外文翻譯--結(jié)構(gòu)工程在新時(shí)代遇到的機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)

1、<p>　　Structural engineering in the newmillennium: opportunities andchallenges</p><p><b>　　Abstract</b></p><p>　　Purpose – Structural engineering as a part of civil engineering

2、has over 5,000 years of distinguishedhistory, as documented in this paper. An attempt is made in this paper to define structural engineeringas it exists at present, then some historical structures are identified.</p&g

3、t;<p>　　Design/methodology/approach – The advances of structural engineering are discussed inchronological order, encompassing the development of the concept, analysis, the use of innovativeconstruction materials,

4、 and construction. The developments which necessitated the change of design</p><p>　　philosophies are presented, and the current status of structural engineering is discussed in terms ofseveral specific topi

5、cs. Opportunities and challenges in the new millennium in structural engineeringare then presented in terms of education, service to society, and research.</p><p>　　Findings – In the past, structural enginee

6、ring always met the challenges it faced. It helped toimprove our quality of life, and its role in society is not expected to change in the near future.</p><p>　　Originality/value – The paper has provided an

7、over-view of this important profession – fromancient history to the present day. Based on research over several decades it offers a prediction of thedirection in which this profession and the academic research that under

8、pins it is likely to take in thefuture.</p><p>　　Keywords- Structural engineering, Civil engineering, History</p><p>　　Paper type- Literature review</p><p>　　Introduction</p>

9、<p>　　The task of defining structural engineering is very complicated. At present it is a majorpart of civil engineering in most countries, but it could be part of any engineeringdiscipline where structures need to

10、 be built. Before discussing the engineering aspectsof structures, the most interesting question often asked by the general public is “Whatis a structure?” In a philosophical way a structure can be defined as what we see

11、around us in the plant world, insect world and the animal (including hum</p><p>　　The leaf of a plant could be very interesting, even breathtaking, but they are fragilestructures. A Saguaro Cactus is an extr

12、emely efficient structure and can live more than200 years under extreme conditions. Structures built by insects are also fascinating,and they build them to meet their needs. Who could ignore a spider’s web, a moundbuilt

13、by termites, dams built by beavers, nests built by birds, or hives built by bees?</p><p>　　Structures built by animals. including humans, do not need any further discussion.However, with our advanced knowled

14、ge at present we can define structuralengineering as a discipline that helps us to transfer a load applied in space to theground in the most efficient way. With this definition, the most efficient structure willbe a simp

15、le pole to bring a point load applied in the space.</p><p>　　Structural engineering</p><p>　　Structural engineering consists of several interconnected areas including developingunderlying physic

16、al principles, then presenting them in the form of governing equations, developing analysis techniques to solve the governing equations,integrating theories and material properties (mechanics of materials) to givespecial

17、ized structural forms, and then developing innovative construction techniques to give the concept a realistic, practical and aesthetic form. In all of these areas,structural engin</p><p>　　artistic, and entr

18、epreneur skills.The significant contributions of structural engineering can be established bystudying some old historic structures. The building of pyramids could be one of thosemonumental events. It should be noted that

19、 structures made with stone and mud or</p><p>　　with other available materials were built before pyramids, say around 3000 BC, but forthis discussion they are not considered to be engineered structures. The

20、first pyramidwas the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, built for King Zoser in 2750 BC. This represents thefirst application of large-scale technology. Imhotep, the architect of the Step Pyramid isoften credited with its design.

21、He was not a pharaoh or structural engineer, but was the</p><p>　　Director of Works of Upper and Lower Egypt. The superstructure of the pyramid was made of small limestone blocks and desert clay. The Great P

22、yramid of Giza was built by the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty around the year 2560 BC toserve as his tomb.</p><p>　　The way we define structural engineering today was most likely initiated at

23、thetime of Lord Buddha, about 500 BC Greeks played very important roles during thistime – the Parthenon was built in 438 BC. Experience, intuition, and empirical rulesmight have played very crucial roles at this early st

24、age of development. Stone andmasonry were the primary materials used for the construction. Then Aristotle(384-322 BC) and Archimedes (287-212 BC) came into the picture. They are credited withinitiating th</p><

25、p>　　Design philosophies</p><p>　　Advances in numerical analysis techniques also identified the weaknesses in them.Most of these techniques work very well verifying failures but are generally unable toprev

26、ent failures. One of the main reasons for this is our inability to predict futureloadings and the corresponding material behavior. This is also reflected in thedevelopment in the design guidelines</p><p>　　I

27、n a historical perspective, hazards in structural engineering were observed at least4,000 years ago. The earliest known building code was used in Mesopotamia.Hammurabi, the king of Babylonia, who died about 1750 BC, issu

28、ed code provisions.They were carved in stones and they can be seen in the Louvre in Paris. Theyaddressed many different issues including economic provisions (prices, tariffs, trade,and commerce), family law (marriage and

29、 divorce), criminal law (assault, theft), andcivil law (sla</p><p>　　Current status of structural engineering</p><p>　　We will first try to address issues related to structural/civil engineering

30、 education.Then, we would like to identify some of the areas where structural engineers havemade significant contributions in the recent past. In his own career, the first authorused slide rule, log table, T-square, beve

31、l set squares, etc. For this discussion, evenobservations he made early in his career are considered to be old in a relative sense. Wewill emphasize some recent developments. The list is not exhaustive and</p><

32、;p>　　Opportunities and challenges in the new millennium</p><p>　　It is clear from the previous discussion that structural engineering has a long andillustrious history. Where do we go from here? Recent de

33、vastating failures duringearthquakes, tsunami, hurricane or tornado, impact and explosive incidences, fire, etc.,demonstrated to the world community our inability to design and construct structuresagainst these events. T

34、hus there are a lot of opportunities and challenges for structural engineers in the new millennium. We are going to identify some of them in </p><p>　　Obviously, the list is not exhaustive. This type of list

35、 will depend on the education andreal life exposure and experience of the person developing the list. Readers will have toexcuse the author for not including their research interests in the list, if they are not included

36、</p><p>　　Concluding remarks</p><p>　　Civil engineering is the oldest engineering profession. As documented in this paper,structural engineering in the context of civil engineering has over 5,00

37、0 years ofdistinguished history. It has accepted all the challenges and provided services at thehighest level to the worldwide community. It is one of the professions whose mainpurpose is to improve the quality of life.

38、The need or demand for structural engineers isexpected to remain high in the foreseeable future. Although the research relat</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)工程在新時(shí)代遇到的機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)1</p><p>　　摘要：正如這篇論文所證明的一樣，結(jié)構(gòu)工程作為土木工程的一部分已經(jīng)有

39、超過5000年非常卓越的歷史。本文嘗試根據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)工程目前的存在情況，對結(jié)構(gòu)工程進(jìn)行定義，然后對一些歷史性的建筑物進(jìn)行鑒定與評價(jià)。</p><p>　　計(jì)設(shè)/方法/途徑：對結(jié)構(gòu)工程的進(jìn)展情況按照時(shí)間順序討論，包括對其概念的認(rèn)識發(fā)展過程，創(chuàng)新型建筑材料的應(yīng)用以及一些代表性的建筑物。這些迫使人們改變設(shè)計(jì)理念的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r會在這里呈現(xiàn)出來，并且從幾個特殊的方面對結(jié)構(gòu)工程的目前狀況進(jìn)行討論。在教育、服務(wù)社會以及科研方面對結(jié)構(gòu)工程

40、在新時(shí)代遇到的機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)進(jìn)行闡述。</p><p>　　調(diào)查結(jié)果：在過去，結(jié)構(gòu)工程總是會迎接他所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)。他曾幫助提高我們的生活質(zhì)量，它在社會中的重要性在不久的將來也不會改變。</p><p>　　創(chuàng)意/價(jià)值：這篇文章從古代到當(dāng)代為這個重要的行業(yè)提供了一個超前的視野。以超過幾十年的研究作為基礎(chǔ)，這篇文章提供了一個方向的預(yù)測，這個行業(yè)以及鞏固這個行業(yè)的學(xué)術(shù)研究在未來很可能在這個方向上發(fā)展。

41、</p><p>　　關(guān)鍵詞：結(jié)構(gòu)工程；土木工程；歷史</p><p><b>　　簡介</b></p><p>　　定義結(jié)構(gòu)工程的這項(xiàng)任務(wù)非常的復(fù)雜，目前在大部分國家它是土木工程的一個主要的組成部分，但是它很有可能是任何一個需要建筑物的的學(xué)科的一個組成部分。在討論工程的結(jié)構(gòu)方面的問題之前，大眾最感興趣的常被大眾所問的一個問題是“什么是結(jié)構(gòu)？”

42、，用一個哲學(xué)的方式可以把結(jié)構(gòu)定義為我們所看到周圍的植物世界，昆蟲世界和動物（包括人類）世界。植物的葉子可以很有趣，甚至是讓人吃驚的，但是他們是易碎的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。仙人掌是一種非常高效的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，而且可以在極端惡劣的環(huán)境下生存超過200年。昆蟲所建造的建筑物同樣是讓人著迷的，它們建造這些建筑物是為了滿足它們的生存需求。沒人能忽視蜘蛛網(wǎng)，白蟻建造的白蟻堆，海貍建造的水壩，鳥巢，或者蜂蜜建造的蜂巢。動物（包括人類）所建造的建筑物，不需要更進(jìn)一步的

43、討論。然而，用我們目前先進(jìn)的科學(xué)知識，可以把結(jié)構(gòu)工程定義為一個用最有效的方式把應(yīng)用于空間中的負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)移到地面上的學(xué)科。根據(jù)這個定義，最有效的結(jié)構(gòu)會是一個引起應(yīng)用于空間中的集中荷載的簡單的桿。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)構(gòu)工程</b></p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)工程包括幾個相互聯(lián)系的領(lǐng)域，這些領(lǐng)域包括發(fā)展?jié)撛诘奈锢矸▌t，然后把它們用控制方程的形式表現(xiàn)出來;發(fā)展分析技術(shù)來

44、解決控制方程，整合理論與材料屬性（材料力學(xué)）來給出專門的結(jié)構(gòu)形式，然后發(fā)展創(chuàng)新的建筑施工方法來給出一個現(xiàn)實(shí)的實(shí)用的符合美學(xué)觀點(diǎn)的結(jié)構(gòu)形式。在所有的這些領(lǐng)域中，結(jié)構(gòu)工程通過結(jié)合數(shù)學(xué)的、科學(xué)的、藝術(shù)學(xué)的以及企業(yè)家技能為其貢獻(xiàn)了很多。</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)工程的重大貢獻(xiàn)可以通過學(xué)習(xí)一些早期的有歷史意義的建筑物來確立。埃及金字塔應(yīng)該是其中一個不朽的建筑物。需要指出的是用石頭泥或者其他可以利用的材料建造的在埃及金字塔之

45、前的建筑物，假定是大概公元前3000年以前的建筑物，但是在這次討論中它們不被認(rèn)為是工程建筑物。第一個金字塔是在公元前2750年為左賽爾法老建造的階梯金字塔，這個金字塔代表了第一個大跨度工程技術(shù)的應(yīng)用。階梯金字塔的發(fā)明歸功于其建筑師英霍蒂普。他不是法老或者結(jié)構(gòu)工程師，但他是整個埃及建筑作品的主管。這個階梯金字塔的上層結(jié)構(gòu)是用小的石灰?guī)r跟沙漠粘土制作的。吉薩金字塔是埃及第四王朝法老胡夫在大概公元前2560年的建造的，這個金字塔被用于胡夫法老

46、的墓穴。</p><p>　　現(xiàn)在我們定義結(jié)構(gòu)工程的方式最有可能起始于Lord Buddha時(shí)代，大概公元前500年，在這個時(shí)期希臘有著非常重要的地位-帕臺農(nóng)神殿建造于公元前438年。經(jīng)歷、直覺和經(jīng)驗(yàn)法則在早期的發(fā)展階段發(fā)揮著非常關(guān)鍵的作用。石頭是最早期的建筑物建造材料。后來亞里士多德（384-322）和阿基米德（287-212）登上歷史舞臺。靜力學(xué)法則發(fā)展的開始?xì)w功于他們。羅馬人開始用石頭、木材、及一些金屬建造

47、拱橋、穹頂。他們沒用任何的分析法則，但是用一些基本形式來建造建筑物。這種類型的活動持續(xù)了將近1000年一直到公元后500年。</p><p><b>　　設(shè)計(jì)哲學(xué)</b></p><p>　　數(shù)值分析技術(shù)的發(fā)展也鑒證了他們的弱點(diǎn)。這些技術(shù)中的大部分在鑒定失敗的時(shí)候都非常有效，但是一般意義上講不能阻止失敗的發(fā)生。這里面的一個原因就是我們不能預(yù)測后期荷載和與之相應(yīng)的材料行

48、為。這些也反映在設(shè)計(jì)方針的發(fā)展上。展望歷史，至少4000年以前就已經(jīng)觀察結(jié)構(gòu)工程的危害。</p><p>　　被人們所知的最早的建筑規(guī)范被用于美索納米比亞。死于公元前1750年的漢莫拉比-巴比倫王朝的第六代國王頒布了規(guī)范。這些規(guī)范被雕刻在石頭上，現(xiàn)在可以在巴黎的盧浮宮里看到。他們制定了很多的規(guī)范，包括經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)范（價(jià)格、關(guān)稅、貿(mào)易、商業(yè)），家庭法律（結(jié)婚和離婚），刑法（毆打、偷盜）和民法（奴隸制度和債務(wù)制度）。<

49、;/p><p><b>　　目前的結(jié)構(gòu)工程概況</b></p><p>　　我們第一要做的應(yīng)該是頒布關(guān)于結(jié)構(gòu)工程及民用建筑教育的規(guī)范。然后鑒定在近代結(jié)構(gòu)工程做出重大貢獻(xiàn)的領(lǐng)域。在他自己的職業(yè)生涯中，第一個作者用計(jì)算尺，丁字尺等等。對于這次討論，即使在他職業(yè)生涯早期做出的觀察也被認(rèn)為是相對老的。我們會強(qiáng)調(diào)近期的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r。這個列表是不詳盡的，而且這些名目不是按照重要性與否的順

50、序排列的。</p><p>　　結(jié)構(gòu)工程在新時(shí)代的機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)</p><p>　　從以前的的討論中很明顯可以看出，結(jié)構(gòu)工程有一段很長的輝煌的歷史。我們現(xiàn)在從這里該往哪里走？最近在地震、海嘯、颶風(fēng)、火山、爆炸事件等中產(chǎn)生的毀滅性的破壞向世界共同體說明我們沒有能力設(shè)計(jì)和建造能抵抗這些事件的建筑物。因此對結(jié)構(gòu)工程師來說，在新時(shí)代有很多的機(jī)遇與挑戰(zhàn)。我們要去鑒定以下中的一些型材。一些別的潛在的主題

51、在哈達(dá)爾中可以被利用。很明顯，這個列表不是很詳盡，這種類型的列表會依靠教育與現(xiàn)實(shí)生活的顯露以及依靠制定列表人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。如果列表中沒有包括讀者的研究興趣，讀者應(yīng)該原諒作者。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　土木工程是最古老的工程專業(yè)。正如本文中記載，在土木工程中的結(jié)構(gòu)工程已超過5000年杰出的歷史。它已經(jīng)在最高水平的全球社區(qū)接受所有的挑戰(zhàn)，并