外文翻譯--驅(qū)動(dòng)橋-差速器

1、<p><b>　　附錄 英文文獻(xiàn)翻譯</b></p><p>　　Drive axle/differential</p><p>　　All vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is f

2、ront, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road.</p><p>　　Powerflow The drive axle must transmit power through a 90° angle. The flow o

3、f power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line

4、 of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels.</p><p>　　This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a

5、 set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels.</p><p&g

6、t;　　Figure 11 Component parts of a typical driven axle assembly. </p><p>　　Differential operationThe differential is an arrangement of gears with two functions: to permit the rear wheels to turn at differen

7、t speeds when cornering and to divide the power flow between both rear wheels.</p><p>　　The accompanying illustration has been provided to help understand how this occurs. The drive pinion, which is turned b

8、y the driveshaft, turns the ring gear (1).</p><p>　　The ring gear, which is attached to the differential case, turns the case (2).</p><p>　　The pinion shaft, located in a bore in the differentia

9、l case, is at right angles to the axle shafts and turns with the case (3).</p><p>　　The differential pinion (drive) gears are mounted on the pinion shaft and rotate with the shaft (4).</p><p>　　

10、Differential side gears (driven gears) are meshed with the pinion gears and turn with the differential housing and ring gear as a unit (5).</p><p>　　The side gears are splined to the inner ends of the axle s

11、hafts and rotate the shafts as the housing turns (6).</p><p>　　When both wheels have equal traction, the pinion gears do not rotate on the pinion shaft, since the input force of the pinion gears is divided e

12、qually between the two side gears (7).</p><p>　　When it is necessary to turn a corner, the differential gearing becomes effective and allows the axle shafts to rotate at different speeds (8).</p><

13、p>　　As the inner wheel slows down, the side gear splined to the inner wheel axle shaft also slows. The pinion gears act as balancing levers by maintaining equal tooth loads to both gears, while allowing unequal speeds

14、 of rotation at the axle shafts. If the vehicle speed remains constant, and the inner wheel slows down to 90 percent of vehicle speed, the outer wheel will speed up to 110 percent. However, because this system is known a

15、s an open differential, if one wheel should become stuck (as in mud</p><p>　　Limited-slip and locking differential operation Limited-slip and locking differentials provide the driving force to the wheel wit

16、h the best traction before the other wheel begins to spin. This is accomplished through clutch plates, cones or locking pawls.</p><p>　　The clutch plates or cones are located between the side gears and the i

17、nner walls of the differential case. When they are squeezed together through spring tension and outward force from the side gears, three reactions occur. Resistance on the side gears causes more torque to be exerted on t

18、he clutch packs or clutch cones. Rapid one wheel spin cannot occur, because the side gear is forced to turn at the same speed as the case. So most importantly, with the side gear and the differential case turn</p>

19、<p>　　Locking differentials work nearly the same as the clutch and cone type of limited slip, except that when tire speed differential occurs, the unit will physically lock both axles together and spin them as if t

20、hey were a solid shaft.</p><p>　　Identifying a limited-slip drive axle</p><p>　　Metal tags are normally attached to the axle assembly at the filler plug or to a bolt on the cover. During the lif

21、e of the vehicle, these tags can become lost and other means must be used to identify the drive axle.</p><p>　　To determine whether a vehicle has a limited-slip or a conventional drive axle by tire movement,

22、 raise the rear wheels off the ground. Place the transmission in PARK (automatic) or LOW (manual), and attempt to turn a drive wheel by hand. If the drive axle is a limited-slip type, it will be very difficult (or imposs

23、ible) to turn the wheel. If the drive axle is the conventional (open) type, the wheel will turn easily, and the opposing wheel will rotate in the reverse direction.</p><p>　　Place the transmission in neutral

24、 and again rotate a rear wheel. If the axle is a limited-slip type, the opposite wheel will rotate in the same direction. If the axle is a conventional type, the opposite wheel will rotate in the opposite direction, if i

25、t rotates at all.</p><p>　　Gear ratio The drive axle of a vehicle is said to have a certain axle ratio. This number (usually a whole number and a decimal fraction) is actually a comparison of the number of

26、gear teeth on the ring gear and the pinion gear. For example, a 4.11 rear means that theoretically, there are 4.11 teeth on the ring gear for each tooth on the pinion gear or, put another way, the driveshaft must turn 4.

27、11 times to turn the wheels once. Actually, with a 4.11 ratio, there might be 37 teeth on the ring g</p><p>　　Another method of determining gear ratio is to jack up and support the vehicle so that both drive

28、 wheels are off the ground. Make a chalk mark on the drive wheel and the driveshaft. Put the transmission in neutral. Turn the wheel one complete turn and count the number of turns that the driveshaft/halfshaft makes. Th

29、e number of turns that the driveshaft makes in one complete revolution of the drive wheel approximates the axle ratio.</p><p><b>　　譯文：</b></p><p><b>　　驅(qū)動(dòng)橋/差速器</b></p&g

30、t;<p>　　所有的車輛有一些類型的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋/差速器總成包含在傳動(dòng)系統(tǒng)中。無論是前輪，后輪或四輪驅(qū)動(dòng)，為在道路上順暢運(yùn)用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功率，差速器是必要的。</p><p><b>　　動(dòng)力流向</b></p><p><b>　　見圖1</b></p><p>　　驅(qū)動(dòng)橋必須通過一個(gè)90度角來傳遞動(dòng)力。在傳統(tǒng)的前

31、置后驅(qū)車輛上，動(dòng)力從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)傳到傳動(dòng)軸大約在一直線上。然而,在驅(qū)動(dòng)橋，動(dòng)力必須轉(zhuǎn)90度角(從傳動(dòng)軸上看),流向驅(qū)動(dòng)輪。</p><p>　　這由一個(gè)小傳動(dòng)齒輪完成，它變成一個(gè)圓形齒圈。該齒圈附在差速器殼上，其中一套是內(nèi)花鍵小齒輪，傳到半軸。由于殼體是旋轉(zhuǎn)的，差速器內(nèi)部差速齒輪傳到半軸，也是連接到驅(qū)動(dòng)車輪。</p><p>　　圖1 一個(gè)典型的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋總成的組成部分</p><

32、;p><b>　　差速器運(yùn)動(dòng)</b></p><p><b>　　見圖2</b></p><p>　　差速器是一項(xiàng)安排有兩個(gè)功能的齒輪：當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)彎時(shí)，允許后輪以不同的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)和使動(dòng)力流向兩個(gè)后輪。</p><p>　　附插圖,幫助大家了解這些運(yùn)動(dòng)。這個(gè)由傳動(dòng)軸驅(qū)動(dòng)的主動(dòng)錐齒輪, 驅(qū)動(dòng)從動(dòng)環(huán)形錐齒輪(1)。</p&g

33、t;<p>　　從動(dòng)環(huán)形錐齒輪連接到差速器上，驅(qū)動(dòng)差速器;(2)。</p><p>　　半軸齒輪,在差速器的一個(gè)孔上,在差速器的驅(qū)動(dòng)下使半軸和傳動(dòng)軸形成90度角(3)。</p><p>　　差速器行星齒輪（驅(qū)動(dòng)齒）安裝在十字軸和通過十字軸旋轉(zhuǎn)（ 4 ）</p><p>　　差速器半軸齒輪（驅(qū)動(dòng)齒輪）與行星齒輪嚙合，由差速器殼驅(qū)動(dòng)，行星齒輪和殼作為一個(gè)整

34、體（ 5 ） 。</p><p>　　半軸齒輪通過內(nèi)花鍵來連接半軸和隨著殼體的旋轉(zhuǎn)來驅(qū)動(dòng)半軸（ 6 ）</p><p>　　當(dāng)兩個(gè)車輪以同樣的牽引力時(shí)，行星齒輪是不繞著十字軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的，因此，行星齒輪輸出的動(dòng)力平均分配給兩個(gè)半軸齒輪（ 7 ）</p><p>　　當(dāng)有必要拐彎時(shí)，差速器齒輪生效，并允許軸軸旋轉(zhuǎn)以不同的速度（ 8 ）</p><p>

35、;　　由于內(nèi)側(cè)車輪輪減速，內(nèi)側(cè)半軸和半軸齒輪花鍵也減慢。行星齒輪作為一個(gè)平衡杠桿保持兩個(gè)齒輪的齒都嚙合，以不同的速度來旋轉(zhuǎn)半軸。如果車速保持不變，內(nèi)側(cè)車輪放慢至百分之九十的車速，外側(cè)車輪將加快到1.1倍。然而，由于這一系統(tǒng)被稱為一個(gè)開放的差速器，如果一個(gè)車輪陷入（如泥土或雪） ，所有的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)功率都會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)移到一個(gè)車輪上。</p><p>　　圖2差速器齒輪運(yùn)動(dòng)原理圖</p><p><b

36、>　　限滑和鎖止差速器</b></p><p><b>　　見圖3</b></p><p>　　限滑和鎖止差速器在一車輪空轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)提供最佳動(dòng)力給另一車輪。這是通過離合器片，錐或鎖止棘爪來完成。</p><p>　　離合器片和錐位于半軸齒輪和差速器內(nèi)壁之間。當(dāng)他們通過彈簧的張力和來自半軸齒輪外向力量擠壓在一起時(shí)，三種作用產(chǎn)生。半軸齒

37、輪的反力造成更多的轉(zhuǎn)矩施加到離合器或離合器錐。單個(gè)車輪飛快地轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)不可能發(fā)生，因?yàn)榘胼S齒輪不得不和差速器一樣，以同樣的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)。因此，最重要的是，半軸齒輪和差速器以相同的速度旋轉(zhuǎn)，另一車輪不得不和差速器以相同的速度和相同的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。因此，驅(qū)動(dòng)力以最大的牽引力應(yīng)用到車輪。</p><p>　　差速器鎖和離合器和錐工作接近相同，除了當(dāng)輪胎發(fā)生差速時(shí)，這部件將會(huì)自然地把兩個(gè)半軸鎖上，好似他們是一實(shí)心軸一樣旋轉(zhuǎn)。</

38、p><p>　　圖3限滑差速器通過離合器或錐傳遞最好牽引力到驅(qū)動(dòng)輪</p><p><b>　　識(shí)別限滑驅(qū)動(dòng)橋</b></p><p>　　金屬標(biāo)簽通常由注入塞或螺栓附在橋總成的表面上。在生活中的車輛，這些標(biāo)記可能會(huì)丟失，所以必須用其他手段來識(shí)別驅(qū)動(dòng)橋。升高后輪，使離開地面，通過車輪的運(yùn)動(dòng)以鑒別車輛是否有限滑裝置或常規(guī)驅(qū)動(dòng)橋 。使變速器調(diào)到停止（自

39、動(dòng)）或低檔（手動(dòng)），然后用手轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一個(gè)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪。如果驅(qū)動(dòng)橋是限滑類型的，將很難（或不可能）轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)車輪。如果驅(qū)動(dòng)橋是常規(guī)的（公開）型，車輪就會(huì)很容易轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，對(duì)應(yīng)的輪將會(huì)以相反的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。</p><p>　　把變速器打到中間擋并再次轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)一個(gè)后輪。 如果驅(qū)動(dòng)橋是限滑，另一車輪將以相同的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)。如果驅(qū)動(dòng)橋是一個(gè)傳統(tǒng)類型，另一車輪將以相反的方向旋轉(zhuǎn)，如果它旋轉(zhuǎn)的話。</p><p><b>　

40、　齒輪齒數(shù)比</b></p><p><b>　　見圖4</b></p><p>　　汽車的驅(qū)動(dòng)橋，有確定的主傳動(dòng)比。這個(gè)數(shù)值（通常是一個(gè)整數(shù)和小數(shù)）是主減速器主動(dòng)齒輪和沖動(dòng)齒輪的齒數(shù)比。</p><p>　　例如，一個(gè)4.11傳動(dòng)比理論上意味著，有4.11個(gè)齒在主動(dòng)齒輪上，有一個(gè)齒在從動(dòng)齒輪上，換句話說，傳動(dòng)軸轉(zhuǎn)4.11圈，車輪才

41、轉(zhuǎn)一圈。事實(shí)上，對(duì)以4.11的主減速比，有37個(gè)齒在從動(dòng)齒輪和9個(gè)齒在主動(dòng)錐齒輪上。通過用從動(dòng)齒輪的齒數(shù)除以主動(dòng)齒輪的齒數(shù)，以獲得主減傳動(dòng)比（4.11）。這也提供了一個(gè)很好的方法,以確認(rèn)主減傳動(dòng)比。</p><p>　　另一種確認(rèn)傳動(dòng)比的方法就是用千斤頂頂起車輛，使兩個(gè)車輪離開地面。用粉筆在驅(qū)動(dòng)輪和傳動(dòng)軸上做記號(hào)。把變速器打到中間擋。完整地轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)車輪一圈，并記下傳動(dòng)軸/半軸轉(zhuǎn)過的圈數(shù)。驅(qū)動(dòng)輪完整轉(zhuǎn)過一圈下的傳動(dòng)軸所