學(xué)校外文翻譯--新學(xué)校的思想

1、<p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p><b>　　新學(xué)校的思想</b></p><p><b>　　莫里斯紐曼</b></p><p>　　幾年前，保羅康明斯看著圣莫尼卡的一個(gè)工業(yè)區(qū)的一個(gè)有老鼠出沒(méi)的車(chē)庫(kù)時(shí)，他“看到”了一個(gè)圖書(shū)館。當(dāng)他從貝爾蒙特高中附近的一個(gè)廢棄的小型商場(chǎng)開(kāi)車(chē)

2、經(jīng)過(guò)時(shí)，他“看到”了市內(nèi)的一個(gè)兒童公立學(xué)校。當(dāng)康明斯走過(guò)一個(gè)過(guò)時(shí)的20世紀(jì)60年代的摩天大廈時(shí)，他“看到”了一個(gè)幼兒園的教室。</p><p>　　康明斯，Crossroads School和New Roads School的校長(zhǎng)——圣塔莫尼卡的私立學(xué)?！谶^(guò)去三十年里，把蔓生的城鄉(xiāng)校園都整合到了一起，主要是通過(guò)重新利用舊建筑的方法。他還在卡米諾努埃沃公立學(xué)校校園的創(chuàng)造建設(shè)中擔(dān)任了咨詢顧問(wèn)的角色，那是一個(gè)由洛杉

3、磯市區(qū)附近的一個(gè)小商場(chǎng)改建而來(lái)的公立學(xué)校。康明斯自豪地指出，在他的學(xué)校改建項(xiàng)目中，不像一些公立學(xué)校的項(xiàng)目那樣，沒(méi)有一個(gè)是要把當(dāng)?shù)氐木用駨乃麄兊募依锘蛘吖纠镖s走的，</p><p>　　康明斯在改建現(xiàn)有的建筑成為學(xué)校的構(gòu)想歷程中并不孤單。這種做法已成為當(dāng)?shù)厣贁?shù)建筑師的一個(gè)專(zhuān)業(yè)，他們的一些項(xiàng)目還獲得了設(shè)計(jì)大獎(jiǎng)?，F(xiàn)有樓宇改建成學(xué)校的項(xiàng)目利息在加州集成了特殊的動(dòng)力，在加州學(xué)校建設(shè)是一個(gè)緊迫的問(wèn)題。根據(jù)國(guó)家教育部的規(guī)定，

4、整個(gè)加州的公立學(xué)區(qū)必須以某種方式在未來(lái)五年建造344所學(xué)校。</p><p>　　洛杉磯聯(lián)合學(xué)區(qū)必須在未來(lái)六年內(nèi)建立85個(gè)新學(xué)校，對(duì)于一個(gè)自1971年以來(lái)都沒(méi)建造一所新高中的學(xué)區(qū)而言，這是一個(gè)空前的壯舉。“如果我們沒(méi)有成功，到2007年就有63,000個(gè)學(xué)生沒(méi)有座位?！盠AUSD首席執(zhí)行官吉姆麥康奈爾說(shuō)，“這些是驚人的數(shù)字。”</p><p>　　但是，當(dāng)看到要把持續(xù)發(fā)展的市區(qū)中的建筑物作

5、為新的教室空間的原料時(shí)，許多公立學(xué)校的官員在當(dāng)?shù)貭?zhēng)議了起來(lái)，這種改建是否能節(jié)省成本？是否比新的建設(shè)更加可行？盡管如此，在過(guò)去從未依賴過(guò)建筑轉(zhuǎn)型的LAUSD，還是看好學(xué)校轉(zhuǎn)型這個(gè)做法。最近，學(xué)校董事會(huì)同意收購(gòu)一個(gè)在太陽(yáng)谷的辦公樓作為一所新的高校的地址，官員們?cè)诳紤]把高校建設(shè)在洛杉磯地區(qū)的市中心商會(huì)大廈的可能性，同樣的，還有Maguire Partners擁有的一個(gè)在格蘭大道的17層停車(chē)場(chǎng)建筑的第17層。</p><p&

6、gt;　　可是根據(jù)洛杉磯Pica＆Sullivan的校長(zhǎng)、建筑師約瑟夫皮卡所說(shuō)，舊房改建成學(xué)校要面對(duì)大量的技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)。舊樓往往需要大量的抗震升級(jí)，以滿足當(dāng)今的建筑規(guī)范。他們還需要新的管道和電氣導(dǎo)管來(lái)為計(jì)算機(jī)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)進(jìn)行連接，同樣的，還有一些安全設(shè)備，如煙霧報(bào)警器和消防噴頭。</p><p>　　在一些案例中，學(xué)校改建不需要改變?cè)薪ㄖ问?，比如在中威爾希爾區(qū)的具有里程碑意義的威爾希爾寺的宗教教室，它已經(jīng)成為卡米諾努

7、埃沃中學(xué)。同時(shí)在鮑德溫山上的巴哈教寺，New Roads School說(shuō)服教眾為寺廟建造一個(gè)新的“翅膀”用來(lái)作為一個(gè)中學(xué)和一個(gè)交誼廳。</p><p>　　這種保守的改造方式也用在在帕薩迪納的兩套房子，那里已成為韋斯特里奇學(xué)校的教室及行政空間，它是一所女子私立預(yù)備學(xué)校。坐落在高檔住宅區(qū)，學(xué)校購(gòu)買(mǎi)并重新設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)鄰近的有英國(guó)都鐸風(fēng)格的房子，教室在第二層和行政空間在下面。</p><p>　　著

8、手一個(gè)精致的項(xiàng)目。</p><p>　　皮特凱恩住宅，一個(gè)由藝術(shù)和工藝大師Greene & Greene 在1906設(shè)計(jì)的房子的改建更是一個(gè)精巧的項(xiàng)目。建筑師皮卡和他的搭檔莫林沙利文修復(fù)了幾個(gè)在早期改造中被拆除的墻，并發(fā)現(xiàn)了最小限度地安裝現(xiàn)代化消防灑水器和煙霧探測(cè)器到木墻的方法。</p><p>　　然而，更多的時(shí)候，把建筑調(diào)整成一所學(xué)校，需要徹底重建。Crossroads Sch

9、ool于1997年，把在圣莫尼卡的一個(gè)40年歷史的辦公大樓改裝成了小學(xué)教室。那個(gè)辦公大樓本是為現(xiàn)已解散的航空航天公司建造的，建筑物是巨大的，是一個(gè)無(wú)特色的帶有幾個(gè)窗口的由混凝土砌塊組成的盒子。根據(jù)Crossroad初中部部主管瓊馬丁所說(shuō)，皮卡和沙利文的逐客令將這些不友好的建筑轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榱恕凹t色的小學(xué)校房子——紅色的小平房由藤蔓覆蓋著”。</p><p>　　把一個(gè)大型建筑分解成一個(gè)舒適的為兒童使用的建筑是不容易的事。

10、設(shè)計(jì)師把平面分為四個(gè)“象限”，其中每個(gè)“象限”為一個(gè)由教室集群包圍的圓形大廳，通過(guò)天窗照明。他們把許多窗戶切成空白的墻壁，用泥灰抹平混凝土砌塊，用油漆粉刷建筑物成淡黃色。在黑暗中，無(wú)窗的建筑內(nèi)部，建筑師創(chuàng)建了寬闊的走廊，作為“街道”連接不同的教室組群。</p><p>　　如果結(jié)果不是名副其實(shí)的紅色小校舍，馬丁把它叫做“偉大的建筑”，然后補(bǔ)充說(shuō)，她對(duì)寬敞的走廊特別滿意?！八峁┝丝臻g讓孩子，大人，嬰兒，狗和貓?jiān)谖?/p>

11、們的走廊上，并成為學(xué)校社區(qū)的一部分?！彼f(shuō)。</p><p>　　相比較新學(xué)校的建設(shè)，建筑轉(zhuǎn)型的成本相對(duì)較低。Crossroads土地支付為600萬(wàn)美元，以及另外撥款550萬(wàn)美元作為建筑轉(zhuǎn)換。學(xué)?；ǜ嗟腻X(qián)建造一間健身房和田徑場(chǎng)，使整個(gè)校園的花費(fèi)為約1700萬(wàn)美元。</p><p>　　雖然公立學(xué)校通常更傾向于選擇去興建新學(xué)校，而不是修復(fù)古建筑，但是現(xiàn)在一些學(xué)校官員說(shuō)，他們是接受建筑轉(zhuǎn)換的

12、可能性的。國(guó)家教育部的設(shè)施主管Duwayne布魯克斯說(shuō)，“我們支持這個(gè)選項(xiàng)，如果這是最好的建設(shè)學(xué)校的情況?！痹撌鹋鷾?zhǔn)在該州所有公立學(xué)校的新的位置和設(shè)計(jì)。</p><p>　　盡管?chē)?guó)家機(jī)構(gòu)遵循學(xué)校的規(guī)模標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，“我們有很大的靈活性去看大城市地區(qū)的情況，”布魯克斯說(shuō)，“我們將與[校區(qū)]，并允許小規(guī)模的定點(diǎn)。”他舉例說(shuō)，普韋布洛小學(xué)，占據(jù)了原波莫納印第安山上的購(gòu)物中心廣場(chǎng)。最近，學(xué)區(qū)買(mǎi)了一大部分商場(chǎng)，將建立兩個(gè)新的小學(xué)在

13、那里。</p><p>　　但是LAUSD的麥康奈爾說(shuō)，他認(rèn)為把現(xiàn)有的建筑物轉(zhuǎn)化為課堂空間一般都十分昂貴。他舉例說(shuō)，費(fèi)爾德法令，學(xué)校的安全法規(guī)，在20世紀(jì)30年代，這需要一個(gè)高層次的結(jié)構(gòu)安全。他說(shuō)，舊樓的購(gòu)買(mǎi)費(fèi)用和增強(qiáng)它們抗震防護(hù)的費(fèi)用，讓大多數(shù)的建筑物過(guò)于昂貴，而不能適用改建的方式。（LAUSD預(yù)算為每個(gè)學(xué)生從22,000美元到27,000美元的建筑費(fèi)用，不包括土地，其中可以添加另外每名學(xué)生20,000元。）然

14、而，按照建筑師皮卡所說(shuō)，建筑轉(zhuǎn)化為私人學(xué)校，相比于抗震標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，每名學(xué)生可節(jié)省成本為15,000元。</p><p>　　他補(bǔ)充說(shuō)目前加州的建筑規(guī)范要求所有學(xué)校建筑的抗震安全性基本相同的水平，并認(rèn)為他無(wú)論是在Crossroads，還是在其他私人學(xué)校工作，都要符合結(jié)構(gòu)安全編碼標(biāo)準(zhǔn)“或超過(guò)它”。</p><p>　　根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)工程師David約翰遜所說(shuō)，時(shí)間的成本花費(fèi)更高，而不是建設(shè)的，這可能是公立

15、學(xué)校比私立學(xué)校的建立更昂貴的原因之一。在公立學(xué)校的建設(shè)中，他說(shuō)：“有一點(diǎn)是官僚，一般把更多的時(shí)間花在對(duì)計(jì)劃的審查和建立產(chǎn)品檢驗(yàn)上?！?lt;/p><p>　　皮卡和其他人認(rèn)為，公眾對(duì)學(xué)校的學(xué)區(qū)有過(guò)時(shí)的想法。例如，尺寸大小是在尋找學(xué)校的位置明顯的因素。學(xué)區(qū)常常要求大型建筑物，可容納1000人以上的學(xué)生，以及大型自助餐廳，健身房，圖書(shū)館和其他特殊空間。另一方面，大多數(shù)私立學(xué)校，可以減少對(duì)小規(guī)模的學(xué)校，并與其他機(jī)構(gòu)共享體育

16、設(shè)施所需要的成本和土地需求。在Crossroads建有健身房之前，其學(xué)生運(yùn)動(dòng)員乘坐巴士到附近的一所社區(qū)學(xué)院的健身房。（盡管缺乏一個(gè)校園健身房，學(xué)?；@球隊(duì)還是奪得了everal州的冠軍。）在Paramount的AK-8學(xué)校使用一個(gè)七英畝的城市公園作為其學(xué)校操場(chǎng)。有些公立學(xué)校是看到了小學(xué)校積極的價(jià)值，并建立了只有幾百學(xué)生只使用的新學(xué)校。比爾和梅林達(dá)蓋茨基金會(huì)已預(yù)留2億美元用來(lái)建設(shè)新的小型學(xué)?；蜣D(zhuǎn)型成更小的單位。</p><

17、;p>　　創(chuàng)造力和“捷徑”可提供財(cái)富。Crossroads承包了一個(gè)自助餐廳，用當(dāng)?shù)氐牟惋嫷隇閷W(xué)校提供午餐，而沒(méi)有選擇建立一個(gè)新食堂。New Roads School沒(méi)有建立一個(gè)圖書(shū)館，而是選擇讓學(xué)生步行到附近的圣莫尼卡公共圖書(shū)館進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí)。建筑師沙利文強(qiáng)調(diào)，舊樓的重新利用對(duì)城市有好處，因?yàn)榻ㄖD(zhuǎn)型有助于保護(hù)建筑物，街道和社區(qū)的完整性。</p><p>　　“隨著時(shí)間的流逝，有地方用來(lái)以不同的方式重復(fù)使用，而

18、不是建立在未開(kāi)墾的土地上，這對(duì)于城市而言，是非常有意義的?！彼f(shuō)?！斑@是城市成熟的標(biāo)志?！?lt;/p><p>　　文章來(lái)源：《洛杉磯時(shí)報(bào)》，2001年，8月16日</p><p><b>　　原文：</b></p><p>　　A New School of Thought</p><p>　　Morris Newman&

19、lt;/p><p>　　When Paul Cummins looked at a rat-infested garage in an industrial area of Santa Monica a few years ago, he envisioned a library. When he drove by an abandoned mini-mall near Belmont High School, he

20、 saw a charter school for inner-city children. And when Cummins walked through obsolete aerospace buildings from the 1960s, he saw classrooms for kindergartners.</p><p>　　Cummins, president of Crossroads Sch

21、ool and New Roads School——private schools in Santa Monica——has put together sprawling urban school campuses for both during the past three decades, largely by reusing older buildings. He also played an advisory role in t

22、he creation of the campus of the Camino Nuevo charter school, a public school near downtown L.A. fashioned out of a mini-mall. Cummins notes with pride that none of his school conversion projects have displaced people fr

23、om their homes or busine</p><p>　　Cummins is not alone in his desire to recycle existing architecture into schools. The practice has become a specialty of a handful of local architects, and several of their

24、projects have won design awards. Interest in the conversion of existing buildings into schools is gathering particular momentum in California, where school construction is a matter of urgency. Statewide, public school di

25、stricts must somehow build 344 schools in the next five years, according to the state Department of Educati</p><p>　　Los Angeles Unified School District must build 85 new schools in the next six years, an un

26、precedented building feat for a district that has not built a new high school since 1971. "If we don't succeed, there will be 63,000 students without seats by the year 2007," said Jim McConnell, LAUSD chief

27、 facilities executive. "Those are staggering numbers."</p><p>　　But while some see buildings in long-developed urban areas as raw material for new classroom space, many public school officials loca

28、lly dispute whether such conversions are less expensive and therefore more viable than new construction. Still, LAUSD, which has not relied on rehabs in the past, is looking at properties for school make-overs. Recently,

29、 the school board agreed to buy an office building in Sun Valley as the site of a new high school, and officials are exploring the possibility of b</p><p>　　Converting older buildings into schools, however,

30、can involve "tons of technical challenges," according to architect Joseph Pica, principal of Los Angeles-based Pica & Sullivan. Older buildings often need substantial seismic upgrades to meet today's bu

31、ilding codes. They also need new plumbing and electrical conduits for computers and Internet hookups, as well as safety features, such as smoke alarms and fire sprinklers.</p><p>　　In some cases, school conv

32、ersions do not require changing the form of the original building, such as the religious classrooms in the landmark Wilshire Temple in the Mid-Wilshire area, which have become a middle school for Camino Nuevo. At the Bah

33、ai Temple in Baldwin Hills, New Roads School persuaded the congregation to build a new wing to serve as both a middle school and a new social hall for the temple.</p><p>　　This kind of conservative makeover

34、also worked with two houses in Pasadena, which have become classroom and administrative space for Westridge School, a private prep school for girls. Nestled in a high-end residential neighborhood, the school bought and r

35、edesigned a neighboring Tudor-style home, with classrooms on the second level and administrative space below.</p><p>　　Embarking on a Delicate Project.</p><p>　　The conversion of the former Pitc

36、airn House, a 1906 house by Arts-and-Crafts masters Greene & Greene, was an even more delicate project. Architect Pica and his partner Maureen Sullivan restored several walls that had been removed in an earlier remod

37、el and found ways to install modern fire sprinklers and smoke detectors with minimal intrusion to the wood-lined walls.</p><p>　　More often, however, adapting a building into a school requires radical rebuil

38、ding. Consider a pair of 40-year-old office buildings in Santa Monica that Crossroads School converted into elementary school classrooms in 1997. Built for a now-defunct aerospace company, the buildings were enormous, fe

39、atureless boxes of concrete block with few windows. Marching orders to Pica and Sullivan were to transform these unfriendly buildings into "the little red school house—— a little red bungalow covered in</p>&

40、lt;p>　　It was not an easy task. To break down the big buildings into a scale comfortable for children, the designers divided the square-shaped floor plan into four "quadrants," each of which received a round

41、 lobby encircled by a cluster of classrooms and lit with skylights. They also cut numerous windows into the blank walls, covered the concrete block with stucco and painted the buildings pale yellow. In the dark, windowle

42、ss interior of the buildings, the architects created wide hallways that serve as</p><p>　　If the result is not literally a little red schoolhouse, Martin called it a "great building" and added that

43、 she is particularly pleased with the wide hallways. "There is room for kids, adults, babies, dogs and cats to be in our hallways and be part of the school community," she said.</p><p>　　The conver

44、sion was comparatively low cost, compared to new school construction. Crossroads paid $6 million for the land, and another $5.5 million for the conversions. The school spent additional money to build a gym and athletic f

45、ield, bringing the entire campus to about $17 million.</p><p>　　Although public school districts typically prefer to build new schools rather than rehabilitate old buildings, several school officials now say

46、 they are open to the possibility of conversions. They are, said Duwayne Brooks, director of facilities for the state Department of Education, "an option that we support, if that is the best situation to locate the

47、school." The department approves the locations and designs for all new public schools in the state.</p><p>　　Although the state agency follows standards on the size of schools, "we have a lot of fl

48、exibility to look at situations in large urban areas," Brooks said. "We will work with [districts] and allow smaller-sized sites." He cited the Pueblo Elementary School, which occupies one wing of the form

49、er shopping center Plaza at Indian Hill in Pomona. Recently, the school district bought a large portion of the mall and will create two new elementary schools on the site.</p><p>　　But LAUSD's McConnell

50、said he thinks existing buildings are generally too costly to convert into classroom space. He cited the Field Act, a school-safety statute dating from the 1930s, which requires a high level of structural safety. The cos

51、t of buying old buildings and making them earthquake-proof, he said, make most buildings too expensive to adapt for reuse. (LAUSD budgets from $22,000 to $27,000 in construction costs for each student, not including land

52、, which can add another $20,000 per pu</p><p>　　He added current California building codes require essentially the same level of seismic safety in all school buildings, and that his work on Crossroads and ot

53、her private schools either meets the code standard for structural safety "or exceeds it."</p><p>　　The cost of time, rather than that of construction, may be one reason why public schools are more

54、costly to build than private schools, according to structural engineer David D.B. Johnson. In public-school construction, he said, "there is generally a bit more bureaucracy, more time is spent in the review of plan

55、s and a lot more time is spent in the inspection of the built product."</p><p>　　Pica and others believe that public school districts have outmoded ideas about schools. For example, size is an obvious f

56、actor in finding sites for schools. School districts often call for large buildings that can accommodate 1,000 or more pupils, as well as large cafeterias, gyms, libraries and other special spaces. Most private schools,

57、on the other hand, can cut costs and land requirements by opting for small schools and sharing athletic facilities with other institutions. Before Crossroads b</p><p>　　Creativity and corner-cutting can prov

58、ide savings. Rather than build a cafeteria, Crossroads contracted a local caterer to bring in school lunches. New Roads School did not build a library, opting instead to let students walk to nearby Santa Monica Public Li

59、brary. Architect Sullivan emphasizes that the use of older buildings is good for cities, because recycled buildings help preserve the integrity of streets and neighborhoods.</p><p>　　"It is very enrichi

60、ng [for the city] to have places that are reused over time in different ways, rather than build on virgin land," she said. "It's the sign of the mature city."</p><p>　　Source:《Los Angeles