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