外文翻譯--未來(lái)汽車制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的新技術(shù)及其發(fā)展趨勢(shì)

1、<p><b>　　附錄A</b></p><p>　　未來(lái)汽車制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的新技術(shù)及其發(fā)展趨勢(shì)</p><p>　　從汽車誕生時(shí)起，車輛制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)在車輛的安全方面就扮演著至關(guān)重要的角色。近年來(lái)，隨著車輛技術(shù)的進(jìn)步和汽車行駛速度的提高，這種重要性表現(xiàn)得越來(lái)越明顯。</p><p>　　隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展及汽車工業(yè)的發(fā)展，尤其是軍用車輛及

2、軍用技術(shù)的發(fā)展，車輛制動(dòng)有了新的突破，液壓制動(dòng)是繼機(jī)械制動(dòng)后的又一重大革新。Duesenberg Eight車率先使用了轎車液壓制動(dòng)器?？巳R斯勒的四輪液壓制動(dòng)器于1924年問(wèn)世。通用和福特分別于1934年和1939年采用了液壓制動(dòng)技術(shù)。到20世紀(jì)50年代，液壓助力制動(dòng)器才成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。</p><p>　　目前，車輛防抱制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)(ABS)已發(fā)展成為成熟的產(chǎn)品，并在各種車輛上得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，但是這些產(chǎn)品基本都是基

3、于車輪加、減速門限及參考滑移率方法設(shè)計(jì)的。方法雖然簡(jiǎn)單實(shí)用，但是其調(diào)試比較困難，不同的車輛需要不同的匹配技術(shù)，在許多不同的道路上加以驗(yàn)證；從理論上來(lái)說(shuō)，整個(gè)控制過(guò)程車輪滑移率不是保持在最佳滑移率上，并未達(dá)到最佳的制動(dòng)效果。另外，由于編制邏輯門限ABS有許多局限性，所以近年來(lái)在ABS的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展了車輛動(dòng)力學(xué)控制系統(tǒng)(VDC)。結(jié)合動(dòng)力學(xué)控制的最佳ABS是以滑移率為控制目標(biāo)的ABS，它是以連續(xù)量控制形式，使制動(dòng)過(guò)程中保持最佳的、穩(wěn)定的滑移率

4、，理論上是一種理想的ABS控制系統(tǒng)。滑移率控制的難點(diǎn)在于確定各種路況下的最佳滑移率，另一個(gè)難點(diǎn)是車輛速度的測(cè)量問(wèn)題，它應(yīng)是低成本可靠的技術(shù)，并最終能發(fā)展成為使用的產(chǎn)品。對(duì)以滑移率為目標(biāo)的ABS而言，控制精度并不是十分突出的問(wèn)題，并且達(dá)到高精度的控制也比較困難；因?yàn)槁访婕败囕v運(yùn)動(dòng)狀態(tài)的變化很大，多種干擾影響較大，所以重要的問(wèn)題在于控制的穩(wěn)定性，即系統(tǒng)魯棒性，應(yīng)保持在各種條件下不失控。防抱系統(tǒng)要求高可靠性，否則會(huì)導(dǎo)致人身傷亡及車輛損壞。因此

5、，發(fā)展魯</p><p>　　測(cè)控一體化制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)(簡(jiǎn)稱為SBC)，是充滿創(chuàng)意的電子控制式制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，把它安裝在未來(lái)的乘用車上，將成為提高汽車駕駛安全性的一個(gè)新里程碑。SBC就是使用電子脈沖，將駕駛員的制動(dòng)命令傳送到一個(gè)微處理器中，由它同步處理各種不同傳感器信號(hào)，并根據(jù)特定行駛狀態(tài)計(jì)算每一個(gè)車輪的最優(yōu)制動(dòng)力。這樣，當(dāng)在拐彎或者濕滑路面上制動(dòng)時(shí)，SBC能提供比傳統(tǒng)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)更好的主動(dòng)安全性。SBC系統(tǒng)的高壓儲(chǔ)能及電控

6、閥裝置能保證最大制動(dòng)壓力更快產(chǎn)生作用。另外，該系統(tǒng)提供的附加功能能減少駕駛員駕車中的操作強(qiáng)度。如交通擁擠輔助功能：在走走停停的交通狀態(tài)下，汽車可以在駕駛員松開(kāi)加速踏板時(shí)自動(dòng)制動(dòng)。它的柔和停車功能則可以讓汽車在城市交通中特別柔和而平順地停下來(lái)。</p><p>　　目前采用的制動(dòng)器工作原理是：駕駛員踩下制動(dòng)踏板，推動(dòng)與制動(dòng)調(diào)壓器及制動(dòng)主缸相連的活塞連桿。制動(dòng)主缸將根據(jù)踏板力的大小，在制動(dòng)路線上形成相應(yīng)的壓力，在機(jī)械

7、和液力相互作用下，通過(guò)輪邊制動(dòng)缸推動(dòng)制動(dòng)壓向制動(dòng)盤。在未來(lái)測(cè)控一體化的電控制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中，電子元件將替代當(dāng)前制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中大量使用的機(jī)械元件，調(diào)壓器也不再需要，取而代之的是用傳感器來(lái)測(cè)量制動(dòng)主缸內(nèi)的壓力以及制動(dòng)踏板運(yùn)動(dòng)的速度，并將這些資料用電子脈沖的形式傳送到SBC的處理器中。為了讓駕駛員能夠有相似的制動(dòng)感覺(jué)，工程師們開(kāi)發(fā)了一個(gè)特別的模擬器，將它連接到前后制動(dòng)主缸上，用彈簧力和液壓力來(lái)推動(dòng)制動(dòng)踏板。也就是說(shuō)：在制動(dòng)過(guò)程中，執(zhí)行元件是完全和系統(tǒng)的

8、其余部分?jǐn)嚅_(kāi)的，它只負(fù)責(zé)記錄發(fā)出的任何制動(dòng)命令。只有出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重錯(cuò)誤或12V車輛電池內(nèi)發(fā)生問(wèn)題時(shí)，SBC才會(huì)自動(dòng)使用前后制動(dòng)主缸，并在制動(dòng)踏板和前輪制動(dòng)器之間迅速建立液力聯(lián)系，以保證車輛安全減速。</p><p>　　在電子液壓技術(shù)的幫助下，制動(dòng)輔助系統(tǒng)的性能也得到了進(jìn)一步提高。當(dāng)這個(gè)系統(tǒng)執(zhí)行制動(dòng)命令、實(shí)現(xiàn)自動(dòng)緊急停車時(shí)，迅速產(chǎn)生的制動(dòng)壓力和車輪制動(dòng)器的自動(dòng)預(yù)裝可以縮短制動(dòng)距距。SBC不僅是在緊急制動(dòng)時(shí)體現(xiàn)其價(jià)值，其

9、他關(guān)鍵情況也同樣。例如，在突然轉(zhuǎn)向的危險(xiǎn)情況下，SBC系統(tǒng)會(huì)與電子穩(wěn)定程式(ESP)相互作用，通過(guò)向各個(gè)車輪發(fā)出精確的制動(dòng)脈沖以及/或者減小發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速，來(lái)保證車輛在突然轉(zhuǎn)向過(guò)程中的安全性。SBC在此顯示了強(qiáng)大的動(dòng)態(tài)性和精確性。正是由于有來(lái)自SBC高壓儲(chǔ)能器更快、更精確的制動(dòng)脈沖，ESP才能在車輛即將脫距行駛軌道時(shí)，及時(shí)、平穩(wěn)將其穩(wěn)定下來(lái)。試驗(yàn)表明，在SBC的參與下，ESP可以通過(guò)快速、精確的制動(dòng)脈沖工作更加有效，并能顯著地減少汽車的突然

10、轉(zhuǎn)向。同時(shí),駕駛員的轉(zhuǎn)向壓力隨之減少。有了SBC和EPS，駕駛員在控制行駛中的汽車時(shí)就可以減少很多困難。在彎道上制動(dòng)，SBC能提供比傳統(tǒng)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)更高的安全性。可變制動(dòng)力分配在積極影響汽車的轉(zhuǎn)向跟隨性方面有獨(dú)到的優(yōu)勢(shì)。</p><p>　　近些年，ABS/ASR已經(jīng)成為歐美和日本等發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家汽車的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)備。車輛制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展主要是控制技術(shù)的發(fā)展。一方面是擴(kuò)大控制范圍、增加控制功能；另一方面是采用優(yōu)化控制理論，實(shí)施

11、伺服控制和高精度控制。ABS功能的擴(kuò)充除ASR外，同時(shí)把懸架和轉(zhuǎn)向控制擴(kuò)展進(jìn)來(lái)，使ABS不僅僅是防抱死系統(tǒng)，而成為更綜合的車輛控制系統(tǒng)。制動(dòng)器開(kāi)發(fā)廠商還提出了未來(lái)將ABS/TCS和VDC與智能化運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)一體化運(yùn)用的構(gòu)想。隨著電子控制傳動(dòng)、懸架系統(tǒng)及轉(zhuǎn)向裝置的發(fā)展，將產(chǎn)生電子控制系統(tǒng)之間的聯(lián)系網(wǎng)絡(luò)，從而產(chǎn)生一些新的功能，如：采用電子控制的離合器可大大提高汽車靜止啟動(dòng)的效率；在制動(dòng)過(guò)程中，通過(guò)輸入一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)命令給電子懸架系統(tǒng)，能防止車輛的俯仰

12、。一些智能控制技術(shù)如神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)控制技術(shù)是現(xiàn)在比較新的控制技術(shù)，已經(jīng)有人將其應(yīng)用在汽車的制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)中。ABS/ASR并不能解決汽車制動(dòng)中的所有問(wèn)題。因此由ABS/ASR進(jìn)一步發(fā)展演變成電子控制制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)(EBS)，這將是控制系統(tǒng)發(fā)展的一個(gè)重要的方向。但是EBS要想在實(shí)際中應(yīng)用開(kāi)來(lái)，并不是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的問(wèn)題。除技術(shù)外，系統(tǒng)的成本和相關(guān)的法規(guī)是其投入應(yīng)用的關(guān)鍵。</p><p>　　經(jīng)過(guò)了一百多年的發(fā)展，汽車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的形式已

13、經(jīng)基本固定下來(lái)。隨著電子，特別是大規(guī)模、超大規(guī)模集成電路的發(fā)展，汽車制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的形式也將發(fā)生變化。如凱西-海斯(K-H)公司在一輛實(shí)驗(yàn)車上安裝了一種電-液(EH)制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，該系統(tǒng)徹底改變了制動(dòng)器的操作機(jī)理。通過(guò)采用4個(gè)比例閥和電力電子控制裝置，K-H公司的EBM就能考慮到基本制動(dòng)、ABS、牽引力控制、巡航控制制動(dòng)干預(yù)等情況，而不需另外增加任何一種附加裝置。EBM系統(tǒng)潛在的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是比標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制動(dòng)器能更加有效地分配基本制動(dòng)力，從而使制動(dòng)距離縮短5%

14、。一種完全無(wú)油液、完全的電路制動(dòng)BBW(Brake-By-Wire)的開(kāi)發(fā)，使傳統(tǒng)的液壓制動(dòng)裝置成為歷史。</p><p>　　全電制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)是一個(gè)全新的系統(tǒng)，給制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)帶來(lái)了巨大的變革，為將來(lái)的車輛智能控制提供條件。要想全面推廣，還有不少問(wèn)題需要解決：首先是驅(qū)動(dòng)能源問(wèn)題。采用全電路制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)，需要較多的能源，一個(gè)盤式制動(dòng)器大約需要1kW的驅(qū)動(dòng)能量。目前車輛12V電力系統(tǒng)提供不了這么大的能量，因此，將來(lái)車

15、輛動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)采用高壓電，加大能源供應(yīng)，可以滿足制動(dòng)能量要求，同時(shí)需要解決高電壓帶來(lái)的安全問(wèn)題。其次是控制系統(tǒng)失效處理。全電制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)面臨的一個(gè)難題是制動(dòng)失效的處理。因?yàn)椴淮嬖讵?dú)立的主動(dòng)備用制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)，因此需要一個(gè)備用系統(tǒng)保證制動(dòng)安全，不論是ECU元件失效，傳感器失效還是制動(dòng)器本身、線束失效，都能保證制動(dòng)的基本性能。實(shí)現(xiàn)全電制動(dòng)控制的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)是系統(tǒng)失效時(shí)的信息交流協(xié)議，如TTP/C。系統(tǒng)一旦出現(xiàn)故障，立即發(fā)出信息，確保信息傳遞符合法規(guī)最

16、適合的方法是多重通道分時(shí)區(qū)(TDMA)，它可以保證不出現(xiàn)不可預(yù)測(cè)的信息滯后。TTP/C協(xié)議是根據(jù)TDMA制定的。第三是抗干擾處理。車輛在運(yùn)行過(guò)程中會(huì)有各種干擾信號(hào)，如何消除這些干擾信號(hào)造成的影響，目前存在多種抗干擾控制系統(tǒng)，基本上分為兩種：即對(duì)稱式和非對(duì)稱式抗干擾控制系統(tǒng)</p><p>　　綜上所述，現(xiàn)代汽車制動(dòng)控制技術(shù)正朝著電子制動(dòng)控制方向發(fā)展。全電制動(dòng)控制因其巨大的優(yōu)越性，將取代傳統(tǒng)的以液壓為主的傳統(tǒng)制動(dòng)控

17、制系統(tǒng)。同時(shí)，隨著其他汽車電子技術(shù)特別是超大規(guī)模集成電路的發(fā)展，電子元件的成本及尺寸不斷下降。汽車制動(dòng)控制技術(shù)的發(fā)展受整個(gè)汽車工業(yè)發(fā)展的制約。有一個(gè)巨大的現(xiàn)有及潛在的汽車市場(chǎng)的吸引，各種先進(jìn)的電子技術(shù)、生物技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)以及各種智能技術(shù)才不斷應(yīng)用到汽車制動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)中來(lái)。同時(shí)需要各種國(guó)際及國(guó)內(nèi)的相關(guān)法規(guī)的健全，這樣裝備新的制動(dòng)技術(shù)的汽車就會(huì)真正應(yīng)用到汽車的批量生產(chǎn)中。電子技術(shù)在制動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中的出現(xiàn)，為工程師們帶來(lái)了嶄新而前景無(wú)限的機(jī)會(huì)，它不僅

18、只限于改善汽車的安全性和舒適性。因?yàn)槠囍苿?dòng)控制技術(shù)，使他們?cè)趯?shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期目標(biāo)上又前進(jìn)了一大步。借助于攝影機(jī)、近距雷達(dá)和先進(jìn)的遙控導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，可使未來(lái)的汽車沿著道路自動(dòng)行駛。</p><p><b>　　附錄B</b></p><p>　　Future the automobile brake control system new technology and its th

19、e development will</p><p>　　Is born from the automobile when, the vehicles braking system is acting the very important role in the vehicles security aspect. In recent years, along with the vehicles technolog

20、y progress and the automobile moving velocity enhancement, this importance displayed more and more obviously</p><p>　　Along with the science and technology development and the automobile industry development

21、, the army vehicle and the military technical development, the vehicles applied the brake to have the new breakthrough, hydraulic brake are in particular apply the brake an after significant innovation following the mach

22、inery. Duesenberg the Eight vehicle took the lead to use the passenger vehicle hydraulic brake. Chrysler's four turns of hydraulic brake was published in 1924. General and Ford separately and</p><p>　　At

23、 present, the vehicles guard against hold the brake control system (ABS) to develop into the mature product, and obtained the widespread application on each kind of vehicles, but these products are basic all are add, dec

24、elerate the threshold and the reference slipping rate methods design based on the wheel. Method although simple practical, but its debugging quite is difficult, the different vehicles need the different match technology,

25、 performs on many different paths to confirm; Theoriticall</p><p>　　Now, the many kinds of Lu stick control system applies ABS in the control logic. Besides the traditional logical threshold method is take c

26、ompares as the goal, the gain dispatches the PID control, changes the structure control and the fuzzy control is the commonly used Lu stick control system, is take slipping rate which at present uses as goal stepless con

27、trol system. </p><p>　　Fuzzily controls the facture is based on the thumb rule control, has nothing to do with with the system model, has very good robust and the control rule flexibility, but adjustment con

28、trolled variable quite difficult, does not have the theory to say, basically the method which is depends on tries to collect. However speaking of the majority based on the target value control, the control rule has the c

29、ertain rule. Moreover, also has uses other control methods, like based on condition spatial gate</p><p>　　The observation and control integration brake control system (abbreviation is SBC), is fills the crea

30、tivity the electron to control the service pattern braking system, will install it in the future while with the vehicle on, will become enhances an automobile driving secure new milestone. SBC uses the electronic pulse,

31、applies the brake the order the pilot to transmit to a microprocessor in, by its synchronous processing each kind of different sensor signal, and calculates each wheel according t</p><p>　　The SBC system hig

32、h-pressured stored energy and the electrically controlled valve mechanism can guarantee most greatly the brake pressure quickly has the function. Moreover, this system provides the attachment function can reduce the pilo

33、t to drive the operation intensity. If traffic congestion auxiliary function: In under the transportation condition which stops from time to time, the automobile may operates the accelerator pedal when the pilot pine sel

34、f-braking. It gently stops the function to</p><p>　　In under the electronic hydraulic pressure technology help, applied the brake the servosystem performance also to obtain further enhanced. When this system

35、 execution applies the brake orders, realization automatic emergency stop, rapidly produces the brake pressure and the wheel brake is automatic pre-installed may reduce applies the brake the distance. SBC not only is whe

36、n emergency brake manifests its value, other essential situations also same. For example, in the dangerous situation which su</p><p>　　The experiment indicated that, under the SBC participation, ESP may thro

37、ugh fast, precise apply the brake the pulse work to be more effective, and can reveal is reducing the automobile suddenly to change. At the same time, the pilot changes the pressure along with it reduction. Had SBC and E

38、PS, pilot's when control travel automobile may reduce very many difficulties. Applies the brake on the curve, SBC can provide compared to a tradition braking system higher security. Invariable assigns positiv</p&g

39、t;<p>　　The recent years, ABS/ASR already became Europe and America and Japan and so on the developed country automobile standard equipment. The vehicles brake control system development mainly is controls technic

40、al the development. On the one hand is expands the control area, the increase control function; On the other hand uses the optimized control theory, implements the servo-control and the high accuracy control. The ABS fun

41、ction expansion besides ASR, simultaneously and changes the control to expa</p><p>　　After more than 100 years development, the automobile braking system form basic fixedly has already gotten down. Along wit

42、h the electron, specially large-scale, the ultra large scale integrated circuit development, the automobile braking system form also will change. If Hayes (K-H) the company has installed one kind of electricity - fluid o

43、n an experimental vehicle (EH) the braking system, this system completely changed the brake operation mechanism. Through uses 4 proportions valves and the ele</p><p>　　The entire electric brake control syste

44、m is a brand-new system, has brought the huge transformation for the brake control system, will provide the condition for the future vehicles intelligence control. Must want comprehensively to promote, but also has many

45、questions to need to solve: First actuates the energy question. Uses the entire electric circuit brake control system, need more energys, a disc brake probably needs 1kW the actuation energy. At present the vehicles 12V

46、electrical power syst</p><p>　　In summary, the modern automobile brake control technology is facing the electron brake control direction to develop. The entire electric brake control because of its huge supe

47、riority, will substitute for the tradition by the hydraulic pressure primarily tradition brake control system. </p><p>　　At the same time, along with other automobile electronic technologies specially is the

48、 ultra large scale integrated circuit development, the electronic component cost and the size unceasingly drops. Automobile brake control technology development entire automobile industry development restriction. Some hu

49、ge existing and latent auto market attraction, each kind of advanced electronic technology, the biological technology, the information technology as well as each kind of intelligent technology o</p><p>　　Bec

50、ause the automobile brake control technology, enable them to go forward in the realization long-range objective a stride. With the aid of to the camera, the short-range radar and the advanced remote navigation system, mi